• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to obtain optimum process condition for using two tower distribution to recycle the waste Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA) that is formed after washing LCD. The optimum process condition for the content of PGMEA, which is dependent variable, at 1st distillation was calculated according to Bottom temperature (BTM temperature), Reflux amount, Feed amount, Feed temperatures, and the optimum process conditions and optimum factors for the content of PGMEA at 2nd distillation according to Bottom temperature (BTM temperature), Reflux amount, Feed amount, Feed temperatures. At 1st distillation, Reflux amount, Feed amount, and Feed temperature are significant variables. However, it is found that the BTM temperature range is not significant in the range of process condition used in this study. The optimum process conditions are based on $5700{\ell}$ of Feed amount, $2500{\ell}$ of Reflux amount, $165^{\circ}C$ of BTM temperature, and $130^{\circ}C$ of Feed temperature. For the this condition, the predicted content of PGMEA was calculated as 92.12~94.62%. Significant factors at 2nd distillation are Reflux amount, Feed amount, and BTM temperature. Multicollinearity is between Reflux amount and BTM temperature. BTM was omitted in the multiple regression equation because there is a strong positive correlation between Reflux amount and BTM temperature. Base on $199^{\circ}C$ of BTM temperature, The optimum process conditions are based on $4275{\ell}$ of Feed amount, $6200{\ell}$ of Reflux amount and $130^{\circ}C$ of Feed temperature. In this condition, the predicted content of PGMEA was calculated as 99.0~99.5%.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.616-620
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• 2010

This study was performed to recycle Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA) from Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) industry emission as a waste organic solvent by using a multistage distillation column and tried to decide optimum reflux ratio. From the final experiment result, it was confirmed ; in case the sample A, the PGMEA purity is more than 98% and the moisture is less than 0.05%, on the other hand, in case the sample B, the PGMEA purity is more than 95% when the reflux ratio is 6 and the moisture is less than 0.01% (Refer to Table 1 for the contents of sample A and B). These values means fine level which can be adapted in the LCD manufacture, requiring more than 90% common purity of recycling level.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.792-797
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• 2018

We have explained the synthesis of novel phenanthrene and pyrene substituted phthalocyanines (PC-PHE and PC-PYR) and fully confirmed the structures by its spectral, photo physical and elemental analysis. For these phthalocyanines we checked the UV-Visible absorbance in PGMEA and chloroform and transmittance checked in PGMEA. The transmittance results suggested that these phthalocyanines are showing more than 90% transmittance at the 450-550 nm region. These synthesized molecules are nicely soluble in almost all industrial solvents. We checked the aggregation property of these phthalocyanines in PGMEA, and the results suggested no any aggregation for these molecules in PGMEA. The thermogravimetric analysis results concluded that PC-PHE and PC-PYR had high thermal stability. All studies explain that these new phthalocyanines are more suitable for LCD green color filter application.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2018

Here we designed and synthesized new zinc phthalocyanines and structures were fully confirmed by spectral and elemental analysis. All phthalocyanines have a very good solubility in industrial solvents like chloroform, dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), acetone, tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile. UV-Visible absorption and transmittance in PGMEA showed that these dyes have suitable spectral properties for LCD color filters. By Triton X surfactant study, we confirmed that these dyes are not showing any aggregation in PGMEA. We dissolved the all phthalocyanines in LCD fabricating solvent (PGMEA), and all phthalocyanines showed more than 8 wt% of solubility. Finally, all of these results concluded that PCK1, PCK2 and PCK3 are fit for LCD green color filter.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2002

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of membrane fluidity of bellflower(Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC, ; PG) fractions in phosphatidylcholine(PC) liposomes, measured with high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). We used dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC) bilayers which slake most stable liposomes among the other phosphatidylcholine. The sample PG was extracted and fractionated to five different types : butanol(PGMB), ethylacetate(PGMEA), ethylether(PGMEE), hexane (PGMH) and methanol(PGMM). Among five different solvent fractions, the PGMEE, PGMEA, PGMH and PGMM fractions markedly affected the thermotropic properties of DPPC liposomes, broadened and shifted the thermograms, and reduced the cooperative unit. It might be said that the incorporation of PGMEE, PGMEA and PGMH in DPPC liposomes were located in the hydrophobic core of DPPC bilayers and, PGMM and PGMB in the hydrophilic core of DPPC bilayers. These results suggest that certain substances in the PGMEE, PGMEA and PGMH fractions might have biologically significant effect on the membrane fluidity.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.1 s.38
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

The preparation and processing of PVP-gate insulators on the device performance have been studied in the fabrication of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). One of polyvinyl series, poly-4-vinyl phenol(PVP) was used as a solute and propyleneglycol monomethyl etheracetate(PGMEA) as a solvent in the formation of organic gate solutions. The cross-linking of organic insulators was also attempted by adding the thermosetting material, poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) as a hardener in the compounds. From the measurements of electrical insulating characteristics of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) samples, PVP-based insulating layers showed lower leakage current according to the increase of concentration of PVP and poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) to PGMEA in the formation of organic solutions. The PVP(20 wt%) copolymer with composition of 20 wt% PVP to PGMEA and cross-linked PVPs in which 5 wt% and 10 wt% poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) hardeners had been additional]y mixed into PVP(20 wt%) copolymers were used as gate dielectrics in the fabrication of OTFTs, respectively. In our experiments, the maximum field effect mobility of $0.31cm^2/Vs$ could be obtained in the 5 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) device and the highest on/off current ratio of $1.92{\times}10^5$ in the 10 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) device.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2001

