• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.12-19
• /
• 2012

Recently, the market of skin-care device has been steadily growing up. In this paper, we tried to develop a personal compound stimulus device more competitive than existing products. As the compound stimulus, biochemical stimulus of herbal extraction fluid, thermal stimulus of plate-shaped carbon fiber heater, and optical stimulus of near infrared LED were selected. By some evaluation tests, the thermal stimulation part and the optical stimulation part were found to be developed properly. Additionally, the efficacy of the mixed stimulus of thermal and optical stimulation was tested in C2C12 mouse myoblast. Through RT-PCR analysis, it was found that, by the developed compound stimulus, the expression of collagen I mRNA and collagen III mRNA increased by 4.9 and 1.3 times respectively.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.41-52
• /
• 2005

This study was designed to provide a base for nursing intervention to help apheresis blood-donors to perform health promotion behavior effectively by surveying their health promotion behavior and by analyzing the critical factors. The study subjects were 468 participants in platelet donation at a university hospital apheresis unit in Seoul. The data for this study were collected between May and June. 2002. by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA. Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficient. and stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows. 1. The degree of performance of health promotion behavior of the subjects was a total average score of $152.9\pm21.5$ points and a mean score of 2.7 points. The highest score was 'I have a good relationship with others' in the factor of self-actualization and interpersonal support. The lowest score was 'I have my blood pressure checked regularly' in the factor of health responsibility. 2. Considering the classification according to the subjects' general characteristics. the health promotion behavior score was significantly higher for soldiers than high school students, for religious believers than atheists. and for high class economic status than mid and low class economic status. Also the health promotion behavior score was higher for those who had made more than five blood donations than those who had made zero or one donation. and for those who had made more than four blood donations than for those who had made less than four blood donations in the previous times of apheresis blood donation. The score was also higher for those not having a relationship with recipient than those having a relationship. 3. The self-efficacy related to donation. general self-efficacy and self-esteem had a significant correlation with the performance in health promotion behavior. 4. The critical factors that influenced the health promotion behavior were explained by $35.6\%$ of the general self-efficacy and by $40.2\%$ of the total of self-efficacy related to donation, and previous times of apheresis blood donation. The health promotion behavior score of apheresis blood-donors differed according to job, religion, economic status, previous times of whole blood donation, previous times of apheresis blood donation, and relationship with recipient. The health promotion behavior and self-efficacy related to donation, general self-efficacy, and self-esteem showed significant positive correlation with one another. The general self-efficacy, self-efficacy related to donation, and previous times of apheresis blood donation appeared to be the significant predictive factors of health promotion behavior. Therefore, from these study results, it is necessary to establish more effective and organized nursing intervention strategies for the health promotion behavior of apheresis blood-donors.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.277-286
• /
• 2007

