• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2016

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of strenuous exercise on ${\beta}$-endorphine (${\beta}$-END) level in fibromyalgia (FM) patients compared to healthy subjects. Methods: We enrolled 30 FM patients and 15 healthy individuals. All study participants underwent a treadmill exercise test using modified Bruce protocol (M.Bruce). The goal of the test was achieving at least 70% of the predicted maximal heart rate (HRMax). The serum levels of ${\beta}$-END were measured before and after the exercise program. Measurements were done while heart rate was at least 70% of its predicted maximum. Results: The mean ${\pm}$ the standard deviation (SD) of exercise duration in the FM and control groups were $24.26{\pm}5.29$ and $29.06{\pm}3.26$ minutes, respectively, indicating a shorter time to achieve the goal heart rate in FM patients (P < 0.003). Most FM patients attained 70% HRMax at lower stages (stage 2 and 3) of M.Bruce compared to the control group (70% versus 6.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Compared to healthy subjects, FM patients had lower serum ${\beta}$-END levels both in baseline and post-exercise status ($Mean{\pm}SD$: $122.07{\pm}28.56{\mu}g/ml$ and $246.55{\pm}29.57{\mu}g/ml$ in the control group versus $90.12{\pm}20.91{\mu}g/ml$ and $179.80{\pm}28.57{\mu}g/ml$ in FM patients, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions: We found that FM patients had lower levels of ${\beta}$-END in both basal and post-exercise status. Exercise increased serum the ${\beta}$-END level in both groups but the average increase in ${\beta}$-END in FM patients was significantly lower than in the control group.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.753-762
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• 2004

우모분(FM)과 우모분 digests가 육계의 성장률과 계육(가슴살, 다릿살) 및 심장의 taurine함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 갓 부화한 Ross${\circledR}$ 병아리 100수를 5처리 2반복 반복당 10수씩(암 수 5수씩) 배치하여 6주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험사료는 기초사료(control) 에 FM 5% 첨가사료(FM), NaOH 처리 FM 5% 첨가사료(NaOH-FM), $HNO_3$ 처리 FM5% 첨가사료$(HNO_3$-FM) 그리고 합성 타우린0.5% 첨가사료(Taurine)를 시험사료로 공시하여 42일간 실시하였으며 21일령까지는 대조구사료를 모두에게 급여하였고, 처리 사료는 22일령부터 42일령까지 급여하였다. 증체량에 있어 처리구들은 control에 비해 낮았지만 유의차가 없었다. 사료 섭취량은 Taurine과 FM 급여구가 대조구에 비해 낮았고 NaOH-FM과 $HNO_3$-FM구들이 FM구 보다는 높은 경향이 있었다. 사료요구율은 NaOH-FM구가 FM과 $HNO_3$-FM구 보다 유의하게 높았고 대조구와 Taurine구와는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 대조구의 taurine 함량을 보면 심장근육이 1482$\mu$g/g 으로 가장 높았고 다리근육이 778$\mu$g/g이었고 가슴살이 79$\mu$g/g으로 낮았다. 다리살과 가슴살의 경우 처리간에 유의차(P<0.01)가 있었으나 심장에서는 유의차가 없었다. 다리살의 경우 control에 비해 처리구들의 taurine 함량이 유의하게 높았는데 Taurine 첨가구에서는 170%, FM구는 123%, NaOH-FM구는 122% 그리고$HNO_3$-FM구는 63% 높았다. 가슴 근육의 타우린 함량은 Taurine구가 타처리구들에 비해 유의하게 높았고 대조구에 비해서는 246% 높았다 성장의 경우에는 처리구들간에 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 육계후기 사료에 우모분을 5% 첨가했을 때, 다리근육의 타우린 함량은 효과적으로 강화시킬수 있었으며 우모분을 NaOH 나 $HNO_3$로 처리하는 것은 taurine 강화에 도움이 되지 않았다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.516-523
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• 2008

꾸지뽕잎으로 제조한 덖음차(PM)와 발효차(FM)의 $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해활성과 경구 내당성 및 stereptozotocin(STZ)으로 유발한 고혈당 쥐의 혈당, fructosamine 및 혈청 지질 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 70% ethanol 추출물(20 mg/mL)의 $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해 활성은 FM 92.5%, RM 54.6%, 건조꾸지뽕잎(RM) 69.1%였다. 경구 내당성을 조사한 결과, 고혈당 대조군은 360분까지 혈당의 감소가 없었으나 PM 및 FM을 투여한 군에서는 투여 후 60분부터 감소하여 120분 후에는 정상군 수준으로 회복되었다. 당뇨 유발 후 동결 건조한 차분말을 3% 혼합한 식이로 5주간 사육한 결과, PM 및 FM 투여군은 고혈당 대조군에 비하여 다음과 같은 효과가 있었다. 체중 증가량, 식이효율은 유의적으로 높았으며, 식이 및 음용수 섭취 량은 각각 $12.9{\sim}16.9%$ 및 $6.8{\sim}10.1%$가 감소하였다. 혈당과 fructosamine 함량은 각각 $27.3{\sim}39.8%$ 및 $6.7{\sim}20.0%$가 감소하였다. 혈청중성지질, total cholesterol 및 LDL-cholesterol 함량은 각각 $24.9{\sim}27.1%$, $15.9{\sim}17.4%$ 및 $33.8{\sim}38.4%$ 감소하였다. HDL-cholesterol함량은 $20.5{\sim}24.8%$가 증가하였다. 이러한 효과는 PM보다 FM이 다소 양호하였다. 이상의 결과, 꾸지뽕잎차의 항당뇨 효과는 $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해 활성과 더불어 고혈당에 기인된 혈청 지질의 변화를 저해함으로써 나타난 것으로 생각되나 보다 구체적인 mechanism에 대하여 앞으로의 연구가 요망된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2002

