• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.77-80
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• 1988

The effects of ginseng saponins and some phenolic acids on the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins was examined in order to identify the role of some ginseng components on the regulaion of arachidonic acid metabolism. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2).$ prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}(PGF_2{\alpha}).$ thromboxane $B_2(TxB_2)$ and 6-keto-prostaglandin $F_1{\alpha}(6-keto-PGF_1{\alpha})$ from $[^3H]-arachidonic$ acid were evaluated with rabbit kidney microsome. human platelet homogenate and bovine aortic microsome. The amounts of the total cyclooxy-genase products from arachidonic acid did't show significant changes in the presence of ginseng saponins. Panaxadiol. panaxatriol and all of the ginsenosides used in these experiments reduced the formation of $TxB_2.$ while increased the $6-keto-PGF_1{\alpha}$ production dose dependently. Ginseng saponins did't inhibit the ADP($10{\mu}M$) induced platelet aggregation. but sodium arachidonate (0.5 mM) induced platelet aggregation. but sodium arachidonate (0.5 mM) induced platelet aggregation was signiticantly inhibited. These findings suggest that ginseng saponins seem to playa role in the regulation of the arachidonate metabolism. probably by affecting the divergent biosynthetic pathway of prostaglandins from endoperoxide.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.120-120
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• 2003

고능력 젖소와 보통능력 젖소의 번식능력을 비교하기 위하여 progesterone을 분석하여 분만후 초발정일을 추정하였고, 번식자료를 통하여 분만 후 번식성적을 조사하였으며, 또한 비유능력 및 Body condition score(BCS) 에 따른 $PGF_2a + PGF_2a+CIDR$ program 투입 효과를 구명하기 위하여 분만 후 40일째에 $PGF_2a$를 1차 처리한 후 발정이 발현되지 않은 개체에 대하여 1 차 처리후 14일째에 다시 2차 $PGF_2a$를 처리하였고 2차 $PGF_2a$ 처리후에도 발정이 발현되지 않은 개체에 대하여 2차 $PGF_2a$ 처리후 5일째에 CIDR plus를 처리하여 발정유기율을 조사분석하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 보통능력우와 고능력우의 분만후 progesterone peak를 나타내는 일수는 각각 $38.8 \pm 11.1$ 및 $39.6 \pm 9.7$일로 거의 비슷한 경향을 나타내었음 나. 보통능력우와 고능력우의 분만후 발정재귀일수는 각각 $99.4 \pm 71.6$ 및 $117 7 \pm 78.6$일로 고능력우에서 18.3일 늦어지는 경향이었음 다 보통능력우와 고능력우의 분만후 수태일수에 있어서 각각 $145.9 \pm 102.8$및 $165.9 \pm 100.8$일로 고능력우에서 20일 늦어지는 경향이었음 라. 보통능력우와 고능력우의 분만간격에 있어서 각각 421.5 \pm 107.2$ 및 $448.4 \pm 108.7$일로 고능력우에서 26.9일 늦어지는 경향을 나타내었음 마 보통능력우와 고능력우에 있어서 1차 $PGF_2a$ 처리시 각각 39.1% 및 60.0%, 2차 $PGF_2a$ 처리시 각각 42.9% 및 70.0%, CIDR plus 처리시 50.0% 및 66.7%의 발정 유기율을 나타내었음 바. BCS에 따라 $PGF_2a + PGF_2a+CIDR$ plus program을 투입한 결과 BCS 2.5 이하와 BCS 2.75-3.50에 있어서 1차 $PGF_2a$ 처리시 각각 47.4% 및 48.3%, 2차 $PGF_2a$ 처리시 각각 40.0% 및 66.7%, CIDR plus 처리시 각 각 50.0% 및 80.0%의 발정 유기율을 나타내었음

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2003

Recently a protocol was developed that precisely synchronizes the time of ovulation in Hanwoo. Cows were treated with GnRH on Day 0, PGF$_2$$\alpha$ 7 d later, GnRH 2 d later, and then time-inseminated approximately 24 h after this second treatment with GnRH. Ovarian morphology was monitored cows by trans-rectal ultrasonography 6.5MHz linear transrectal probe(Sonovet - 600., Medison co. Korea) from 24 hr to 31 hrs after second GnRH injection. The result obtained summarized as follows - 1. Induced ovulation were 24 to 31hr after the second GnRH injection, but high induced ovulation was 28hr. 2. Conception rate with HML(High meat lin) and HIL(High milk lin) treatment were 48.1％(38/79) and 43.9％(40/91), respectively. 3. Conception rate of 1∼2 parity and 3∼4 parity was 44.3％ and 55％, respectively. 4. Conception rate of spring, autumn was more increased, 47.3％ than summer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.752-759
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• 1994

