• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.199.2-199.2
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• 2010

Biodiesels are well-known as alternative fuels. also we know that biodiesels increase NOx and reduce PM(Particulate Matter) by previous many studies. But PM in most these studies was considered about the mass. In this study, We have performed experimental test for PM and exhaust emission by mixed ratio of biodiesel in heavy duty diesel engine. PM was investigated by The nano particle number and the mass. The mass of PM was evaluated by using the standard gravimetric method, The number of PM was evaluated by using the EEPS(Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer), on the ESC(European Steady Cycle) mode. Sampled gas through dilutor was directly extracted from tail pipe and EEPS measured diluted exhaust gas. Biodiesel is made up of used cooking oil. Diesel as base fuel was sold on market and contains 2% biodiesel. The mass of PM was reduced 10% and the nano particle number was increased 5%. The particle number less than 40nm was increased, but the particle number more than 40nm is decreased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.617-623
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• 2006

The mortality and morbidity rate of hemodialysis patients (HD) remain high. Among many factors, protein and calorie malnutrition has been shown to be a major risk factor for increased mortality in the HD patients population. Malnutrition can be caused by insufficient amino acid intake, nutrient losses in dialysate, oxidant stress and muscle catabolism. In this study, we evaluated the association of markers of nutritional status and essential amino acids intake in HD patients. We investigated nutritional status of 41 HD patients (mean age: $64.2\;{\pm}\;11.5\;y$, men: 24, women: 27) by measuring anthropometric, biochemical parameters and food intakes by using 24 hr recall methods. Subject's total energy intake and total protein intake were $1,648.0\;{\pm}\;397.31\;kcal/day,\;79.2\;{\pm}\;27.2\;g/day$:, respectively. The animal protein intake was $42.7\;{\pm}\;22.1\;g/day$, essential amino acids intake was $23.4\;{\pm}\;9.92\;g/day$, and the ratio of essential amino acids to total protein intake was $29.6\;{\pm}\;5.42%$. There were significantly positive correlation between muscle mass and lean body mass with serum creatinine level (r=0.435, p<0.01; r=0.435, p<0,01). There were also significant positive correlation in muscle mass and lean body mass with pre hemodialysis blood urea nitrogen (preHD BUN) (r=0.329, p<0.05; r=0.329, p<0.05). There were no significant correlation in total energy intake and total protein intake per kg ideal body weight (IBW) to muscle mass and lean body mass. However, there were significantly positive correlation between the ratio of essential amino acids and muscle mass and lean body mass (r=0.368, p<0.05; r=0.405, p<0.01). And serum hematocrit concentration was positively correlated with the ratio of essential amino acids (r=0.032, p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that strong associations exist in essential amino acid intakes with malnutrition than total protein intakes in HD patient. In conclusion, specialized nutrition education should be necessary to efficiently improve the quality of protein intakes.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.492-497
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• 2004

