• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.390-397
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• 2011

In this study, bending test was conducted as beam members in timber roadside safety barrier. The flexural properties of pitch pine round timber according to the diameters were evaluated. And then grading based on the growth characteristics applied to choosing the pitch pine round timbers which is met the criteria of guideline (Japan, 2008). MOR of round timber 160 mm is higher than other specimens from 100 mm to 140 mm. Because of lower juvenile wood ratio and higher density. The MOE of round timber is decreased according to the increment of diameter. Only 32% of the specimens has passed the limitations. Performance of pitch pine round timbers has confirmed to suitability roadside safety beam members according to the guideline (Japan, 2008).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2007

This study was conducted to develop site index equations for some pine species by climatic zones based on the relationships between site index and environmental factors. The selected pine species were Pinus densiflora Sieb. et. Zucc., Pinus densiflora for, erecta, and Pinus thunbergii. A total of 28 environmental factors were obtained from a digital forest site map. The influence of 28 environmental factors on site index was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Four to eight environmental factors were selected in the final site index equation for pine species by climatic zones. The site index equations developed in this study was then verified by three evaluation statistics such as model's estimation bias, model's precision and mean square error type of measure. We concluded that the site index equations for the pine species by climatic Bones were capable of estimating forest site productivity. Based on these site index equations, the amount of productive areas for the species by climatic zones was estimated by applying the GIS technique to digital forest maps.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the biomass, allometric equations, net primary production, above and total biomass expansion factors and stem density values for 27 years old Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini) plantation at the Gangneung National Forest. After considering of the diameter distributions in the $20m{\times}20m$ plot measurement, a total of 5 representative sample trees were destructively sampled to measure green weights and dry weights of the four(root, stem, branch and foliage) protions of Korean pine trees. According to the results of this study, total dry weights were 117.6 kg/tree and 59.9 ton/ha. Aboveground biomass and total (above and belowground) biomass for this species were 59.9 and 82.4 ton/ha, respectively. Ratios of root to aboveground biomass were 0.38. Net primary production of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were 9.4 and 11.3 ton/ha, respectively. Stem density was $0.49g/cm^{3}$. Above and total biomass expansion factors were 1.78 and 2.19, repectively. This information could be very useful to calculate carbon sequestrations by applying stem desity values and biomass expansion factors for Korean pine species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

It is necessary to examine relationship between spatial patterns of forest types and characteristics of forest fires for efficient management of fire and forest. By the ecoregions of South Korea, we computed landscape indices for whole types of forests(landscape level) and pine forests(class level), and analyzed characteristics of forest fires using statistics of forest fires from 1991 to 2006. We performed canonical correlation analysis to model the relationship between the landscape indices and the statistics of forest fires. At landscape level, forest patches were larger and more complex in the ecoregions which had higher percentage of forest area. At class level, pine forest patches were more complex and closer to neighbor patches in the coastal ecoregions. The ecoregions including metropolitan areas and cities had more frequent fire occurrences per 1,000ha, while mountainous coastal ecoregions had more burned areas and faster spread of fire growth rate. The canonical correlation between the landscape indices for pine forests and the statistics of forest fires was statistically significant at the 0.05 level and explained more than 70% of the variation in fire variables. The results showed that combustion time per fire was longer in the ecoregions which had larger and more aggregated pine forest patches.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.30-32
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• 1981