It is accepted that colostral macrophages have protective effects on gastrointestinal tract of the neonates. Macrophages act as a major defensive cells in colostrum and serve as a main source of colostral prostaglandins which are known to exert cytoprotection for gastrointestinal tract of neonates against infectious agents and drugs such as aspirin. This study was conducted to evaluate the total cell numbers and differential counts for macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in colostrum of Korean mothers. To compare the level of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, and TXB2 between colostrum and serum of postpartum mothers, radioimmunoassay adopting eicosanoids-antibody complex method was applied instead of charcoal method. The results were as follows : 1) Total defensive cell count was 7.6$\pm$2,37$\times$106 cells/ml, differential counts of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes were 57.49$\pm$4.14%, 37.98$\pm$4.43% and 4.29$\pm$0.73% respectively. 2) The order of prostaglandin level in colostrum which are known to enhance development and cytoprotection of gastrointestinal tract, was 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, TXB2 and PGE2. Colostral PGE2 level was 584.6$\pm$72.3 pg/ml, higher than that of serum(p<0.01). 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, the most abundant prostaglandin in colostrum was higher than in serum level, too (p<0.01). Serum TXB2 level of postpartum mothers(n=42) was higher nine times than that of colostrum(p<0.01), which seems to cause vasoconstriction of uterus in postpartum period. 3) In preterm mothers, serum level of TXB2 level in both groups.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1983

Prostaglandin(PG) is ubiquitously distributed in most mammalian tissue and their actions are complicated. Especially in autonomic nervous system, there are evidences indicating that PGs act as neuromodulators i.e., PGs, which are released in the vicinity of autonomic neuroeffector junctions, influence the release and the response of the neurotransmitter. Present study was undertaken to elucidate the interrelationship between $PGF_{2\alpha}$ and adrenergic ${\alpha}_2-receptor$ function in electrical field stimulation induced contractile response of vas deferens in rat. Male rat, weighing 150{\sim}200\;g, was sacrificed and vas deferens was obtained. The isolated vas deferens strip was placed between two platinum electrodes in temperature controlled $(37^{\circ}C)$ muscle chamber containing Tyrode's solution and the electrical field stimulation(EFS) induced contraction was recorded with Grass Polygraph(Model 7) via force displacement transducer (FT .03, Grass). The results are summarized as follows: 1) Electrical field stimulation for 1sec( 1 msec, 40 cps) induced contraction of vas deferens was completely blocked by tetrodotoxin. 2) Bretylium caused marked inhibition of the EFS-induced contraction, hut tyramine and cocaine augmented the contraction. 3) EFS-induced contraction was inhibited or little affected in distal portion of vas deferens by norepinephrine or methoxamine, but the contraction was rather augmented by the ${\alpha}-agonists$ in proximal portion. 4) Clonidine inhibited the EFS-induced contraction proportionally to the concentration in distal portion, which was blocked by yohimbine pretreatment, but in the presence of $PGF_{2\alpha}$ the blockade by yohimbine was reversed. 5) Indomethacin pretreatment reduced the effect of clonidine, but addition of $PGF_{2\alpha}$ after washing-out the indomethacin caused the contraction to the control level. From these results it is suggested that PG synthesis is a necessary step and the PG itself has a permissive role in ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ action in rat vas deferens.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

The present studies were carried out to examine the effects of exogenous oxytocin(OT) on plasma, uterine and placenta of estradiol-17$\beta$, progesterone, prostaglandin F$_2$$_{\alpha}$ (PGF$_2$$_{\alpha}$), Prostaglandin E$_2$(PGE$_2$) and OT receptor concentrations in pregnant rats. Pregnant rats received an injection of exogenous OT on days 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 of pregnancy and day 1 of postpartum. Concentrations of plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$ after OT injection started to increase after day 18 and peaked on day 22 of pregnancy but decreased on day 1 of postpartum. Plasma progesterone concentrations declined gradually from day 18 of pregnancy and decreased more rapidly until postpartum 1 day. Concentrations of estradiol-17$\beta$in uterine tissues after OT injection were sharply increased from day 20 to 22 of pregnancy and progestrone concentrations were peaked on day 16 and decreased rapidly from day 16 to 20 and maintained the same level until day 1 of postpartum. Uterine concentrations of PGF$_2$$_{\alpha}$ and PGE$_2$increased gradually until day 20 and peaked on day 22 of pregnancy but showed a marked decrease on day 1 of postpartum. Concentrations of PGF$_2$$_{\alpha}$ in placental tissues increased rapidly from day 14 of pregnancy and decreased sharply on day 1 of postpartum. Concentrations of PGE$_2$increased gradually after day 14 and peaked on day 20 of pregnancy. The concentration of OT receptor in uterus was significantly elevated from day 20 and rose to maximum on day 22 of pregnancy. These findings show that OT suppress the concentration of progestrone and stimulate productions of estradiol-17 $\beta$, PGF$_2$$_{\alpha}$, PGE$_2$ and oxytocin receptor concentrations in pregnant rats.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2017

