• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2004

This paper proposes an algorithm for the robust transmission of video in error Prone environment using multiple description codingby optimal split of DCT coefficients and rate-distortionoptimization framework. In MDC, a source signal is split Into several coded streams, which is called descriptions, and each description is transmitted to the decoder through different channel. Between descriptions, structured correlations are introduced at the encoder, and the decoder exploits this correlation to reconstruct the original signal even if some descriptions are missing. It has been shown that the MDC is more resilient than the singe description coding(SDC) against severe packet loss ratecondition. But the excessive redundancy in MDC, i.e., the correlation between the descriptions, degrades the RD performance under low PLR condition. To overcome this Problem of MDC, we propose a hybrid MDC method that controls the SDC/MDC switching according to channel condition. For example, the SDC is used for coding efficiency at low PLR condition and the MDC is used for the error resilience at high PLR condition. To control the SDC/MDC switching in the optimal way, RD optimization framework are used. Lagrange optimization technique minimizes the RD-based cost function, D+M, where R is the actually coded bit rate and D is the estimated distortion. The recursive optimal pet-pixel estimatetechnique is adopted to estimate accurate the decoder distortion. Experimental results show that the proposed optimal split of DCT coefficients and SD/MD switching algorithm is more effective than the conventional MU algorithms in low PLR conditions as well as In high PLR condition.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6881-6885
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• 2014

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the utility and importance of the various parameters of complete blood count panel for benign-malignant differentiation of adnexal masses. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 316 patients with documented benign and 253 patients with malignant adnexal masses who underwent primary surgical treatment at a tertiary referral center. Prior to the study, all benign and malignant cases were compared within their own groups and then the benign and malignant cases were compared to each other. For all cases, cut-off, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet and CA-125 parameters, and the results were compared in regards to the groups. Results: NLR, PLR, neutrophil, CA-125, and platelet values were higher in the malignant compared to the benign cases (p<0.01). The lymphocyte value was lower in the malignant cases (p<0.01). No significant differences were found for basophils and eosinophils (p > 0.05). For CA-125, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for all cases were 78%, 62%, 62% and 78%, respectively. For NLR, they were 65.6%, 72.1%, 65.3%, and 72.3%, and for PLR, 48%, 81%, 67%, and 66%. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity were 55% and 77% for CA-125, 66% and 58% for NLR, and 61% and 58% for PLR in early malignant cases. Conclusions: NLR and PLR appear to be useful methods that can be applied together with CA-125 due to the relatively high sensitivity values for the malign-benign differentiation of ovarian masses. Although the specificity of these parameters is lower than CA-125, especially in cases with early malignant ovarian pathology, their sensitivity being higher is promising for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. It can be used to detect ovarian malignancies in the early stages, and it will increase the treatment options and improve survival rates.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1689-1692
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• 2014

Background: An easy, reproducible and simple marker is needed to estimate phase of endometrial pathologic lesions such as hyperplasia and endometrial cancer and distinguish from pathologically normal results. We here aimed to clarify associations among neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), endometrial hyperplasia and cancer in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and Methods: Patients (n=161) who were admitted with abnormal uterine bleeding and the presence of endometrial cells on cervical cytology or thick endometrium were investigated. The study constituted of three groups according to pathologic diagnosis. Group 1 included endometrial precancerous lesions like hyperplasia (n=63), group 2 included endometrial cancerous lesions (n=38) and group 3 was a pathologically normal group (n=60). Blood samples were obtained just before the curettage procedure and the NLR was defined as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count; similarly, PLR was defined as the absolute platelet count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. Results: The white blood cell count was significantly higher in patients with cancer than in those with hyperplasia (p=0.005). The platelet count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in patients with cancer than in control patients, but there was significantly no difference between patients with hyperplasia and other groups (p=0.001 and p=0.025 respectively). PLR was significantly lower in control subjects than in other groups (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between patients with hyperplasia and those with cancer. Conclusions: PLR was significantly lower in control subjects than in other groups. Thus both hyperplasia and cancer may be differentiated from pathologically normal patients by using PLR. White blood cell count was significantly higher in patients with cancer than in those with hyperplasia and pathologically normal patients. Therefore white blood cell count may be used for discriminate hyperplasia to cancer. By using multiple inflammation parameters, discrimination may be possible among endometrial cancer, endometrial precancerous lesions and pathologically normal patients.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.408-416
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• 2005

Quality of service (QoS) provision is an important and indispensable function for multi-service wireless networks. In this paper, we present a new scheduling/admission control frame­work, including an efficient rate-guaranteed opportunistic scheduling (ROS) scheme and a coordinated admission control (ROS­CAC) policy to support statistic QoS guarantee in multi-service wireless networks. Based on our proposed mathematical model, we derive the probability distribution function (PDF) of queue length under ROS and deduce the packet loss rate (PLR) for individual flows. The new admission control policy makes admission decision for a new incoming flow to ensure that the PLR requirements of all flows (including the new flow) are satisfied. The numerical results based on ns-2 simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the new joint packet scheduling/admission control framework.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.466-471
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• 2014

