• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국가시화정보학회 2001년도 Proceedings of 2001 Korea-Japan Joint Seminar on Particle Image Velocimetry
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2001

The flow field structures of two interacting parallel supersonic free jets are studied by flow visualization using planar laser-induced fluorescence of NO seeded in nitrogen gas. The experiments are carried out for several distances between two orifice centers and for various ratios of the pressure in the reservoir to that in the expansion chamber. The flow fields are visualized mainly on the plane including two jet centerlines and its characteristic shock system, especially a cell structure formed secondly by interaction of two jets, are analyzed. The positions of the normal shock depending on the pressure ratios are also compared.

• 한국분무공학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.10-18
• /
• 1998

To investigate the in-cylinder phenomena in a SI engine with 3 valves and pent-roof type combustion chamber, flow fields, fuel distributions, and flame propagations were measured in a single c!'tinder visualized engine. Flow fields were visualized by PTV system during the intake and compression process. Fuel distributions were measured by PLIF at the various engine conditions including the cold and hot engine conditions and the effect of air-shrouded injector on the fuel distribution was investigated also. In addition, flame propagation patterns were characterized.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국연소학회 1998년도 제17회 KOSCI SYMPOSIUM 논문집
• /
• pp.91-101
• /
• 1998

The effect of secondary flow on both methane/air and propane/air premixed flame was investigated experimentally. By changing the radius of curvature, various flame behavior was observed. In the V-bend nozzles, flame surface is deformed from axisymmetry. As the exit velocity increased, flame lifted off partially. When the radius of curvature of the V-bend increased, the region where premixed flame is entirely on the rim increased. Since the axial velocity field is changed due to the secondary flow effect, comparison of V-bend and straight tube with the same diameter shows larger V-bend nozzle exit velocity for both flash back and flame blowout. The flame characteristics are mapped with a equivalence ratio, a velocity, and a nozzle radius of curvature. To identify physical reasoning on the flame surface deformation, numerical calculations are conducted. OH radical distributions in flames are visualized by PLIF technique.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국연소학회 1998년도 제17회 KOSCI SYMPOSIUM 논문집
• /
• pp.131-138
• /
• 1998

Flame characteristics in a double concentric burner has been studied experimentally. Air is supplied through a central nozzle, methane/air premixture is supplied in a inner annular part, and coflowing shield air is supplied to minimize outside disturbances. Depending on flow rate and concentration, various flame shapes can be observed. As the flow rate difference between central air jet and annular premixed jet is varied, several distinctive flames are observed. Conditions of partially premixed flames are further investigated; nozzle attached rich premixed flame, inner lifted flame, and outer lifted flame. Using the Abel transformation of digitized images of flames, cross- sectional images of flames can be obtained, from which overall structure of flames can be identified. PLIF measurement of OR radical was also conducted. OR radicals were mainly distributed in diffusion flame region. From the difference of OR distribution between nozzle attached and lifted flames, similarity of OR distribution between tribrachial flame and lifted flames in this study are observed.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2004

Experiments were performed in order to examine the stability of hydrocarbon-fueled flames in cavity flameholders in supersonic airflows. Methane and ethylene were burned in two different cavity configurations having aft walls ramped at 22.5 and 90$^{\circ}$. Air stagnation temperatures were 590 K at Mach 2 and 640 K at Mach 3. Lean blowout limits showed dependence on the air mass flowrates. Visual observations, planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) of nitric oxide (NO), and Schlieren imaging were used to investigate these phenomena. Large differences were noted between cavity floor and cavity ramp injection schemes. Cavity ramp injection provided better performance in most cases. Ethylene pilots have a wider range of stable operation than methane. Fuel flowrates at ignition showed similar trends as lean blowout limits, but higher flowrates were required.

