• 한국농림기상학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농림기상학회 2001년도 춘계 학술발표논문집
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• pp.77-80
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• 2001

In many temperate forest ecosystems, large quantities of pine pollen are deposited over a short period in early summer (Doskey and Ugoagwu 1989). Because pollen grains decompose rapidly and have macronutrient concentrations, the pollen rain may be an important component of nutrient dynamics in natural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Stark 1972).(omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.399-408
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• 2017

Research on the rapid and accurate prediction of physical properties of wood using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has attracted recent attention. In this study, partial least squares analysis was performed between NIR spectra and air-dried specific gravity of five domestic conifer species including larch (Larix kaempferi), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), red pine (Pinus densiflora), cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), and cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Fifty different lumbers per species were purchased from the five National Forestry Cooperative Federations of Korea. The air-dried specific gravity of 100 knot- and defect-free specimens of each species was determined by NIR spectroscopy in the range of 680-2500 nm. Spectral data preprocessing including standard normal variate, detrend and forward first derivative (gap size = 8, smoothing = 8) were applied to all the NIR spectra of the specimens. Partial least squares analysis including cross-validation (five groups) was performed with the air-dried specific gravity and NIR spectra. When the performance of the regression model was expressed as $R^2$ (coefficient of determination) and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), $R^2$ and RMSEC were 0.63 and 0.027 for larch, 0.68 and 0.033 for Korean pine, 0.62 and 0.033 for red pine, 0.76 and 0.022 for cedar, and 0.79 and 0.027 for cypress, respectively. For the calibration model, which contained all species in this study, the $R^2$ was 0.75 and the RMSEC was 0.37.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제33권6호통권134호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2005

산불로 인해 발생한 소나무 피해목은 귀중한 자원으로 활용가치가 있지만 과학적 근거가 없는 일반적 속설 때문에 이용이 기피되고 있다. 본 연구는 산불피해목의 산업적 활용에 필요한 재질을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 2000년 동해안에서 발생한 산불피해지에서 산불피해 소나무를 피해등급 "심", "중", "경"으로 구분하여 공시목으로 채취하고, 이들에 대한 물리적, 역학적, 화학적 특성을 조사하여 건전재와 비교하였다. 피해목의 육안적 현미경적 특성은 피해등급에 따른 차이가 없었다. 역학적 성능과 화학적 조성분의 비교에서도 건전재와 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 이러한 연구결과로부터 산불 발생 직후 산불피해목의 산업적 이용에 요구되는 재질상의 제약요인은 없는 것으로 판명되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.440-446
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• 2019

우리나라는 1988년 부산에서 처음 소나무 재선충병이 발생하였으며, 산림청은 국내 소나무림의 보호 및 산림자원의 확보를 위해 2005년에 소나무 재선충병에 대한 특별법을 제정하였다. 현재 소나무 재선충병의 발생 빈도는 증가추세를 보이고 있으며, 발생지역 확대를 막기 위해 화학적 통제 및 물리적 통제 기술이 적용되고 있다. 소나무 재선충병의 방제를 위해서는 먼저 피해 상황을 파악하고 주변 환경 및 특성을 고려한 최적의 방제 계획 수립이 필요하며, 넓은 지역에 대한 모니터링 방안으로 최근 UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 UAV 기반 산림 모니터링 방법에 대한 경제성을 평가하고자 하였다. 기존 인력에 의한 모니터링 방법과 UAV를 적용한 방법의 효율성을 분석 한 결과, UAV 기반 산림 병해충 감시 방법은 기존 방법에 비해 약 50%의 비용 절감 효과가 있으며, 산림 조사의 누락 지역을 줄이는데도 도움이 될 것이며, 향후 추가적인 연구를 통해 UAV 기반의 산림 모니터링 방안의 검증이 이루어진다면 산림 조사 관련업무의 효율성이 크게 증가할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.509-518
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• 2019

This study analyzed the effect of organic solvent extractives on the classification of wood species via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). In our previous research, five species of Korean softwood were classified into three groups (i.e., Cryptomeria japonica (cedar)/Chamaecyparis obtuse (cypress), Pinus densiflora (red pine)/Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine), and Larix kaempferi (Larch)) using an NIR-based principal component analysis method. Similar tendencies of extractive distribution were observed among the three groups in that study. Therefore, in this study, we qualitatively analyzed extractives extracted by an organic solvent and analyzed the NIR spectra in terms of the extractives' chemical structure and band assignment to determine their effect in more detail. Cedar/cypress showed a similar NIR spectra patterns by removing the extractives at 1695, 1724, and 2291 nm. D-pinitol, which was detected in cedar, contributed to that wavelength. Red pine/Korean pine showed spectra changes at 1616, 1695, 1681, 1705, 1724, 1731, 1765, 1780, and 2300 nm. Diterpenoids and fatty acid, which have a carboxylic group and an aliphatic double bond, contributed to that wavelength. Larch showed a catechin peak in gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis, but it exhibited very small NIR spectra changes. The aromatic bond in larch seemed to have low sensitivity because of the 1st overtone of the O-H bond of the sawdust cellulose. The three groups sorted via NIR spectroscopy in the previous research showed quite different compositions of extractives, in accordance with the NIR band assignment. Thus, organic solvent extractives are expected to affect the classification of wood species using NIR spectroscopy.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.82-86
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• 2018

