• BMB Reports
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• 제55권9호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2022

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes are ubiquitous, catalyzing various biochemical reactions of approximately 4% of all classified enzymatic activities. They transform amines and amino acids into important metabolites or signaling molecules and are important drug targets in many diseases. In the crystal structures of PLP-dependent enzymes, organic cofactor PLP showed diverse conformations depending on the catalytic step. The conformational change of PLP is essential in the catalytic mechanism. In the study, we review the sophisticated catalytic mechanism of PLP, especially in transaldimination reactions. Most drugs targeting PLP-dependent enzymes make a covalent bond to PLP with the transaldimination reaction. A detailed understanding of organic cofactor PLP will help develop a new drug against PLP-dependent enzymes.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2005

This study investigated the effect of allium vegetable intake on the storage and utilization of energy substrates before, during, and after exercise in tissues of rats. Ninety mts were fed either a control diet or a diet with added allium sativum (AS), allium cepa (AC), allium fistulosum (AF), or allium tuberosum (AT) for 4 weeks and then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE) during-exercise (DE) after-exercise (AE). The DE group exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed at the end of the 4th week of the dietary treatment Rats in the AE group were allowed to recuperate for 2 horns after being exercised like the DE group. Pyriooxal 5'-phospwe (PLP) levels were compared in plasma, liver and skeletal muscle of rats. There was no difference between AS animals and control animals in plasma PLP levels regardless of exercise. The plasma PLP levels of AC animals were higher than those of control animals before exercise but this PLP was decreased with exercise and lower than that of control animals after exercise. The plasma PLP levels of AF animals were higher than those of control animals during exercise but there was no difference before and after exercise. The plasma PLP levels of AT animals were higher than those of control animals regardless of exercise. Compared to those of control mts, the PLP levels of liver and muscle were significantly lower in AS, AC, AF and AT mts before exercise. The levels of liver PLP were significantly decreased in control mts while not changed in AS, AC, AF and AT mts during exercise. The levels of liver PLP tended to decrease in AS, AC and AF mts after exercise. The levels of muscle PLP were significantly decreased in control rats, while not changed in AS, AC and AF mts during exercise. The levels of muscle PLP were decreased in control mts but not changed in AS, AC and AF mts after exercise. Thus, it is suggested that the changes of PLP concentrations in plasma and tissues induced by exercise are affected by allium vegetable diet and demonstrated that allium vegetable intake induced an alteration in the redistribution of PLP among tissues.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in PLP concentrations induced by regular, moderate, and abrupt, high-intensity exercise in the plasma and tissues of vitamin B6 deficient and normal rats. Forty-eight rats were fed either a vitamin B6 deficient (-B6) diet or a normal (+B6) diet for 5 weeks and were subdivided into 4 groups:non-exercise(NE) group: regular, moderate-intensity exercise (RME) group; abrupt, high-intensity exercise (AIE) group; abrupt, high-intensity exercise and recuperation(IRE) group. The RME group was exercised on treadmill ($10^{\circ}$, 0.5-0.8km/h) for 2 hours just before sacrifice at the end of 5th week on the diet and the IER group was recuperated for three days on the diet after being exercised like the AIE group. Pyridoxal 5 -phosphate(PLP) levels were compared in the plasma, liver and skeletal muscle of the rats. Plasma PLP concentration tended to decrease in -B6 rats and tended to increase in +B6 rats with AIE. Plasma PLP concentration in both +B6 rats with AIE and no change in both -B6 and +B6 rats with RME. Muscle PLP concentration decreased in +B6 rats, showed no change in -B6 rats with AIE. Muscle PLP concentrations in both +B6 and -B6 rats did not change with RME. Plasma PLP, liver PLP and muscle PLP concentration of IER returned to those of NE in both +B6 and -B6 rats. These results suggest that changes in PLP concentration in plasma, liver and muscle occur with exercise and are affected by exercise intensity and vitamin B6 status. These changes may be due to interorgan redistribution of PLP.