An asynchronous optical packet-switching (AOPS) node with load-balancing capability can achieve better performance in reducing the high packet-loss ratio (PLR) and time delay caused by unbalanced traffic. This paper proposes a novel dynamic load-balancing algorithm for an AOPS node with limited buffer and without wavelength converters, and considering the data flow distribution and service levels. By calculating the occupancy state of the output ports, load state of the input ports, and priorities for data flow, the traffic is balanced accordingly. Simulations demonstrate that asynchronous variant data packets and output traffic can be automatically balanced according to service levels and the data flow distribution. A PLR of less than 0.01% can be achieved, as well as an average time delay of less than 0.46 ns.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.171-177
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• 2008

The characteristics of sheet metal process are little loss of material during process, the short processing time and the excellent price and strength. It has been widely used in autobody, electronic components, aircraftbody, etc. Lancing is a press operation in which a single-line cut or slit is made on part way across the strip stock, without removing any metal. In this paper, we examined the validity of finite element method analysis on the automobile CTR-PLR -L/R stamping process by using the lancing engineering method. As a result, it has shown that the proper lancing engineering method could prevent fracturing by improving sheet metal flow.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.215-216
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• 2008

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4433-4437
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• 2016

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Since development is usually asymptomatic, it is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage. The value of screening in patients with nonspecific symptoms for GC is controversial. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate whether hematological parameters (platelet count (PC), mean platelet volume (MPV), MPV/PC ratio, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR)) are useful markers to differentiate between gastric cancer patients and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Sixty-one patients with gastric cancer and sixty-one healthy individuals were enrolled to the survey and retrospective analysis of selected blood parameters were performed. Results: The mean values of PC, MPV, RDW, NLR, and PLR were significantly higher in GC patients compared to the control group. No statistical differences were observed in MPV/PC ratios. Likewise, no significant statistical differences were revealed in values of blood parameters among TNM stage groups. The RDW showed the highest diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. Conclusions: Hematological parameters: PC, MPV, RDW, NLR, PLR have diagnostic power and can discriminate patients with gastric cancer from patients without cancer. Blood parameters compared with clinical symptoms might alert physicians and patients and lead to performancce of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the gold standard in gastric cancer screening and therebly increase the early detection of cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6239-6241
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• 2014

Purpose: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in predicting malignancy of pelvic masses which are pre-operatively malignant suspicious. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study we evaluated the clinical features of patients with ovarian masses which had pre-operatively been considered suspicious for malignancy. The patients whose intraoperative frozen sections were malign were classified as the study group, while those who had benign masses were the control group. Data recorded were age of the patient, diameter of the mass, pre-operative serum Ca 125 levels, platelet count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio. Results: There was statistically significantly difference between the groups in terms of age, diameter of the mass, serum Ca 125 levels, platelet number and platelet/lymphocyte ratio. Mean neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios showed no difference between the groups. ROC curve analysis showed that age, serum Ca 125 levels, platelet number and PLR were discriminative markers in predicting malignancy in adnexal masses. Conclusions: According to the current study, serum Ca 125 levels, pre-operative platelet number and PLR may be good prognostic factors, while NLR is an ineffective marker in predicting the malignant characteristics of a pelvic mass.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.166-175
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as prognostic factors in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 66 patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with definitive CCRT. Among these patients, 95% received paclitaxel/carboplatin or docetaxel/cisplatin. The median radiation dose was 66 Gy in 33 fractions. The NLR and PLR before/after CCRT were evaluated. The maximally selected log-rank test was used to obtain the cutoff values related to the overall survival (OS). Results: Patients with high post-CCRT NLR (>3.12) showed worse OS, locoregional progression-free survival (LRPFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) than those with low NLR (2-year OS: 25.8% vs. 68.2%, p < 0.001; 2-year LRPFS: 12.9% vs. 33.8%, p = 0.010; 2-year DMFS: 22.6% vs. 38.2%, p = 0.030). Patients with high post-CCRT PLR (>141) showed worse OS and LRPFS than those with low PLR (2-year OS: 37.5% vs. 71.1%, p = 0.004; 2-year LRPFS: 16.5% vs. 40.3%, p = 0.040). Patients with high NLR change (>1.61) showed worse OS and LRPFS than those with low NLR change (2-year OS: 26.0% vs. 59.0%, p < 0.001; 2-year LRPFS: 6.8% vs. 31.8%, p = 0.004). The planning target volume (hazard ration [HR] = 2.05, p = 0.028) and NLR change (HR = 3.17, p = 0.025) were the significant factors for OS in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: NLR change after CCRT was associated with poor prognosis of survival in patients with locally advanced NSCLC. An elevated NLR after CCRT might be an indicator of an increased treatment failure risk.