목적: 여성에게 많이 발생되는 유방 종괴의 악성여부의 판단은 매우 중요하다. 기존의 여러 영상진단법으로도 유방 종괴의 악성여부를 구분하기가 어려운 경우가 많아 이에 대한 연구는 매우 많다. 이에 저자들은 유방 종괴의 악성여부를 평가하는데 많이 사용되고 있는 유방촬영술과 Tc-99m MIBI 유방스캔의 유용성을 알아보고, 조직병리 검사소견과의 연관성에 대해서도 함께 비교하여 보았다. 대상 및 방법: 유방종괴를 갖고 있는 여자 환자 총 80명(나이: 24-72세, 평균: 48.4세)을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자에서 유방촬영술과 Tc-99m MIBI 유방스캔을 시행하였다. 방사성동위원소 투여 후 10 분째에 조기 영상, 2시간째 지연 영상을 전면상과 양측면상으로 얻었다. 두 명의 숙련된 방사선과 전문의와 핵의학 전문의가 유방 종괴의 악성여부를 판독하였으며, 유방스캔의 정량적인 분석으로 방사능집적을 보이는 경우 각각의 종괴 대 배후방사능비와 배설율을 구하였다. 모든 종괴에서 조직 병리검사를 시행하였다. 각각에서 얻어진 결과치와 조직검사 결과와의 연관성을 chi-square와 상관분석을 이용하여 통계 분석하였다. 결과: 유방촬영술의 원발성 유방암 진단의 예민도, 특이도, 양성예측율, 음성예측율은 각각 87.5%, 56.3%, 75.0%, 75.0%이었다. 유방스캔에서는 총 80 명의 환자 중 45 명의 환자를 악성 종괴에 의한 방사능집적으로 판단하였다. 이중 41 명이 조직 검사에서 악성으로 판정되었고, 4명이 양성으로 판정되었다. 결과적으로 유방스캔의 예민도, 특이도, 양성예측율, 음성예측율은 각각 85.4%, 87.5%, 91.1%, 80.8%로 측정되었고, 유방촬영술 결과와 비교하여 예민도는 낮았으나 특이도, 양성예측율, 음성예측율은 모두 높았다. 양성 종괴의 종괴 대 배후방사능비는 관심영역의 10 분째 평균치에서 $1.409{\pm}0.30$, 2 시간째에서 $1.267{\pm}0.42$이었고, 10 분째 최대치에서 $1.604{\pm}0.42$, 2 시간째 최대치에서 $1.476{\pm}0.50$이었다. 악성 종괴의 종괴 대 배후방사능비는 10 분째 평균치에서 $2.220{\pm}1.07$, 2 시간째 평균치에서 $1.842{\pm}0.75$이었고, 10 분째 최대치에서 $2.993{\pm}1.94$, 2 시간째 최대치에서 $2.480{\pm}1.34$이었다. 10분과 2시간째의 종괴 대 배후방사능비의 양성과 악성의 차이는 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론: 유방촬영술은 원발성 유방암의 진단 예민도는 높았으나, 유방 종괴의 악성 여부 판정에 있어서는 Tc-99m MIBI를 이용한 유방스캔이 매우 유용하였다. 특히 종괴 대 배후방사능비를 이용할 경우 유방암의 진단율을 더욱 높힐 수 있었다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2015

The objective of the current study was to assess the comparative risk associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) while commuting via different public transport modes in Fukuoka, Japan. For the given routes and measuring days, a trip-maker carried a lightweight portable bag loaded the real-time measurement devices which take simultaneous measurement for size-fractioned particle number concentration, $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration, and total suspended particle (TSP) collection. The results of the present study have shown significant differences between public transports as commuting modes in Fukuoka. The PM exposure levels on subway platform and inside subway train were overwhelmingly higher than those of other points on commuting route. The relative ratio between modes (i.e., the ratio of $PM_{2.5}$ inside subway to that inside bus) provides an idea for choosing a right commuting mode for our health. This study clearly provided evidence of the extremely high levels of iron exposure by subway uses compared to bus uses. The result of theoretically reconstructed mass concentration of $PM_{2.0-0.3}$ collected on subway platform suggests that the PM of underground subway will be associated with PM both generated in subway system and inleakaged from outdoor environment.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.168-180
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• 2011