• 음성과학
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• 제6권
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• pp.163-179
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• 1999

For the set up, management and repair of a mobile communication system, continuous estimation of speech quality is required. Speech quality measurement can be conducted by listener's judgement in a subjective test such as MOS (Mean Opinion Score) test. However, this method is laborious, expensive and time-consuming, it is advisable to predict subjective speech quality via objective measures. This paper presents a robust objective speech quality measure, PLP-CMS (Perceptual Linear Predictive-Cepstral Mean Subtraction), which can predict subjective speech quality in mobile communication systems. PLP-CMS has a high correlation with subjective quality owing to PLP (Perceptual Linear Predictive) analysis and shows a robust performance not being influenced by PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) channel effects due to CMS (Cepstral Mean Subtraction). To prove the performance of our proposed algorithm, we carried out subjective and objective quality estimation on speech samples which are variously distorted in a real mobile communication system. As a result, we demonstrated that PLP-CMS has a higher correlation with subjective quality than PSQM (Perceptual Speech Quality Measure) and PLP-CD (Perceptual Linear Predictive-Cepstral Distance).

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.99-132
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• 1992

물-알코올 용액에서 염기성으로 작용하는 폴리펩타이드와 산성으로 작용하는 폴리펩타이드 사이에 수소결합을 통한 복합체 형성에 관한 연구를 점도, PH, 빛산란, 원편광이색성, 광회전도 등으로 조사했다. 얻어진 결과는 여러가지 복합체 시스템 모두가 1:2 조성으로 복합체 형성을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 우선성 헬릭스를 가지는 폴리펩타이드와 좌선성 헬릭스를 가지는 폴리펩타이드, 즉 반대방향성의 헬릭스 구조를 가지는 폴리펩타이드들 사이에 강한 상호작용을 나타내고, 반면, 같은 방향성의 헬릭스 구조를 가지는 폴리펩타이드의 형태가 복합체 형성에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 나타낸다. 즉, 입체선택적 복합체 형성을 보인다. 또한 구조적으로 유연한 구조를 가지는 폴리펩타이드가 강한 상호 작용을 나타낸다. 즉, PHPL보다 PLP(I)이, PLP(I)보다 PLP(II)가, PAA보다 PGA가 더 강한 상호작용을 나타낸다. 이런 상호 복합체 형성이 일어나면 형태전이가 일어난다는 것도 확인할 수 있었다. 위의 결과를 근거로 하여, 좌선성 헬릭스 구조의 모발의 케라틴에 PLP(I, II)와 PHLP를 흡착시킨 후, 흡착량을 HPLC로 측정한 결과, PLP(II)보다 PLP(I)이, PHLP보다 PLP(II)가 더 많이 흡착되었다. 결론적으로, 모발에 폴리펩타이드를 사용시, 좌선성헬릭스 구조의 폴리펩타이드 보다 우선성헬릭스 구조의 폴리펩타이드가 더 많이 흡착되고, rigid conformation의 폴리펩타이드보다 foexible conformation의 폴리펩타이드가 더 많이 모발에 흡착되어, 효과가 좋다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 1995

Interpolymer complex formation between basic polypeptide poly(L-proline) Form Ⅱ (PLP(Ⅱ)) and acidic polypeptides poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) and poly(L-aspartic acid)(PLAA) has been studied in water-methanol (1:2 v/v) mixed-solvent by viscometry, potentiometry, light scattering and circular dichroism (CD) measurements. It has been found that polymer complexes between PLP(Ⅱ) and PLGA (or PLAA) are formed via hydrogen bonding with a stoichiometric ratio of PLP(Ⅱ)/PLGA (or PLAA)=1:2 (in unit mole ratio) and that PLP(Ⅱ) forms polymer complex more favorably with PLGA than with PLAA. In addition, the minimum (for pH 5.0) and the maximum (for pH 3.2) in reduced viscosity of dilute PLP(Ⅱ)-PLGA mixed solutions are observed at 0.67 unit mole fraction of PLGA (i.e., [PLP(Ⅱ)]/[PLGA]=1/2). These findings could be explained in terms of molecular structure (or conformation) of the complementary polymers associated with the complex formation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2017