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1983

The effects of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, on the growth of the Korean red pine, Pinus densiflora, were examined for the natural forest stands at nine locations: Seocheon-gun, Boryong-gun, and Hongseong-gun in Chooncheongnam-do, where consequence of the infestation had been different. To estimate the economic threshold level of the pine needle gall midge, the growth impacts due to the insect were examined with terminal shoot growth, and cambial growth by analyzing the growth horizontally and vertically. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In general, the growth impacts of the red pine trees were significant for the five consecutive years since damage had occurred, and its maximum retardation was shown in the second and the third years. 2) Simultaneous retardation occurred in both terminal and cambial growth of the tree, probably due to cumulative characteristics of the feeding behaviour. 3) Strong correlation was found between terminal and cambial growth of Korean red pine and this was true for the trees infested by pine needle gall midge. Thus retardation in cambial growth due to the insect may be estimated with that in terminal growth. 4) Infestation was greater on slope facing north than south even though the history of the infestation had been similar. 5) The stem volume of 13-year-old, infested Korean red pine was reduced by more than 75-85%, compared to same aged, uninfected pine in yield table. Thus, much longer period is required to recover the normal growth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.372-380
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• 1996

This study was carried out to study the resistant substances to pine needle gall midge and seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in pine needles among susceptible and resistant species to pine needle gall midge. Free and water soluble phenolic compounds contained in pine needles showed seasonal variations among pine species. But, catechol, vanillic acid and syringic acid including phenolic compounds showed no variation between pine species, even the amount of those component varied by the seasons. Salicylic acid in pine needles showed 140ppm in Pinus virginiana, 35ppm in Pinus thunbergii and 72ppm in hybrid pine, Pinus thunbergii${\times}$P. virginiana, but traces in Pinus densiflora on May and June, hatching season in larvae of pine needle gall midge. There was high level of salicylic acid in resistant species to pine needle gall midge but traces in susceptible species. As our previous researches, the necrosis rate of larvae of pine needle gall midge showed high level on the solution of phenolic compounds extracted from needles of P. virginiana and salicylic acid, and there was no gall formation in P. virginiana, so that salicylic acid in pine needles seems to have relation with those results. Therefore, it is estimated that salicylic acid is resistant substance to pine needle gall midge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 1985

Utilization of $F_2$ seeds in forest tree hybridization program could be as dangerous as it could turn out to be handy and beneficial. Variation in $F_2$ generation does not appear to be dangerous as many breeder's concern. Pitch-loblolly pine hybridization program in Korea is reviewed and use of $F_2$ seeds are strongly recommended under the strict guide line of further breeding program. Breeding strategy for pitch-loblolly pine hybridization is suggested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate spatial distribution pattern and spatial association of crowns (${\geq}10m$ of height) and saplings (<10 m of height and ${\geq}2cm$ of DBH) for four major tree species (Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono, and Tilia amurensis) in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest of Xiaoxing'an Mts. Vegetation data were collected in the 9 ha permanent sample plot, and the analysis adopted the point pattern analysis method. Main results are as follows; 1) crowns and saplings of major species showed clumped distribution pattern in small scale, became random distribution as the scale was increased. 2) Saplings of Pinus koraiensis performed poor regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis; Saplings of Abies nephrolepis did good regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis; and crowns of Acer mono and Tilia amurensis had little effect on the distribution of saplings of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis. Saplings of Acer mono and Tilia amurensis made good regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Tilia amurensis; and the crowns of Acer mono and Abies nephrolepis had little effect on the distribution of saplings of Acer mono.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.344-349
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• 2013

Intraspecific variation in morphometry of pine wood nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus in relation to geographical locations in South Korea was investigated using morphometric characters (body length, a, b and c ratio, stylet length, and spicule length for a male nematode and V (%) value for a female nematode). B. xylophilus was isolated from Pinus thunbergii in Jinju (1998), Ulsan (2000), Yangsan (2000), Mokpo (2001) and Jeju (2004), and from P. densiflora in Gumi (2001). B. mucronatus was isolated from P. thunbergii in Jinju (1991) and from P. densiflora in Milyang (2001). The body length of male and female B. xylophilus had the highest coefficient of variability and showed significant differences among geographical locations. The V (%) value for female B. xylophilus showed the lowest coefficient of variability, changing little with geographical area and host plant. All morphometric characters in B. mucronatus except for stylet length and female body length showed no significant differences between locations or hosts, suggesting they may not be affected by geographical area or host plant.