Perhaps the most common type of reproductive dysfunction in captive fish is failure of females to undergo final oocyte maturation and thus to ovulate and spawn. The success of aquaculture could therefore be improved by developing techniques to enhance natural spawning, artificial maturation, and/or to induce ovulation in farmed fish. This study aimed to investigate the effects of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$) on in vitro oocyte maturation (germinal vesicle breakdown, GVBD) and ovulation in the marine fish Chasmichthys dolichognathus. Post-vitellogenic follicles (0.80-0.94 mm diameter oocytes) were incubated with $PGE_2$ or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ at concentrations of 5, 50, or 500 ng/mL for 24 hours. A significant increase in GVBD was seen in 0.84 mm and 0.94 mm oocytes incubated with 50 ng/mL $PGE_2$ compared with the control. There was no significant increase in GVBD in any of the other experimental conditions (5 or 500 ng/mL $PGE_2$ or 5, 50, or 500 ng/mL $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$). Neither of the prostaglandins induced ovulation at the concentrations tested.These results suggest that GVBD was induced by incubation with 50 ng/mL $PGE_2$.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2017

Effective estrus detection and artificial insemination (AI) are necessary for profitable management of dairy herd. In current study, 45 crossbred lactating cows have been selected with the complaint of unobserved oestrus for more than sixty days postpartum. All cows had functional corpus luteum as examined by transrectal ultrasonography. Cows were treated with $PGF_2{\alpha}$ analogue and AI was performed with observed oestrus and then single dose of GnRH was administered. Similar synchronization protocol has been repeated after 14 days in cows that did not repose to first treatment. Remaining cows received additional $PGF_2{\alpha}$ after 14 days of second treatment and timed AI was performed following GnRH administration. Among 45 cows, 28.89% showed estrus after first treatment and 78.79% responded to second hormonal intervention. A higher conception rate (88.89% vs 26.66 and 72.72%) was observed in cows after triple administration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and timed AI. We noticed a significant differences in body condition score (BCS, 1~5 scale), postpartum period, and daily milk production between cows that either responded of non-responded following first and second hormonal treatment. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between daily milk production and BCS, age and postpartum days, milk production and estrus/BCS, and milk production/BCS/estrus and conception rate. Depending upon the findings we conclude that hormonal intervention with $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and GnRH enhances postpartum ovarian cyclicity and help decreasing the days open of dairy herd. Therefore, this finding might provide an excellent guideline for target breeding system for profitable dairy herd management.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2008

This study compared the pregnancy rates of Korean native donor cattle after either a timed artificial insemination (TAI) or embryo transfer (TET) following the synchronization of ovulation using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device together with estradiol benzoate (EB) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$). Fifty five cows and 8 heifers which had been previously used for embryo production were assigned to two treatments: (1) Thirty-two cattle received a CIDR device and 2 mg EB (Day 0), 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection at the time of CIDR removal on Day 7, and 1 mg EB injection on Day 8. All of the cattle received a TAI 30 h (Day 9) after the second EB injection (TAI group). (2) Thirty-one cattle received the same hormonal treatments as in the TAI group. The cattle with corpus luteum (CL) received a TET on Day 16 using frozen-thawed embryos (TET group). Ultrasonographic observations demonstrated that the proportion of cattle with synchronized ovulation on Day 10 and the concomitant formation of new CL on Day 13 did not differ between groups (p>0.05); the overall mean rates were 65.1 and 73.0%, respectively. The conception and pregnancy rates did not differ (p>0.05) between the TAI (12.5% and 12.5%) and TET groups (13.0% and 9.7%), respectively. We conclude that the pregnancy rate following TAI or TET in Korean native donor cattle was poor, which might be due in part to a poor synchrony of ovulation and concomitant CL formation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.493-500
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of neurotransmitters and the source of $Ca^{2+}$ in the effects of neurotransmitters on the motility of pig oviductal isthmic smooth muscle. The motility of the isolated smooth muscle was recorded by using physiological recording system. The results were summarized as follows; Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}(PGF_{2{\alpha}})$ caused the contraction and the contractile responses were increased in a dose-dependent manner from the concentration of $10^{-7}$ to $10^{-4}M$. The maximum contractility of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was 65.99, 28.66, 83.99 and 47.33% of 100 mM K contraction, respectively. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine$(10^{-6}M)$ was completely blocked by the pretreatment with cholinergic receptor blocker, atropine$(10^{-6}M)$, the contractile response induced by norepinephrine$(10^{-5}M)$ was blocked by the pretreatment with ${\alpha}$-adrenergic receptor blocker, phentolamine$(10^{-6}M)$ but was not blocked and rather increased by the pretreatment with ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor blocker. propranolol$(10^{-6}M)$, the contractile response induced by histamine$(10^{-6}M)$ was completely blocked by the pretreatment with $H_1$-histaminergic receptor blocker, pyrilamine$(10^{-6}M)$ but was increased by the pretreatment with $H_2$-histaminergic receptor blocker, cimetidine$(10^{-6}M)$. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine$(10^{-6}M)$, norepinephrine$(10^{-5}M)$ and histamine$(10^{-6}M)$ was weakly contracted response in $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, but the contractile response induced by $PGF_{2{\alpha}}(10^{-6}M)$ was disappeared. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine$(10^{-6}M)$, norepinephrine$(10^{-5}M)$ and histamine$(10^{-6}M)$ was powerfully depressed by the pretreatment with $Ca^{2+}$-channel blocker, verapamil$(10^{-5}M)$ but the contractile response induced by $PGF_{2{\alpha}}(10^{-6}M)$ was completely inhibited.