Objectives : We report a case of Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) and propose the possibility of integrative Korean and Western medicine in PLP treatment. Methods : For 42 days, a patient who complained of pain and insomnia with PLP (December 20, 2016 to January 20, 2017) received Korean and Western medical treatment. The patient was treated with analgesic injection, a neuropathic pain inhibitor, the combined herbal formula powders Bojungikgitang, and acupuncture. Symptom improvement was assessed using the numerical rating scale (NRS) and continuous sleep time. Results : The patient's NRS scores decreased, and continuous sleep time increased after treatment. The NRS scores decreased from 10 to 0, and the continuous sleep time increased from 2 hours to 7 to 8 hours. Conclusion : According to the results, this report suggests that integrative Korean and Western medicine could be effective in the treatment of PLP patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.426-434
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• 1995

The purpose of this study were to investigate the effect of fasting and vitamin B6 repletion on tissue concentration of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and urinary excreteion of 4-pyridoxic acid in vitamin B6 deficient rats. Sixty six rats(6 per group) were fed either a vitamin B6 deficient diet (-B6) or a control diet (+B6) for 6 weeks and then rats were repleted with +B6 diet for 2 weeks. Rats were fasted for 1 and 3 days and for 3 days after repletion. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) concentration in plasma, liver, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) excretion were compared. Fasting resulted in a significant increase in PLP concentration in the plasma, liver and heart muscle of rats fed the -B6 diet. Skeletal muscle PLP concentration was significantly decreased in +B6 rats but not in -B6 rats. Following vitamin B6 repletion, PLP concentration in the plasma, liver and heart muscle in previously -B6 rats was similar to the respective concentration in +B6 rats while PLP concentration in the skeletal muscle of previously -B6 rats increased, but it was not reached to that of +B6 rats. At day 1 and 2 of the fast, urinary 4-PT excretion increased in both +B6 and -B6 rats although there was no supply of vitamin B6 due to fasting. These results suggest that vitami B6 is redistributed as PLP when there is a caloric deficit and PLP is supplied by an endogenous source, possibly PLP bound to skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2020

Background: General anesthesia (GA) has been considered the anesthetic technique which most frequent leads to phantom limb pain (PLP) after a limb amputation. However, these prior reports were limited by small sample sizes. The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of PLP according to the various anesthetic techniques used for limb amputation and also to compare the occurrence of PLP according to amputation etiology using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service for large-scale demographic information. Methods: The claims of patients who underwent limb amputation were reviewed by analyzing the codes used to classify standardized medical behaviors. The patients were categorized into three groups-GA, neuraxial anesthesia (NA), and peripheral nerve block (PNB)-in accordance with the anesthetic technique. The recorded diagnosis was confirmed using the diagnostic codes for PLP registered within one year after the limb amputation. Results: Finally, 7,613 individuals were analyzed. According to the recorded diagnoses, 362 patients (4.8%) developed PLP after amputation. Among the 2,992 patients exposed to GA, 191 (6.4%) were diagnosed with PLP, whereas 121 (4.3%) of the 2,840 patients anesthetized with NA, and 50 (2.8%) of the 1,781 patients anesthetized under PNB developed PLP. The relative risks were 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.84; P < 0.001) for NA and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.32-0.59; P < 0.001) for PNB. Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study, using large-scale population-based databases, the incidence rates of PLP after limb amputations were, in the order of frequency, GA, NA, and PNB.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2003