본 연구는 치어기 잉어에 있어서 어분 (fish meal, FM) 대체 단백질원으로서 lysine 부산물 (lysine cell mass, LCM)이 사료내 이용 가능성과 대체 수준을 결정하기 위해 수행하였다. 실험사료의 조단백질 함량은 $38\%$, 가용에너지는 15.2kJ/g (protein, carbohydrate and lipid: 16.7, 16.7 and 37.7kJ/g)으로 동일하게 맞추어 실험사료를 제조하였으며, 사료의 조성을 요약하면 다음과 같다: $100\%$ $FM; LCM_20$, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM; LCM_40$, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM; LCM_60$, $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM; LCM_100$, $100\%$ $LCM; LCM_20$l, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM+0.07\%$ $Lysine; LCM_40$l, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM+0.14\%$ $Lysine; LCM_60$l $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM+0.22\%$ $Lysine; LCM_100$l, $100\%$ $LCM+0.35\% Lysine. 6주 동안의 실험 결과, 증체율, 사료효율, 일간성장률, 간중량지수 및 단백질전환효율에 있어서 LCM_0와 비교하석 LCM_20는 유의적인 차이가 없는 반면에 (P>0.05), $LCM_40,\;LCM_60$ 및 $LCM_100,\;LCM_40l,\;LCM_60$l 및 $LCM_100$l는 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다 (P<0.05). $LCM_0$와 $LCM_20$l은 증체율, 일간성장률, 간중량지수 및 단백질 전환효율에 있어서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않는 반면에 (P>0.05), 사료효율에 있어서는 $LCM_0$에 비해 $LCM_20$l이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 헤마토그리트과 비만도는 모든 사료구에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다 (P<0.05). 따라서, 치어기 잉어에 있어서 Iysine 부산물은 어분단백질의 $100\%$ $FM; LCM_20$, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM; LCM_40$, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM; LCM_60$, $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM; LCM_100$, $100\%$ $LCM; LCM_20$l, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM+0.07\%$ $Lysine; LCM_40$l, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM+0.14\%$ $Lysine; LCM_60$l $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM+0.22\%$ $Lysine; LCM_100$l, $100\%$ $LCM+20\%까지 대체 가능하며, lysine 부산물에 결핍된 필수아미노산인 lysine을 첨가한 사료구에서는 첨가 효과가 나타나지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1355-1359
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• 2003

This study examined the replacement of the fish meal (FM) with commercial poultry by-product meal (PBM) in practical diets for rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing levels 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40% of PBM as a replacement for FM were fed to three replicate groups of rainbow trout with a initial weight $34.50{\pm}0.43g$ (mean${\pm}$SE). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of diets containing PBM up to 20% were similar to the control while significantly lower values were obtained from the groups receiving higher levels of PBM (p<0.05). Apparent protein digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were significantly lower than that of the control group when PBM was included at level of 20% or more. Similarly, significantly lower values were observed with diets containing 30 and 40% PBM in terms of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ash and energy digestibility (p<0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect the body composition of the fish in terms of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash. In conclusion, PBM in a proportion of 20% may replace about 40 % of FM in rainbow trout diet without significant impairment grow.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2012

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate three types of squid Sepia esculenta liver powder (SLP) as a dietary protein source replacing fish meal (FM) in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. To replace FM, six experimental diets were formulated with three types (A, B, C) of SLP at the 5 and 10%: SLP-A5, SLP-A10, SLP-B5, SLP-B10, SLP-C5, and SLP-C10. One control diet contained 100% FM as the main protein source and another was a commercial diet (Com). Fish with an average body weight of $22.8{\pm}0.4$ g ($mean{\pm}SD$) were allocated randomly to aquaria in groups of 20 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate to satiation. The weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the SLP-C10 diet were lower than those of fish fed the FM and SLP-B5 diets. No significant difference was observed in the WG and SGR among fish fed the diets other than SLP-C10. The feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed each SLP diet did not differ from those fed the control diet. However, fish fed SLP-C5 and SLP-C10 had a lower FE and PER than the fish fed commercial, SLP-A5 and SLP-B5 diets. Each SLP diet except for SLP-C10 could replace up to 10% of FM for juvenile olive flounder. The results of this experiment provide information that will assist in formulating an inexpensive practical diet containing SLP for juvenile olive flounder.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2016