Various lines of evidence suggest that dietary components protect the initiation step of carcinogenesis. In this study, the ethylacetate (PGMEA), ethylether (PGMEE), butanol (PGMB) and aqueous (PGMA) soluble fractions of Punica granatum L. (PG) were screened for their growth inhibition using the MTT assay on HepG2, HeLa, C6, MCF-7 and HT-29 cells and for their activity to induce quinone reductase (QR) in HepG2 cells. Among various fractions of Punica granatum L., the PGMEE showed the strongest growth inhibition at 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL which resulted 92.5% on Hela cell lines and 97.8% on C6 cell lines. The PGMEA and PGMB also showed significant growth inhibition. The assay of QR induction on HepG2 cells, grown in the presence of PGMEE at the concentration of 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, was 1.4 times more effective compared with the control value of1.0. These results suggested that useful cancer chemoprevention materials could be isolated from PGMEE fraction of Punica granatum L.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.506-510
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• 2002

The effect of antioxidant activity of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) on the liposomal phospholipid membrane was investigated by spectrophotometry. Membrane oxidation causes damage to the membrane fluidity and permeability. It brings further destruction to the sustenance of biological homeostasis. In addition, it is related to several diseases, aging and carcinogenesis. The sample PG was extracted and fractionated to five different types; butanol (PGMB), ethylacetate (PGMEA), ethylether (PGMEE), hexane (PGMH) and methanol (PGMM). The oxidation indices of PGMEA and PGMEE fractions in oxidized dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) liposomes had stronger antioxidant activities than that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and were similar to antioxidant activities compared with butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), a well-known potent antioxidant, in oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation indices of PGMM extract, PGMB and PGMH fractions exhibited weak antioxidant activity compared with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol in oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation indiex of PGMEE fractions added with vitamin C showed even strong antioxidant activity in the oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation activity of BHT with vitamin C also proved to be stronger than BHT without vitamin C. Therefore vitamin C evidently helps to improve the effect of antioxidant in DLPC liposomes. These results indicate that potentially bioactive substances in PGMEE fraction has a function as potent antioxidant against phospholipid membrane oxidation.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate exposure levels of various chemicals used in wafer fabrication product lines in the semiconductor industry where work-related leukemia has occurred. Methods: The research focused on 9 representative wafer fabrication bays among a total of 25 bays in a semiconductor product line. We monitored the chemical substances categorized as human carcinogens with respect to leukemia as well as harmful chemicals used in the bays and substances with hematologic and reproductive toxicities to evaluate the overall health effect for semiconductor industry workers. With respect to monitoring, active and passive sampling techniques were introduced. Eight-hour long-term and 15-minute short-term sampling was conducted for the area as well as on personal samples. Results: The results of the measurements for each substance showed that benzene, toluene, xylene, n-butyl acetate, 2-methoxy-ethanol, 2-heptanone, ethylene glycol, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid were non-detectable (ND) in all samples. Arsine was either "ND" or it existed only in trace form in the bay air. The maximum exposure concentration of fluorides was approximately 0.17% of the Korea occupational exposure limits, with hydrofluoric acid at about 0.2%, hydrochloric acid 0.06%, nitric acid 0.05%, isopropyl alcohol 0.4%, and phosphine at about 2%. The maximum exposure concentration of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) was 0.0870 ppm, representing only 0.1% or less than the American Industrial Hygiene Association recommended standard (100 ppm). Conclusion: Benzene, a known human carcinogen for leukemia, and arsine, a hematologic toxin, were not detected in wafer fabrication sites in this study. Among reproductive toxic substances, n-butyl acetate was not detected, but fluorides and PGMEA existed in small amounts in the air. This investigation was focused on the air-borne chemical concentrations only in regular working conditions. Unconditional exposures during spills and/or maintenance tasks and by-product chemicals were not included. Supplementary studies might be required.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.12 no.4 s.37
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• pp.359-363
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• 2005

The organic insulation devices with MIM (metal-insulator-metal) structures as PVP gate insulation films were prepared for the application of organic thin film transistors (OTFT). The co-polymer organic insulation films were synthesized by using PVP(poly-4-vinylphenol) as solute and PGMEA (propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate) as solvent. The cross-linked PVP insulation films were also prepared by addition of poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) as thermal hardener. The leakage current of the cross-linked PVP films was found to be about 300 pA with low current noise. and showed better property in electrical properties as compared with the co-polymer PVP insulation films. In addition, cross-linked PVP insulation films showed better surface morphology (roughness), showing about 0.11${\~}$0.18 nF in capacitance for all PVP film samples.