The edentulous posterior maxilla generally provides a limited amount of bone height because of atrophy of the ridge and pneumatization of the maxillary sinus, Maxillary sinus augmentation is one of the surgical techniques for reconstruction of the severely resorbed posterior maxilla. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival rate of implants and the long-term changes of graft height after maxillary sinus augmentation by lateral window approach. From September 1996 to July 2004, maxillary sinus augmentation with mixed grafts of autograft, allograft, xenograft and alloplast were performed on 45 patients and 100 implants were placed. We evaluated the survival rate of implants and the changes of BL(bone length)/IL(implant length) according to time using panoramic radiographs. The survival rate of implants was 91.0% for follow-up period. The mean reduction of graft heights was 0.34mm(3.0%) for 6 months and 1.22mm(1O.66%) for 3 years after augmentation. The total mean BL/IL was $1.34{\pm}0.21$ during 5 year observation period after augmentation and decreased slightly over time. The result means that graft materials were stable above the implant apex. BL/ILs of 1stage procedure were significantly decreased at 1-2 year, 3-4 year after augmentation and no statistically significant changes were observed in those of 2 stage procedure. The graft materials of both procedures were stable above the implant apex. No statistically significant changes of BL/IL were observed in the grafts combined with low amount of autogenous bone or without autogenous bone. The graft materials of both groups were stable above the implant apex. The results indicated that the placement of dental implants with maxillary sinus augmentation showed predictable clinical results and the grafts combined with low amount of autogenous bone or without autogenous bone had long-term resistance to resorption in maxillary sinus.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.139-154
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to examine to causes and symptoms of stress and factors influencing stress management of workers in beauty shops. 811 people who were working in the shops located in Daegu City and Kyungbuk Province were selected as subjects of this study. Data were collected from April 10, 2000 to July 10, 2000. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. According to general characteristics of the respondents, female was 90.8%. 42.1 % of them was in their twenties and 73.7% of them did not marry. 57.5% of the respondents grew up in big cities and 41.1% had no religion. 63.6% was graduated from junior colleges. 44.6% of them worked for below I year and 33.9% earned below four hundred and ninety thousand won per month. 55.8% of them was satisfied with their work aptitude, while 34.2% was not satisfied with it. In the case of satisfaction level with working environment, ‘common level’ was 46.3%, while 12.8% of them was unsatisfied with it. In the case of stress level by factors of stress related to working, male was higher (9.34 $\pm$ 2.38 points). Those who grew up in towns or villages and those who belonged to the middle class showed high stress level. Those who married and those who graduated from high school also displayed high stress level. It also appeared that monthly income influenced the stress level related to working.. The extent of stress level influencing physical causes appeared in order of health condition, education level, sex, satisfaction level with work aptitude, economic status, and working hours. The extent of stress level influencing whole organizational level appeared in order of satisfaction level with work aptitude, working hours, education level, health condition, and sex. The extent of stress factors influencing depressed feeling of stress symptom appeared in order of working hours, sex, amount of smoking, absence due to stress, age, health condition, and education level. The extent of influencing factors on active stress management appeared in order of satisfaction level with work aptitude, health condition, size of the shop, drinking, sex, and the number of day off. The extent of influencing factors on avoidable stress management appeared in order of age, absence due to stress, drinking, health condition, and sex.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.151-161
• /
• 2018

This study was designed to investigate the effects of multi-enzyme on diarrhea and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.1% multienzyme (Multi; mixture of ${\beta}-mannanase$, xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Frequency of diarrhea, levels of packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), immunoglobulins, cortisol, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Multi group tended to decrease (p<0.1) diarrhea frequency than CON group during 2 wk after weaning. Lower values of PCV on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.1) were found in Multi group compared with CON group. There were no significant differences on WBC number and immunoglobulin (Ig) M and A between Multi and CON groups. However, Multi group tended to increase (p<0.1) Ig G on d 7 than CON group. Moreover, Multi group showed modulated immune responses, indicated by decreased levels of cortisol (p<0.05) on d 7 and 14, $TNF-{\alpha}$ on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), $TGF-{\beta}$ on d 2 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), and CRP (p<0.10) on d 3 and 7 after weaning compared with CON group. Consequently, inclusion of multi-enzyme in diets for weaned pigs improved gut health and modulated immune responses of weaned pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.461-466
• /
• 1991

For the purpose of improving storability and process adaptability of potato, we carried out an experiment to investigate the effects of microwave heating on the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the potatoes in storage. The samples were made by powdering potatoes exposed to the microwave energy in a 560W, 2,450MHz oven for 0, 60, 120 and 180 seconds respectively. From the examination of the samples stored at th temperature of $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 12 months, the following results were obtained. As an over-all tendency, the longer the samples were heated and the longer they were stored, the total lipid content decreased but the microwave-heated samples showed decreasing rates less than those of the controls for the whole storage periods. As major fatty acids of the potato flour, linoleic acid (30.92 %), palmitic acid (29.34 %), linolenic acid (8.90 %) and stearic acid (8.23 %) were detected from the samples. The longer the samples were exposed with microwave, unsaturated fatty acids like 18:2, 18:3 increased. generally with the lapse of storage time, saturated fatty acids increased while unsaturated ones decreased. But in the samples heated with microwave, we observed an apparent suppression of the increasing rate of the saturated fatty acids and the decreasing rate of the unsaturated fatty acids, and the suppressing effects turned out to be proportional to the length of microwave heating.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.199-203
• /
• 2018