The variation of the physicochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols in coexistence of the heavy Asian Dust and Haze observed from $15^{th}$ to $17^{th}$ March 2009 in Seoul was scrutinized through the mass and ion concentration observations and synoptic weather analysis. Although the ratio of PM1.0/PM10 was constant at 0.3 (which is typical during Asian Dust period in Korea) during the measurement period, both PM10 and PM1.0 mass concentrations were 3~6 times and 2~4 times higher than that of clear days, respectively. Water-soluble ion components accounted for 30~50% of PM10 and 50~70% of PM1.0 mass concentration. One of the secondary pollutants, $NO_3^-$ was found to be associated with $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ in coarse mode indicating that the aerosol derived from natural source was affected by anthropogenic pollutants. While the acidity of the aerosols increased in fine mode when the stagnation of weather patterns was the strongest (March $16^{th}$), the alkalinity increased in coarse mode when new air masses arrived with a southwestern wind after ending a period of stagnation (March $17^{th}$). In the selected case, SOR (Sulfur Oxidation Ratio, $nSO_4^{2-}/[nSO_4^{2-}+nSO_2]$) and NOR (Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio, $nNO_3^-/[nNO_3^-+nNO_2]$) values of ion components were higher than the general values during Asian Dust period. These results imply that dust aerosols could be mixed with pollutants transported from China even in heavy Asian Dust cases in Korea.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2005

This study is to choose the optimal mixture and to analyze the sensibility properties of High strength concrete and mass concrete to apply the high rising building. The main experimental variables were water/binder ratio $39\%,\;33\%,\;35\%\;and\;37\%$, replacement ratio of fly ash $5\%,\;10\%\;and\;15\%$, in the high strength concrete and water/binder ratio $39\%,\;41\%\;and\;43\%$, replacement ratio of fly ash $10\%,\;20\%\;and\;30\%$, in the man concrete. According to the test results, the principal conclusions are summarized as follows. 1) The slump(or slump flow) and air content of fresh concrete were found to be the highest in the elapsed time 30 minutes. 2) The optimal mixture conditions are W/B $40\%$, FA $25\%$ in the mass concrete and W/B $33.4\%$, FA $15\%$ in the high strength concrete. 3) The ranges of sensibility are satisfied in the moisture content ${\pm}l\%\;and\;S/a\;{\pm}2\%$.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2009

This study was initiated to investigate the impacts of media types and other components on the callogenensis and cell mass production of Panax vietnamensis in the first step of the cell biomass procedure. Four media were checked: Murashige-Skoog (MS), White, Gamborg and Nitch-AII. All the four media were shown potential media for Panax vietnamensis callogenensis and cell mass production, in which the MS medium showed the best results: the successful callogenensis ratio and cell mass formation were 30% and 62,93 ${\pm}$ 3,63 mg (DW) respectively, the Nitch medium showed the lowest results: the successful callogenensis ratio and cell mass formation were 15% and 27,10 ${\pm}$ 2,24 mg (DW) respectively. The results showed that the MS medium is the most suitable medium for Panax vietnamensis callogenensis and cell mass production.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine bone mineral density and factors which effect on bone mineral density such as daily nutrients intake, age, menarch age and physical condition among healthy female college students in Daegu area from April 20, to May 20, 2004. 1. Average age was 20.5$\pm$0.96 years old, average height was 160.9$\pm$4.30㎝, and average weight was 55.9$\pm$7.67㎏. Body mass index was 21.6$\pm$2.91㎏/㎡, body fat was 25.6$\pm$5.79％, menarche age was average 12.5$\pm$1.1 years old and WHR(waist/hip circumference ratio) was 0.8$\pm$0.01㎝/㎝. 2. Average level of bone mineral density(T-score -0.56$\pm$0.91) was in normal range. But, 11 persons(24.4％) are over T-score -1.0, 33 persons(73.4％) were within -1.0 - -2.5 and one person(2.2％) was under -2.5. It is very anxious level for Osteopenia-low bone mass, as research result shows 73.4% of the subject of examine on the level of Osteopenia. 3. Daily calorie intake was 2,550㎉ and each nutrient intake, compared to the seventh recommended dietary allowances for korean, was as follows ; Calorie 112％, protein 123％, calcium 78％, phosphorus 137％, iron 68％, vitamin A 101％, vitamin $B_1$ 141％, vitamin $B_2$ 95％, niacin 107％, vitamin C 128％ and zinc 120％. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus(Ca/P) is 0.66, low compared to RDA, but phosphorus intake is so high compared to RDA that precautions should be taken. The ratio of calcium to protein(Ca/Protein) is 8.55. 4. Menarche age and bone mineral density of calcaneus showed positive correlation and body mass index(BMI) indicated positive correlation. Age, height, weight. WHR and physical activity coefficient all do not indicate any significant correlation with bone mineral density. 5. Intake of Calorie, Ca, Ca/p ratio, carbohydrate and fat intake were positively correlated and, protein was negatively correlated, and Fe, Na, P and cholesterol were negatively correlated with BMD. These results indicate that average bone mineral density of subjects was in normal range, but subjects in the stage of osteopenia-low bone mass are many and bad effects are expected to have on their bone mineral density after menopause. Therefore, in order reach maximal bone mineral density, they should improve the balance between calcium and phosphorus and reduce salt intake. And it is thought that education and profound studies on relevant factors affecting the genesis of bone mineral density should be made.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.257-269
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• 1990

