• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2001

Recently there have been increasing demands and desire for the urban open space due to urban development or environmental deterioration. Urban natural parks in Seoul provide citizens with comfortable open space and thus play an important role as learning spaces to experience nature and understand the environment. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze existing vegetation and provide basic data for the conservation and management plans of urban natural parks and education programs. The contents of the study encompass natural environment such as topography, altitude, slope and aspect and botanical ecosystem including the structure of plant communities and tree growth. According to the result of topography analysis, the overall altitude was not high but the slope was relative steep. Vegetation of Seoo Royal Tomb, a urban natural park has been classified into 12 types, and they include; Quercus acutissima community(lowland type), Quercus acutissima community(valley type), quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Castanea crenata community, Capinus laxiflora community, Pinus densiflora community(lowland type), Pinus densiflora community(slope type), Robinia pseudo-acacia community, Populos$\times$albaglandulosa community, Pinus rigida community, and Pinus koraiensis community. Based on the survey and analysis results, we have classified the study area into conservation, buffer, and utilization zones for the effective management. This study provides basic data to support the establishment of master plans for urban natural parks by analyzing vegetation conditions at Seoo Royal Tomb, an urban natural park, Based on the results presented in the study, consistent monitoring work needs to be conducted, and elaborate management plans also should be prepared.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.114-117
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• 2002

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1988

The present study was carried out to investigate both the actual vegetation and the degree of green naturality in the Chiaksan National Park. The results obtained are in the follows; The actual vegetation in the Chiaksan National Park were classified into 11 communities, including with the farmland and afforestation areas. According to the results, the Pinus community, as 36.83%. were the most largest community, and the Quercus mongolica, 22.35%. Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, which is mixed forest, 7.37%, and Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community were 6.63%. The pure and mixed forest with these two species of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica were the dominant species in the comunities of the area. The Degree of Green Naturality 9 was the widest area as 35.9% in the total area, the second was the Degree of Green Naturality 8 at 28.5 %.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.273-303
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• 1991

A phytosociological study of forest vegetation was carried out in mt. komdan in the period from October 7,1985 to October 15 1989. The forst vegetation could be classified into 7 communities ; quercus monbolica,pinus densiflora, quercus dentata, pinus koraiensis, larix leptoletsis, pinus rigida,castanea creaneta. The principal forest community in mt. komdan-the quercus mongulica community- was distributed mainly at the altitude of 400~600m and the importance value was 187.1. The pinus desiflora community was 137.9. since pinus koraiensis, larix laptolepsis,pinus rigida, castanea creanata, etc. werw planted in this region, It seems that it was frequently disturbed by human interference,especilly, the destruction of the vegetation in the recreation ground of paldang, the regions around the village of hasangok-ri and the main routes for mountain climbing appeared severely.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2007

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional community life near the vicinity of a village. This study is done by surveying the vegetation and flora at the village grove situated at the former location for the US military camp. Through such data collected from this study, this researcher could have access to preliminary data needed for restoration project & preservation of not only the village grove surveyed but also the village grove of its neighboring district. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 2 families, 2 genuses, 1 species, and 1 variety, totalling to 2 taxa; a Gymnosperm of 2 families, 2 genuses, 3 species, totalling to 3 taxa; in the realm of an Angiosperm, a Monocotyledon consisting of 5 families, 10 genuses, and 11 species, totalling to 11 taxa; Dicotyledoneal consisting of 24 families, 39 genuses, 40 species, and 3 varieties, totalling to 43 taxa, thus revealing 33 families, 53 genuses, 55 species, 4 varieties and 59 taxa in total. Urbanization index(4.2%) and Naturalization ratio(20.3%) showed a relatively higher numerical value than those of other districts. The vegetation unit comprising a village grove is classified Into the four community units, such as Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata community, and Rosa multiflora community. Quercus serrata community is of a community type dominated by Quercus serrata, in place of Pinus densiflora selected by natural succession, which shows relatively superior lighting adaptability and was surveyed to grow up on not only a tree layer but also a sub-tree layer. With the recent appearance of industrialization, the use of a village grove is reducing due to villagers' leaving, decrease in the number of households, and urbanization; consequently, there came out a pattern of succession to Quercus serrata community, which could be assumed to be potential natural vegetation of this district, after passing through the process of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.437-446
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• 2018