Objectives: The market for bottled water is increasing steadily in South Korea. Bottled water contains several naturally occuring minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and fluoride. Fluoride is proven to be effective in preventing dental caries. In South Korea, the maximum permissible concentration of fluoride is 2 ppm for bottled water and 1.5 ppm for tap water. The aim of this study was to investigate the fluoride content of different commercially available brands of bottled water in South Korea, and compare the measured fluoride concentration to the concentration written on the label of each brand of bottled water. Methods: Twenty-seven of the 59 different brands of bottled water produced in South Korea were investigated in this study. Three bottles of each brand were purchased from supermarkets, marts, and convenience stores in each region of Korea in August 2016. For each bottled water brand, the fluoride content was measured three times using a fluoride-ion selective electrode (Orion ionplus Fluoride Electrode 9609, Orion Research, USA). The calibration curve was generated using 0.2 and 2 ppm standard solutions, and confirmed using a 1 ppm standard solution. Results: The mean fluoride content of the 27 brands of bottled water was $0.374{\pm}0.332mg/L$ (range=0.040 to 1.172 mg/L). The fluoride content was labeled by the manufacturer, on each of the tested brands of bottled water. In eight brands, the labeled fluoride content differed from the experimental data. The minimum to maximum fluoride content measured from 10 brands showed a variation of 0.3 mg/L or more when compared to the labeled fluoride content. Conclusions: This study investigated the fluoride content of various brands of bottled water produced in South Korea and compared the measured fluoride levels with fluoride information on the bottle labels. To ensure that consumers are suitably informed regarding their exposure to fluoride, correct labelling of fluoride content in bottled water is important.

• Journal of the Korean neurological association
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.294-301
• /
• 2018

Background: Neuroimaging can play a crucial role in discovering potential abnormalities to cause secondary headache. There has been a progress in the fields of headache diagnosis and neuroimaging in the past two decades. We sought to investigate neuroimaging findings according to headache disorders, age, sex, and imaging modalities in first-visit headache patients. Methods: We used data of consecutive first-visit headache patients from 9 university and 2 general referral hospitals. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition, beta version was used in headache diagnosis. We finally enrolled 1,080 patients undertook neuroimaging in this study. Results: Among 1,080 patients (mean age: $47.7{\pm}14.3$, female: 60.8%), proportions of headache diagnosis were as follows: primary headaches, n=926 (85.7%); secondary headaches, n=110 (10.2%); and cranial neuropathies and other headaches, n=43 (4.1%). Of them, 591 patients (54.7%) received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuroimaging abnormalities were found in 232 patients (21.5%), and their proportions were higher in older age groups and male sex. Chronic cerebral ischemia was the most common finding (n=88, 8.1%), whereas 76 patients (7.0%) were found to have clinically significant abnormalities such as primary brain tumor, cancer metastasis, and headache-relevant cerebrovascular disease. Patients underwent MRI were four times more likely to have neuroimaging abnormalities than those underwent computed tomography (33.3% vs. 7.2%, p<0.001). Conclusions: In this study, the findings of neuroimaging differed according to headache disorders, age, sex, and imaging modalities. MRI can be a preferable neuroimaging modality to identify potential causes of headache.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.230-235
• /
• 2022