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is widely distributed in the southern part of the United States and it has been used as a major economic species in the region due to its excellent growth and stem straightness. The tree also grows only in the southern part of Korea because it is susceptible to cold. Recently climate changes have had widespread impacts on forest trees. Thus, the use of good quality seeds is prerequisite for assessing assisted migration adaptation trial. In this study, we conducted to investigate its cone and seed characteristics of each family, which is expected to improve seeds productivity for planting valuable timber trees. A total of 14 families were selected from the experimental forest in Boseong, Jeonnam province in 1981. The seed production capacity was estimated to range from 87.2 to 129.4 among families and the average was 111.3. The number of aborted ovules was investigated in the range of 11.4 to 29.5 for the first test and 7.4 to 22.2 for the second test. The average number of empty and filled seeds was 1.4 and 79.2 per cone, respectively. Based on the results, we can conclude that there is a strong correlation between the number of fertile scale and the seed production ability.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.593-602
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• 2006

국가 장기 생태 연구를 위해 구축된 서울 남산의 영구 방형구에서 소나무림의 종 조성, 주요 종의 공간분포, 직경 및 수고 계급 빈도 분포,그리고 종 다양성이 분석되었다. 수집된 자료는 도심의 다른 지역(인왕산 및 홍릉),도시 외곽 지역(아차산, 북한산, 불암산, 청계산, 대모산 및 수락산) 및 자연 지역(설악산, 속리산 및 월악산)의 자료와 비교하여 남산 소나무림의 특징을 밝혔다. 남산 소나무림은 도심의 다른 지역의 소나무림과 유사한 종 조성을 나타내었다. 그러나 도시 외곽의 것과는 약간의 차이를 보였고, 자연 지역의 것과는 큰 차이를 보였다. 남산 소나무림이 보여준 그러한 차이는 대체로 그곳에서 높은 식피율을 나타낸 때죽나무, 팥배나무, 주름조개풀, 가중나무, 서양등골나물 등에 기인하였다. 주요 수종의 직경 및 수고 계급 분포를 분석하여 예측한 결과, 남산의 소나무림은 때죽나무 숲으로 천이될 가능성을 보였다. 이러한 대체 수종은 아교목일 뿐만 아니라 비내음성 종으로서 그러한 천이 경향은 퇴행 천이로 해석될 수 있었다. 도시 외곽 및 자연 지역의 소나무림들은 각각 토지 극상으로서 그 자체가 유지되거나 참나무 숲으로 천이될 가능성을 보여 남산 지역과 차이를 나타내었다. 남산 소나무림의 종 다양성은 도시 외곽 및 자연 지역의 것보다 낮았다. 이처럼 낮은 종 다양성의 원인은 이 지역의 종 조성을 다른 지역의 것과 다르게 하는데 기여한 몇몇 종의 과도한 번성에 기인한 것으로 판단되었다. 그러한 차이를 가져온 식물들은 오염된 공업단지에 번성하는 종(때죽나무와 팥배나무), 교란된 지소를 선호하는 종(주름조개풀) 및 외래종(가중나무와 서양등골나물)이었다. 그러한 결과는 남산이 심한 환경 오염과 과도한 인간 간섭에 노출되어 있음을 반영한다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권5호
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• pp.516-524
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• 2008

We investigated on the distribution of nutrient contents (N. P and K) in current and one-year old needles of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, to understand the physiological effects of alternate bearing. One experimental set was designed with three types of cone number (one, three and five) under natural state and cone number of another one was controlled by thinning. Test samples were separated to collect into three fractions; current needles on the shoot and one-year old needles above and under the cone. On the branch without cone, N, P and K concentrations in needles on the shoot were higher than those in needles of one-year old branch. At natural state, needle P concentration was the lowest in needles on the five-cone branch in August. Macronutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in needle K concentration. Under cone thinning, N. P and K concentrations were the highest in needles on one-cone branch and the lowest in needles on five-cone branch. Needle nutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in the needle on five-cone branch. In conclusion, the current needles of the shoot and cones are a strong sink of nutrient like N. P and K, and the increase of cone number influences nutrient removal from needles.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2007

Recognizing the ecological importance of forest gap formation for forest community structure, we examined the differences in species diversity between forest gaps and closed canopy areas for trees and shrubs in three developmental stages (seedling, sapling I, and sapling II) in a typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. We randomly placed 100 sample plots ($2{\times}2m$ for seedling and sapling I, and $5{\times}5m$ for sapling II) in forest gap and closed canopy areas of a 9 ha permanent sample plot for vegetation surveys of plants of each developmental stage in each habitat type. Even though the formation of forest gaps encouraged the occurrence of gap-dependent species and increased overall species diversity, there were no significant differences in species richness among the three developmental stages for both tree and shrub species (p>0.05). Comparing the two types of sites, statistical tests revealed no difference in species richness for trees, but highly significant differences (p<0.01) between forest types for shrubs for seedlings and sapling I, but not sapling II. Analysis of variance test indicated that there were no significant differences in species diversity among the three developmental stages of tree species (p>0.05) for both Simpson and Shannon indices. The variance for shrub seedlings was significantly different between forest gaps and closed canopy areas, but not for sapling I and sapling II. The analysis showed that the species diversity in forest gaps was significantly different from that of closed canopy areas for seedling and sapling I (p<0.01), but not for sapling II (p>0.05).

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.380.2-380
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• 2001