• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

All-trans retinoic acid (AtRA) induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in a variety of tumer cells, including MCF-7 cells. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) system has been reported to be associated with the development of cancer. Although MCF-7 cell with AtRA is to be the major stimulus for the cell growth and apoptosis, the mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) system remains to be elucidated. Thus, this study was conducted to the effect of AtRA on the gene expression and level of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. In addition, we investigated the involvement of PKC-${\delta}$ on the IGF-I and IGFBP-3 secretion in MCF-7 cell. AtRA(${\geq}10^{-7}M$) decreased the IGF-1 secretion and mRNA expressions, but increased IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cells. Especially, the treatment of AtRA at 72 hours caused a significant reduction in the IGF-I secretion and mRNA expressions but increment in IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions (p < 0.05). $10^{-7}M$ AtRA activated PKC-${\delta}$ that is one among PKC-$\iota$, ${\alpha}$, ${\lambda}$ and ${\delta}$ in MCF-7 cell. Rotllerin, a PKC-${\delta}$ inhibitor, blocked AtRA-induced inhibition of the IGF-I and mRNA expressions, and increase of lGFBP-3 and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cell. Together, AtRA inhibited the IGF-I secretion and mRNA expressions, but increased IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cell. Furthermore, AtRA-induced alteration of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 secretion, and the gene expressions were mediated via PKC-${\delta}$ activity.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2002

The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction of $estradiol-17{\beta}-bovine$ serum albumin $(E_2-BSA)$ and calcitropic hormones, such as parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D, in regulation of $Ca^{2+}$ uptake in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells. Statistically significant increase in $Ca^{2+}$ uptake was found from 2 hours after $(E_2-BSA)\;(10^{-9}\;M)$ treatment, while $estradiol-17{\beta}\;(10^{-9}\;M)$ did not affect. Treatment of the cells with $(E_2-BSA)\;(10^{-9}\;M)$ together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) $(10^{-8}\;M),$ vitamin D $(10^{-8}\;M),$ or calcitonin $(10^{-8}\;M)$ significantly stimulated $Ca^{2+}$ uptake by 32.50%, 29.30%, or 27.75%, respectively, compared with the control. However, calcitropic hormones did not exhibit any synergistic effect on the E2-BSA-induced stimulation. $E_2-BSA$ significantly increased cAMP generation and PKC activity. The stimulatory effect of cotreatment of $E_2-BSA$ and PTH or vitamin D was blocked by SQ22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor) and staurosporine (a PKC inhibitor), but the effect of cotreatment of $E_2-BSA$ and calcitonin was not blocked. Furthermore, 8-Br-cAMP and TPA (an artificial PKC promoter) increased $Ca^{2+}$ uptake by 25.51% and 16.47%, respectively, compared with the control. In conclusion, $E_2-BSA$ combined with calcitropic hormones regulated $Ca^{2+}$ uptake partially via cAMP and PKC-dependent mechanisms in renal proximal tubule cells.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2014

Aspirin has been demonstrated to be effective in inhibiting COX-2 and $PGE_2$ in Alveolar macrophages (AMs). However, the mechanisms have not been fully understood. In the present study, we found that pretreatment with aspirin inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 and$PGE_2$ upregulation, $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation, NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and the increase of PKC activity, but elevated LPS-induced the decrease of PTP activity. The PKC inhibitor calphostin C dramatically reduced the COX-2 mRNA and $PGE_2$ levels, but the PTP inhibitor peroxovanadium (POV) significantly increased the COX-2 mRNA and$PGE_2$ levels. Furthermore, the PTP inhibitor mitigated the inhibitory effect of aspirin on COX-2 and$PGE_2$ upregulation and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation, whereas the PKC inhibitor enhanced the inhibitory effects of aspirin on the production of COX-2 and$PGE_2$. Our data indicate a novel mechanism by which aspirin acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent in alveolus macrophages and ALI.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.778-790
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• 2008

This experiment investigated the effect of mixed extracts obtained from Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma on hair growth activity of the normal and spontaneous alopecia areata model of C57BL/6N mice for 16 days. First, we examined morphological regrowth of hair in normal and spontaneous alopecia model of C57BL/6N mice. Second, we examined immunoreactive density of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), c-kit and protein kinase $C-{\alpha}(PKC-{\alpha})$ in skin of normal C57BL/6N mice by immunohistochemical methods. Third, we investigated expression of $TGF-{\beta}$, prolactin and placenta lactogen after topical application of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma to skin by RT-PCR. The results were as follows: Hair growth effect from middle and high concentration of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma was observed in 80% of normal mice in whose hair had been clipped in 15th days. Hair growth effect of all concentrations of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma was observed in 100% of spontaneous alopecia model of C57BL/6N mice in 15th days. Immunoreactive density of VEGF, c-kit and $PKC-{\alpha}$ in skin of all concentrations of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma were strongly stained in epidermis, bulge, secondary hair germ cells and cutaneous trunci m. compare to control group in 10th day. In experimental III group, Immunoreactive density of VEGF, c-kit and $PKC-{\alpha}$ in skin were strongly stained in inner and outer root sheath of skin. The treatment of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma increased the expression of $TGF-{\beta}$, placenta lactogen and prolactin in the skin of normal C57BL/6N mice compared to control group. These experiments suggest that mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma may stimulate the topical hair growth activity and it can be useful for treatment of alopecia areata.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2001