• 한국추진공학회지
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.8-23
• /
• 1997

스탠포드 대학의 expansion tube 장치를 이용한 램 가속기의 유동장의 실험적 연구와 비교를 위하여 정상 및 비정상 상태의 수치모사를 수행하였다. 수소/공기 연소에 대하여 9 화학종 19 반응 단계를 가지는 Jachimowski의 화학반응 모델을 이용하여 화학 반응 유동에 대한 Navier-Stokes 방정식을 시간 정확도를 가지는 완전 내재적수치 기법을 이용하여 해석하였다. 정상 상태 가정을 이용한 수치해석은 $2H_2$＋$O_2$＋$17N_2$에 대하여 쉴리렌 및 OH PLIF 을 이용하여 실험적으로 얻어진 영상과 부합하는 좋은 결과를 보였으나 $2H_2$＋$O_2$＋$12N_2$ 혼합기에 대해서는 충격파 교차점 후방의 연소 영역을 모사하지 못하였다. 따라서 이 경우에 대하여 비정상 수치 모사를 수행하였으며 자세한 유동 안정화 과정을 보여 주었다. 비정상 수치 모사의 결과로부터 실험적으로 얻어진 영상은 유동 안정화 단계의 일시적 상태의 결과로 보인다. 충격파 교차점 후방의 연소 영역은 유동이 안정화되는 초기 단계에 존재하는 강한 경사 충격파가 교차하여 발생하는 수직 폭굉파의 결과이다. 최종 단계에서 충격파 교차점 이후의 연소 영역은 사라지며 정상 상태의 결과가 얻어진다. 램 가속기 모델 내부의 화학반응 유동이 안정화되는데 필요한 시간은 실험적인 시험 시간과 비교하여 매우 긴 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제52권4호
• /
• pp.359-364
• /
• 2012

Objective : Transpedicular screw fixation has some disadvantages such as postoperative back pain through wide muscle dissection, long operative time, and cephalad adjacent segmental degeneration (ASD). The purposes of this study are investigation and comparison of radiological and clinical results between interspinous fusion device (IFD) and pedicle screw. Methods : From Jan. 2008 to Aug. 2009, 40 patients underwent spinal fusion with IFD combined with posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). In same study period, 36 patients underwent spinal fusion with pedicle screw fixation as control group. Dynamic lateral radiographs, visual analogue scale (VAS), and Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (K-ODI) scores were evaluated in both groups. Results : The lumbar spine diseases in the IFD group were as followings; spinal stenosis in 26, degenerative spondylolisthesis in 12, and intervertebral disc herniation in 2. The mean follow up period was 14.24 months (range; 12 to 22 months) in the IFD group and 18.3 months (range; 12 to 28 months) in pedicle screw group. The mean VAS scores was preoperatively $7.16{\pm}2.1$ and $8.03{\pm}2.3$ in the IFD and pedicle screw groups, respectively, and improved postoperatively to $1.3{\pm}2.9$ and $1.2{\pm}3.2$ in 1-year follow ups (p<0.05). The K-ODI was decreased significantly in an equal amount in both groups one year postoperatively (p<0.05). The statistics revealed a higher incidence of ASD in pedicle screw group than the IFD group (p=0.029) Conclusion : Posterior IFD has several advantages over the pedicle screw fixation in terms of skin incision, muscle dissection and short operative time and less intraoperative estimated blood loss. The IFD with PLIF may be a favorable technique to replace the pedicle screw fixation in selective case.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.193-199
• /
• 2018