본 연구는 깻잎 분말의 첨가와 도체 등급이 돈육소시지의 품질 및 기호성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 일반성분, pH, 칼로리, 보수력, 아질산 잔류량, 표면색깔, 조직 특성, 아미노산 조성 및 관능적 특성을 실험하였다. 수분 줄 조회분 함량은 소시지들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 조지방은 B등급육 소시지가 E 등급육보다 높았고, 깻잎 분말을 첨가한 B 등급육 소시지가 깻잎 분말을 첨가하지 않은 것보다 낮았다. 그리고 조단백질 함량은 E 등급육 소시지가 B 등급육보다 높았다. 돈육소시지의 pH는 깻잎 분말을 첨가한 E 등급육 소시지가 6.19로 가장 높았으며, 칼로리는 깻잎 분말을 첨가하지 않은 B 등급육 소시지자 2,473 cal/g으로 가장 높았다. 보수력은 깻잎 분말의 첨가와 관계없이 B등급육 소시지가 E 등급육 소시지보다 유의하게 높았다. 아질산 잔류량은 깻잎 분말을 첨가한 돈육소시지가 첨가하지 않은 것보다 낮았다. 돈육소시지의 $L^{*}$ (명도)은 B등급육이 E등급육보다, 깻잎 무첨가구가 깻잎 첨가구보다 높았으며, $a^{*}$ 값(적색도)는 B 등급육보다 E 등급육이, 깻잎 무첨가구가 깻잎 첨가구보다 높았고, $b^{*}$ 값(황색도)은 깻잎 첨가구가 무첨가구보다 높았다. 조직적 특성에서 경도, 탄성, 응집성 및 씹힘성은 소시지들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 뭉침성은 깻잎을 첨가한 E등급육 소시지가 644 g으로 가장 낮았다. 그리고 총아미노산 함량은 소시지들 사이 에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 관능적인 색깔 및 조직감은 B 등급육 소시지가 E 등급육 소시지보다 우수하였으나, 향기 및 맛은 등급과 깻잎 분말의 첨가에 영향을 받지 않았고, 전체적인 기호성은 깻잎 무첨가 소시지가 우수하였다.X>9t가 trans 지방산 이성 체중 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며, 냉동피자의 C18:1 $\Delta$9t 함량은 30%를 초과하는 높은 함량을 보였다. 슈크림 빵은 높은 C18:2t 함량을 보였으며(8.26%), 불고기버거와 피쉬버거의 C18:2t trans 지방산 함량은 3.26%와 3.34%로 비슷한 수준이었다. 육가공품 및 튀김류 중 냉동 닭튀김과 냉동 감자튀김의 trans 지방산 함량이 15%~l9%의 수준으로 높았으며, C18:1$\Delta$9t과 C18:2t가 그 주된 성분이었다. 돼지고기구이 (목살)에서는 C18:1$\Delta$9t는 확인되지 않았으며, 냉동감자튀김에서는 C16:1 $\Delta$9t이 검출되지 않았다. 1회 분량 당 trans지방산 함량이 높은 식품은 팝콘, 냉동피자, 감자튀김과 닭튀김, 빵류 등의 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 세 집단을 하나의 제도의 틀로 통합하기 위해서는 국가의 총허용어획량(TAC)을 총 어촌 허용어획량(TAIVCs)과 총 허용 유어 어획량(TARCs) 및 총허용 상업적 어획량 (TACCs)의 세부문으로 나눌 것을 제안한다. 그리하여 다시 TAFVCs와 TARCs, 그리고 TACCs는 어촌별 어획량(ITCQs), 개별 유어 회사별 어획량(IRCQs), 그리고 양도 가능한 개별 상업적 어획량(ITCQs)으로 나누어 관리하도록 한다. 이와 같이 중국의 국가 총허용어획량(TAC)을 IFVQs와 IRCQs, 그리고 ITQCQs의 세부문으로 구분하여 할당하고, 여기에 기초하여 어업을 관리하는 것은 중국에 있어서 사회적 형평성과 경제적 효율성과의 상충관계를 고려하여 고안된 것으로, 중국에 있어서 수산업을 통한 경제적 및 사회적 효과를 동시에 기대할 수 있을 것이다.