In macrophages, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination with $interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma})$ has been shown to release a nitric oxide (NO) through the increase of the transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. To investigate the exact intracellular signaling pathway of the regulation of iNOS gene transcription by LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma},$ the effects of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors on NO production, iNOS mRNA expression, nuclear $factor-_{\kappa}B\;(NF-_{\kappa}B)$ binding activity and the promoter activity of iNOS gene containing two $NF-_{\kappa}B$ sites have been examined in a mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. LPS or $IFN-{\gamma}$ stimulated NO production, and their effect was enhanced synergistically by mixture of LPS and $IFN-{\gamma}.$ The PTK inhibitor such as tyrphostin reduced LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}-induced$ NO production, iNOS mRNA expression and $NF-_{\kappa}B$ binding activity. In contrast, PKC inhibitors such as H-7, Ro-318220 and staurosporine did not show any effect on them. In addition, transfection of RAW 264.7 cells with iNOS promoter linked to a CAT reporter gene revealed that tyrphostin inhibited the iNOS promoter activity through the $NF-_{\kappa}B$ binding site, whereas PKC inhibitors did not. Taken together, these suggest that PTK, but not PKC pathway, is involved in the regulation of the iNOS gene transcription through the $NF-_{\kappa}B$ sites of iNOS promoter in RAW 264.7 macrophages by LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}$.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.79-95
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• 1997

목적 : 최근 신호전달체계에서 중요한 효소로 알려진 phosphollpase C(PLC) 동위효소들의 발현이 조직의 종류와 발달과정에 따라 특이한 양상을 보이고 $PLC-{\gamma}1$은 세포의 성장, 분화 및 증식에 중추적 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다 방사선 조사 후 세포내 신호전달에 관한 연구도 최근 활발하여 소장 점막의 재생에 $PLC-{\gamma}$ 및 ras 암 유전자단백이 관여하고, 조직 손상에 protein kinase C(PKC)가 관여하는 등 연구들이 보고되었으나 이들의 연구가 단편적이며 아직 확실히 밝혀진 바가 없다. 본 연구는 백서의 소장에 방사선을 조사하여 PLC 동위효소, epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), ras 암유전자단백, 및 PKC와 같이 신호전달체계에 관여하는 물질들의 발현을 시간적으로 관찰하여 방사선에 의한 소장 조직의 손상 및 재생 기전을 밝히고자 하였다. 대상 및 방벌 실험동물로 암.수 구별없이 생후 4-5개월, 체중 250-3009의 백서(Spraque-Dawley) 60마리를 대상으로 하여 실험군으로 전신에 8Gy의 방사선을 조사하고 방사선 조사 후 1일, 3일, 5일, 7일,14일에 각각 10마리씩 희생시켜 소장을 적출하여 사용하였고, 정상대조군은 각 시기별로 2마리씩 사용하였다. 적출된 소장의 반은 즉시 얼려 PLC의 면역블로팅 및 phosphoinositide(PI) 가수분해 활성도 측정에 사용하였고, 나머지 반은 포르말린에 고정한 다음 파라핀에 포매하여 조직병리검색과 면역조직화학염색에 사용하였다. EGFH, ras 암유전자단백, PLC, PKC의 발현은 면역조직화학염색법으로 관찰하였다. 점막세포의 재생여부는 광학현미경상의 유사분열 수와 proliferating ceil nuclear antigen(PCNA) kit를 이용한 증식세포핵 수로 확인하였다. PLC는 $PLC-{\beta},\;-{\gamma},\;-{\delta}$ 발현을 모두 검색하였고, 각각 면역블로팅과 Pl 가수분해 활성도 측정으로 확인하였다. 결과 : 1) 조직병리학 소견상 방사선 조사에 의한 소장의 조직손상은 1일부터 관찰되어 3일까지 심하였고 재생은 3일과 5일에 현저하였다. 2) 면역조직화학염색 결과 $PLC-{\gamma}1$의 발현은 재생을 보이는 3일과 5일에 발현되었으며 5일째의 점막에서 가장 강하게 나타났다. $PLC-{\delta}1$은 방사선 조사 후 손상을 보이는 1일과 3일의 점막에서 강한 발현을 나타내었다. $PLC-{\beta}1$은 모든 실험군에서 발현되지 않았다. 면역블로팅 결과도 면역조직화학염색과 일치하는 결과를 보였다. 3) $PLC-{\gamma}1$의 활성도를 보기 위한 PI 가수분해 활성도 측정결과는 3일과 5일에 현저히 높은 수치를 보여 방사선 조사후 소장점막의 재생과정의 중요한 신호전달과정이 PLC-1이 관여하는 PI 가수분해에 의해 이뤄짐을 알 수 있었다. 4) ras 암유전자단백의 발현온 재생이 시작되는 3일부터 나타나 7일까지 지속되었고, EGFR 도 재생시기인 3일과 5일에 가장 강하게 나타났고 그 후 점차 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 한편 PKC는 발현이 미약했으나 증식지수가 높은 점막에 3일과 5일에 발현이 관찰되었다. 결론 : 방사선조사에 의한 소장점막조직의 손상 및 재생과정의 신호전달기전에 PLC의 신호전달체계에 관여하는 효소가 중요한 역할을 하며 특히 $PLC-{\gamma}1$과 ras암유전자단백, EGFR, PKC는 방사선조사 후 공장점막세포의 재생기전에 주로 발현되어 재생과정과 관련된 신호전달기전에 관여함을 나타내었다. $PLC-{\delta}$은 방사선 조사 후 세포의 손상시기에 강한 발현을 보여 특히 손상과정과 관련된 신호전달기전에 관여함을 추측할 수 있었다. $PLC-{\beta}1$의 발현은 모든 실험군에서 음성인 소견을 보여 방사선조사 후 소장점막의 세포손상 및 재생과정에서 $PLC-{\beta}1$과 관련된 신호전달체계는 관여하지 않음을 알 수 었었다. 그러나, 이러한 신호전달체계의 기전을 구체적으로 밝히기 위해서는 추후 지속적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1114-1118
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• 2006