본 연구는 총 15명의 정상인 지원자를 대상으로 1.5T와 3.0T의 자기공명영상기기(Philips, Medical System, Achieva)를 이용하여 강자성 인공물을 최소화하기 위한 최적의 Tesla를 알아보고자 하였다. 평가는 신호대 잡음비 평가, 강자성 인공물이 형성된 부위의 길이와 Histogram을 평가하였다. 분석방법으로는 T1, T2 sagittal 영상의 Background의 4 부위에 관심영역을 설정하고 L3, L4, L5의 각 추체부에 관심영역을 설정한 후 신호대잡음비 값을 측정하였고, 인공물이 형성된 3 부위에 관심영역을 설정하고 길이 값을 측정하였고, Image J 프로그램을 이용해 인공물 영역의 히스토그램 분포 값을 측정하였다. 본 실험에 대한 결과로 신호대 잡음비 평가에서 L3에서는 1.5T와 3.0T 사이에 별 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났고, L4, L5에서는 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 강자성 인공물이 형성된 3 부위의 길이는 3.0T에 비해 1.5T가 더 짧아 주변조직에 대한 진단적 정보를 더 얻을 수 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). Histogram평가에서는 3.0T보다 1.5T가 Count값이 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 1.5T와 3.0T의 신호대 잡음비, 강자성 인공물의 길이, Histogram을 비교 평가해 봤을 때, Spine MRI 검사 시에 PLIF 등 디스크 수술을 받은 환자에게는 Low Tesla로 검사가 최적의 영상정보를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제48권6호
• /
• pp.496-500
• /
• 2010

Objective : Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis requires an understanding of the anatomy of the lumbosacral area in individual patients. Unilateral facetectomy has been used to completely decompress entrapment of the L5 nerve root, followed in some patients by posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) with stand-alone cages Methods : We assessed 34 patients with lumbosacral foraminal stenosis who were treated with unilateral facetectomy and PLIF using stand-alone cages in our center from January 2004 to September 2007. All the patients underwent follow-up X-rays, including a dynamic view, at 3, 6, 12, 24 months, and computed tomography (CT) at 24 months postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were analyzed with the mean numeric rating scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Odom's criteria. Radiological outcomes were assessed with change of disc height, defined as the average of anterior, middle, and posterior height in plain X-rays. In addition, lumbosacral fusion was also assessed with dynamic X-ray and CT. Results : Mean NRS score, which was 9.29 prior to surgery, was 1.5 at 18 months after surgery. The decrease in NRS was statistically significant. Excellent and good groups with regard to Odom's criteria were 31 cases (91%) and three cases (9%) were fair. Pre-operative mean ODI of 28.4 decreased to 14.2 at post-operative 24 months. In 30 patients, a bone bridge on CT scan was identified. The change in disc height was 8.11 mm, 10.02 mm and 9.63 mm preoperatively, immediate postoperatively and at 24 months after surgery, respectively. Conclusion : In the treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis, unilateral facetectomy and interbody fusion using expandable stand-alone cages may be considered as one treatment option to maintain post-operative alignment and to obtain satisfactory clinical outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제65권6호
• /
• pp.834-840
• /
• 2022

Objective : C-reactive protein (CRP) level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell (WBC) count are inflammatory markers used to evaluate postoperative infections. Although these markers are non-specific, understanding their normal kinetics after surgery may be helpful in the early detection of postoperative infections. To compliment the recent trend of reducing the duration of antibiotic use, this retrospective study investigated the inflammatory markers of patients who had received antibiotics within 24 hours after surgery according to the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service guidelines and compared them with those of patients who had received antibiotics for 5 days, which was proven to be non-infectious. Methods : We enrolled 74 patients, divided into two groups. Patients underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) at a single institution between 2019 and 2020. Group A included 37 patients who received antibiotics within 24 hours after the PLIF procedure, and group B comprised 37 patients who had used antibiotics for 5 days. A 1 : 1 nearest-neighbor propensity-matched analysis was used. The clinical variables included age, sex, medical history, body mass index, estimated blood loss, and operation time. Laboratory data included CRP, ESR, and WBC, which were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 5, and 7. Results : CRP dynamics tended to decrease after peaking on POD 3, with a similar trend in both groups. The average CRP level in group B was slightly higher than that in group A; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed operation time, number of fused levels, and estimated blood loss as significant predictors of a greater CRP peak value (r²=0.473, p<0.001) in patients. No trend (a tendency to decrease from the peak value) could be determined for ESR and WBC count on POD 7. Conclusion : Although slight differences were observed in numerical values and kinetics, sequential changes in inflammatory markers according to the duration of antibiotic administration showed similar patterns. Knowledge of CRP kinetics allows the assessment of the degree of difference between the clinical and expected values.