BACKGROUND: Ammonia gas emitted from nitrogen fertilizers applied in agricultural land is an environmental pollutant that catalyzes the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). A significant portion (12-18%) of nitrogen fertilizer input for crop cultivation is emitted to the atmosphere as ammonia gas, a loss form of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural land. The widely practiced method for fertilizer use in agricultural fields involves spraying the fertilizers on the surface of farmlands and mixing those with the soils through such means as rotary work. To test the potential reduction of ammonia emission by nitrogen fertilizers from the soil surface, we have added N, P, and K at 2 g each to the glass greenhouse soil, and the ammonia emission was analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatment consisted of non-fertilization, surface spray (conventional fertilization), and soil depth spray at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Ammonia was collected using a self-manufactured vertical wind tunnel chamber, and it was quantified by the indophenol-blue method. As a result of analyzing ammonia emission after fertilizer treatments by soil depth, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment immediately after spraying the fertilizer in the paddy soil, with no ammonia emission occurring at a soil depth of 10 cm to 30 cm. In the upland soil, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment after 2 days of treatment, and there was no ammonia emission at a soil depth of 15 cm to 30 cm. Lettuce and Chinese cabbage treated with fertilizer at depths of 20 cm and 30 cm showed increases of fresh weight and nutrient and potassium contents. CONCLUSION(S): In conclusion, rather than the current fertilization method of spraying and mixing the fertilizers on the soil surface, deep placement of the nitrogen fertilizer in the soil at 10 cm or more in paddy fields and 15 cm or more in upland fields was considered as a better fertilization method to reduce ammonia emission.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.100-108
• /
• 2012

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of shading and ventilation on Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT) of the outdoor space at a summer outdoor. The Wind Speed(WS), Air Temperature(AT) and Globe Temperature(GT) were recorded every minute from $1^{st}$ of May to the $30^{th}$ of September 2011 at a height of 1.2m above in four experimental plots with different shading and ventilating conditions, with a measuring system consisting of a vane type anemometer(Barini Design's BDTH), Resistance Temperature Detector(RTD, Pt-100), standard black globe(${\O}$ 150mm) and data acquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and Compfile Techs' Moacon). To implement four different ventilating and shading conditions, three hexahedral steel frames, and one natural plot were established in the open grass field. Two of the steel frames had a dimension of $3m(W){\times}3m(L){\times}1.5m(H)$ and every vertical side covered with transparent polyethylene film to prevent lateral ventilation(Ventilation Blocking Plot: VP), and an additional shading curtain was applied on the top side of a frame(Shading and Ventilation Blocking Plot: SVP). The third was $1.5m(W){\times}1.5m(L){\times}1.5m(H)$, only the top side of which was covered by the shading curtain without the lateral film(Shading Plot: SP). The last plot was natural condition without any kind of shading and wind blocking material(Natural Open Plot: NP). Based on the 13,262 records of 44 sunny days, the time serial difference of AT and GT for 24 hour were analyzed and compared, and statistical analysis was done based on the 7,172 records of daytime period from 7 A.M. to 8 P.M., while the relation between the MRT and solar radiation and wind speed was analyzed based on the records of the hottest period from 11 A.M. to 4 P.M.. The major findings were as follows: 1. The peak AT was $40.8^{\circ}C$ at VP and $35.6^{\circ}C$ at SP showing the difference about $5^{\circ}C$, but the difference of average AT was very small within${\pm}1^{\circ}C$. 2. The difference of the peak GT was $12^{\circ}C$ showing $52.5^{\circ}C$ at VP and $40.6^{\circ}C$ at SP, while the gap of average GT between the two plots was $6^{\circ}C$. Comparing all four plots including NP and SVP, it can be said that the shading decrease $6^{\circ}C$ GT while the wind blocking increase $3^{\circ}C$ GT. 3. According to the calculated MRT, the shading has a cooling effect in reducing a maximum of $13^{\circ}C$ and average $9^{\circ}C$ MRT, while the wind blocking has heating effect of increasing average $3^{\circ}C$ MRT. In other words, the MRT of the shaded area with natural ventilation could be cooler than the wind blocking the sunny site to about $16^{\circ}C$ MRT maximum. 4. The regression and correlation tests showed that the shading is more important than the ventilation in reducing the MRT, while both of them do an important role in improving the outdoor thermal comfort. In summary, the results of this study showed that the shade is the first and the ventilation is the second important factor in terms of improving outdoor thermal comfort in summer daylight hours. Therefore, it can be apparently said that the more shade by the forest, shading trees etc., the more effective in conditioning the microclimate of an outdoor space reducing the useless or even harmful heat energy for human activities. Furthermore, the delicately designed wind corridor or outdoor ventilation system can improve even the thermal environment of urban area.