(+)-Eudesmin [4,8-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,7 -dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane] was isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia kobus DC. var. borealis Sarg. and found to have neuritogenic activity. $50\;{\mu}M$ (+)-eudesmin induced neurite outgrowth and enhanced nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells. At this concentration, (+)-eudesmin also enhanced NGF-induced neurite-bearing activity and this activity was partially blocked by various protein kinase inhibitors. These included PD98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase inhibitor. GF109203X, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. These results suggest that (+)-eudesmin can induce neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells by stimulating up-stream MAPK, PKC and PKA pathways.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1337-1340
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• 2005

A lignan derivative, (-)-(7R, 8S)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DHDA), was isolated from Kalopanax septemlobus L. and was observed to have neuritogenic activity. DHDA at 50 $\mu$M caused a marked induction of neurite outgrowth and an enhancement of nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells. However, it did not exhibit any neurotrophic action. At 50 $\mu$M, DHDA enhanced NGF-induced neurite-bearing activity. This activity was partially blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 and by GF109203X, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. These results suggest that DHDA can induce neurite outgrowth and enhance NGF-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells by amplifying up-stream steps such as MAPK and PKC.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.251-260
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• 1998

Cromakalim (BRL 34915), known as an airway smooth muscle relaxant, inhibited the releases of mediators in the antigen-induced mast cell activation. It has been suggested that cromakalim, in part, inhibited mediator releases by inhibiting the initial increase of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) produced by the activation of the other phospholipase system which is different from phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase D pathway. The aim of this study is to further examine the inhibitory mechanism of cromakalim on the mediator release in the mast cell activation. Guinea pig lung mast cells were purified by using enzyme digestion and percoll density gradient. In purified mast cells prelabeled with $[^3H]PIP_2$, phospholipase C (PLC) activity was assessed by the production of $[^3H]$insitol phosphates. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was assessed by measuring the protein phosphorylated from mast cells prelabeled with $[{\gamma}-32P]ATP$, and Phospholipase $A_2\;(PLA_2)$ activity by measuring the lyso-phosphatidylcholine produced from mast cell prelabeled with 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl $phosphatidyl-[^{14}C]choline$. Histamine was assayed by fluorometric analyzer, and leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay. The PLC activity was increased by activation of the passively sensitized mast cells. This increased PLC activity was decreased by cromakalim pretreatment. The PKC activity increased by the activation of the passively sensitized mast cells was decreased by calphostin C, staurosporine and cromakalim, respectively. The $PLA_2$ activity was increased in the activated mast cells. The pretreatment of cromakalim did not significantly decrease $PLA_2$ activity. These data show that cromakalim inhibits histamine release by continuously inhibiting signal transduction processes which is mediated via PLC pathway during mast cell activation, but that cromakalim does not affect $PLA_2$ activity related to leukotriene release.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2009

In previous studies, we found that Annexin I (Anx I) was co-secreted with insulin in response to glucose, and that extracellular Anx I stimulated the release of insulin via the Anx I binding site in rat pancreatic islets and the &-cell line. However, the role that Anx I plays in the insulin secretion was not established. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the insulin secretion pattern in response to Anx I and the involvement of the cytoskeleton or PKC in Anx Istimulated insulin secretion in MIN6N8a cells. The peak time of insulin secretion in response to Anx I treatment corresponded with the second phase insulin secretion by glucose in the perifused pseudoislets. In addition, Anx I-stimulated insulin secretion was not affect by readily releasable pool depletion. Taken together, these findings indicate that Anx I treatment was associated with movement of the reserve pool of insulin. Furthermore, Anx I-stimulated insulin secretion was attenuated by treatment with a microfilament inhibitor, cytochalasin B, as well as by PKC down regulation. These results indicate that Anx I may be a regulator of second phase insulin secretion.