We designed this study to compare the total body fat content and its distribution of diabetics with those of normal subjects. Skinfold thicknesses at eight sites(subscapular, subcostal, abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, forearm, thigh and calf) and body circumferences at five sites(waist, hip, arm, thigh and calf) were measured on 220 diabetics(82 male, 138 female) and on 160 nondiabetic subjects(male 57, female 103). We matched 92 pairs with diabetics and nondiabetic control subjects by sex, age, body weight and height, and made comparisons between two groups(case-control study). The results were as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in total body fat content of diabetics and control (male ; 20.40$\pm$2.12%, 19.20$\pm$3.52%, female ; 26.46$\pm$2.53%, 27.01$\pm$2.92%, respectively). However, body muscle mass(%) in diabetic men(33.37$\pm$4.19%) was significantly lower than in nondiabetic men(38.16$\pm$7.11%). 2) Diabetics, especially women, were characterized by more central body fat than control. That is, indices of centrality of body fat distribution(subscapular/triceps skinfold : STR, central/peripheral fat : CPR) of diabetics were higher than those of control. 3) Body weight, body mass index and %IBW(current body weight$\times$100/ideal body weight) had negative correlations with duration of diabetes(r=-0.23~-0.33), but total body fat content(%) and indices of body fat distribution, such as STR, CPR, waist/hip girth ratio(WHR), and waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR), were not related to duration of diabetes.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.216-232
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• 2016

In present, the Seoul City is undergoing traffic congestion problems caused by rapid urbanization and population growth. Thus the City government has reorganized the mass transportation system since 2004 and the subway has become a very important means for public transit. Since the subway system is typically a closed environment, the indoor air quality issues have often raised by the public. Especially since a huge amount of PM (particulate matter) is emitted from ground tunnels passing through the subway train, it is now necessary to assess the characteristics and behaviors of fine PM inside the tunnel. In this study, the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway line-2 were analyzed by real-time measurement during winter (Jan 13, 2015) and summer (Aug 7, 2015). The line-2 consisting of 51 stations is the most busy circular line in Seoul having the railway of 60.2 km length. The the one-day average $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $148{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter and $66.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in summer and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $118{\mu}g/m^3$ and $58.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in the underground tunnel was lower than the outdoor ratio and also the ratio in summer is higher than in winter. Further the study examined structural types of underground subsections to explain the patterns of elevated PM concentrations in the line-2. The subsections showing high PM concentration have longer track, shorter curvature radius, and farther from the outdoor stations. We also estimated the outdoor PM concentrations near each station by a spatial statistical analysis using the $PM_{10}$ data obtained from the 40 Seoul Monitoring Sites, and further we calculated $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ and $PM_1/PM_{10}$ mass ratios near the outdoor subway stations by using our observed outdoor $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ data. Finally, we could develop pollution maps for outdoor $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ near the line-2 by using the kriging method in spatial analysis. This methodology may help to utilize existing $PM_{10}$ database when managing and control fine particle problems in Korea.