We investigated the biodiversity of endophytic fungi in Pinus densiflora and Junipreus rigida from Mt. Baekryeonsan and Mt. Johangsan in Korea. In total, 59 isolates were discovered from 26 host plants and identified using sequences from the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Twenty taxa of endophytic fungi were identified in this study; 62% of isolates belonged to Leotiomycetes, 34% belonged to Sordariomyetes, and 4% belonged to Agaricomycetes. Results confirmed three previously unreported endophytic fungi in Korea: Phanerochaete concrescens, Creosphaeria sassafras, and Scopuloides rimosa. Community analysis showed that the fungal diversity patterns of the samples from Mt Baekryeonsan and Mt. Johangsan are similar to those from previous studies and varied depending upon host and locality.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1990

To investigate the structure of the pine forest community and the conservation of pine forest in Mt. Sokri, twenty plots of 500$m^2$ size set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on environmental variables. The plant community was not classified into several groups by above methods in this study area. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus serrata, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Q. aliena, Sorbus alnifolia, Prunus sargentii to Carpinus laxiflora, C. cordata in the canopy layer. and from Rhus trichocarpa, Lindera obtusiloba through Styrax obassia, Acer pseudosieboldiana, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa to L. erythrocarpa, Viburnum erosum in the understory layer. Pinus densiflora community shall be conserved by the disclimax method, i. e. the broadleaf vegetation in the underlayer of the pine community should be cleared out.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-55
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze vegetation, soil characteristic, and ordination of the Young-bong region in Woraksan National Park. Communities by species in Woraksan forest were composed of Quercus mongolica community group. This community group was classified into Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus cordata community and Quercus mongolica community. In the study, it was found that the composition of organic matter was 9.6~19.6%, nitrogen (0.3~0.7%), available phosphorous (4.5~8.8mg/kg), exchangeable K ($0.3{\sim}0.5cmol^+/kg$), exchangeable Ca ($1.6{\sim}6.75cmol^+/kg$), exchangeable Mg ($0.8{\sim}1.55cmol^+/kg$), cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.; $7.6{\sim}32.95cmol^+/kg$), and pH was 4.5~5.1 respectively. The Carpinus cordata community were mostly found in high elevation and high percentage of total nitrogen, C.E.C., and organic matter. Controversially, Pinus densiflora community and Quercus variabilis community were found mostly in low elevation and low percentage of total nitrogen, C.E.C., and organic matter. The Quercus mongolica community were found in medium elevation and medium percentage of total nitrogen, C.E.C., and organic matter.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.53-63
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• 2004

Planting models for restoration forest on the seaside have been demanded because coastal reclaimed land has increased for habitation sites, industrial complexes and new towns on the west seaside of Korea. The planting models have to consider endurance for bad environmental conditions in order to make a role to protect the urban space against the extreme seaside environment. The dominant species, relative impotance value, individuals and species number were analysed in natural forests that were exposed to extreme seaside conditions in Deokjeok island and Younghung island, Incheon. The native species such as Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora, which survive on the seaside, were mainly recommended because the coastal reclaimed land had extreme environmental conditions. Stable vegetation structures could be made by multi-layer planing by using these species. A diverse vegetation community could be made according to these planting models. The maritime forests made by these planting models might be more effective for environmental adaptation and a windbreak forest than alone tree, and the young trees below 3m height could easily adapt to these conditions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2000

This study deals with the structure of Carabid beetle community surveyed in different stands. Species richness and abundance of Carabid beetles were 1,162 individuals, 23 species, 10 genera in the Pinus densiflora stand, 418 individuals, 23 species, 11 genera in the Pinus koraiensis stand, 782 individuals, 25 species, 11 genera in the Larix leptolepis stand, 1,383 individuals 25 species, 12 genera in the Quercus variabilis stand. Dominant species were Synuchus cycloderus(19.8%), Synuchus nitidus(16.6%), Pterostichus pertirax(16.2%) in the Pinus densiflora stand. Pterostichus sp.1(27.9%), Synuchus nitidus(24.4%), Synuchus cycloderus(10.2%) in the Pinus koraiensis stand, Synuchus sp.1(40.0%), Synuchus nitidus(9.3), Pterostichus sp.1(7.4%) in the Larix leptoepis stand. Pterostichus sp.2(17.4%), Synuchus cycloderus(14.4%). Pterostichus pertirax(14.1%) in the Quercus variabili stand. Shannon species diversity index(H') in the Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and Quercus variabilis stand were 2.11, 2.25, 2.23 and 2.32 respectively and Evenness index(J') were 0.64, 0.72, 0.69 and 0.72, respectively. Community similarity index showed the lowest value (0.66) between Quercus variabilis stand and Pinus koraiensis stand and the highest value (0.83) between Pinus densiflora stand and Larix leptolepis stand.