Background: This study was designed to assess serum vitamin D status (25-OHD) in the fibromyalgia (FM) patients and to compare it with a healthy control group. It also aimed to investigate the correlation of serum vitamin D level with FM symptom severity and invalidation experiences. Methods: A total of 74 consecutive patients with FM and 68 healthy control participants were enrolled. The eligible FM patients completed the Illness Invalidation Inventory (3*I), the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) and a short-form health survey (SF-12). Venous blood samples were drawn from all participants to evaluate serum 25-OHD levels. Mann-Whitney tests and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed and Spearman's correlations were calculated. Results: 88.4% of FM patients had low levels of serum 25-OHD. FM patients had significantly higher level of serum 25-OHD than the control group ($17.24{\pm}13.50$ and $9.91{\pm}6.47$ respectively, P = 0.0001). There were no significant correlations between serum 25-OHD levels and the clinical measures of disease impact, invalidation dimensions, and health status. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that an increased discounting of the disease by the patient's spouse was associated with a 4-fold increased risk for vitamin D deficiency (OR = 4.36; 95% CI, 0.95-19.87, P = 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that although high rates of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency were seen among FM patients and healthy non-FM participants, but it seems there was no intrinsic association between FM and vitamin D deficiency. Addressing of invalidation experience especially by the patient's spouse is important in management of FM.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 2003년도 한국우주과학회보 제12권2호
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• pp.51-51
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• 2003

인공위성의 개발 단계는 Prototype Model(PM), Engineering Model(EM), Qualification Model(QM) 그리고 Flight Model(FM)로 구분된다. 이때, Prototype 개발을 제외한 EM, QM, FM 개발단계는 반드시 종합조립시험(AIT)을 통하여 System Integration Test를 수행한다. 이 중에서 위성발사 전 최종 종합조립시험단계인 FM AIT는 위성의 최종시험단계이므로 Scenario Test를 포함한 지상에서 수행하여야 할 모든 시험을 수행한다. 이때, EM, QM 단계와는 다르게 FM AIT는 전기적 및 기계적 시험을 수행하나, 본 논문에서는 전기적 시험 과정과, Control Center 구성도 등을 포함하고 있는 Hardware 부분과, 관련 시험을 수행하게 될 Simulator를 포함한 Software 부분으로 나누어 소개하며, 기타 FM AIT 수행에 필요한 Electrical Ground Support System (EGSE) 전체 구성을 소개한다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to determine the each level of a newly developed squid liver powder (SLP) as a dietary protein source replacing fish meal (FM) in juvenile flounder. A diet excluding SLP (FM diet) and a commercial diet were two control diets. Six experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with three types of SLP at 5 and 10% level, respectively (SLP-A5, SLP-A10, SLP-B5, SLP-B10, SLP-C5, SLP-C10). Prior to the start of a feeding trial, fish were fed the commercial diet for 1 week to adjust to the experimental conditions. Fish with average weight of $22.8{\pm}0.40g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$), were randomly distributed to each aquarium as groups of 20 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate at satiation for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed SLP-C10 was lower than those of fish fed FM diet and SLP-B5. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in WG and SGR among fish fed diets excluding SLP-C10. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed each level of three types of SLP were not different from those of fish fed FM diet. However, fish fed SLP-C5 and SLP-C10 has lower FE and PER than those of fish fed a commercial diet, SLP-A5 and SLP-B5. Therefore, these results indicate clearly that dietary SLP-B could be a good protein source to develop inexpensive commercial diet in juvenile flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.746-752
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• 2013

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate three types of squid Sepia esculenta liver powder (SLP) as a dietary protein source for replacement of fish meal (FM) in the juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. For replacement of FM, six experimental diets were formulated with 5 or 10% of either of three types (A, B, C) of SLP: SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, SLP-$B_5$, SLP-$B_{10}$, SLP-$C_5$, and SLP-$C_{10}$. One of the control diets contained 100% FM as the protein source, and the other was a commercial diet (Com). Fish with an average body weight of $6.50{\pm}0.03g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were allocated randomly in triplicate groups of 50 to aquaria and fed the experimental diets until satiation. The weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the FM, SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, and SLP-$B_5$ diets were higher than those of fish fed the Com, SLP-$B_{10}$, SLP-$C_5$ and SLP-$C_{10}$ diets. No significant differences were observed in WG and SGR among the diet groups, with the exception of the SLP-$C_{10}$ diet group. The feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, and SLP-$B_5$ diets did not differ from those fed the control diet. However, fish fed SLP-$B_{10}$ and SLP-$C_{10}$ had lower FE and PER than the fish fed the FM, commercial, SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, and SLP-$B_5$ diets. Both the SLP-A and SLP-B diets, but not the SLP-C diets, replaced up to 10% and 5% of FM for juvenile black rockfish, respectively. The results of this experiment provide information that will assist in formulating an inexpensive and practical diet containing SLP for juvenile black rockfish.