• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.405-413
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• 2022

Hair loss is a common status found among people of all ages. Since the role of hair is much more related to culture and individual identity, hair loss can have a great influence on well-being and quality of life. It is a disorder that is observed in only scalp patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or alopecia areata caused by stress or immune response abnormalities. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic medicines such as finasteride, and minoxidil improve hair loss temporarily, but when they stop, they have a limitation in that hair loss occurs again. As an alternative strategy for improving hair growth, many studies reported that there is a relationship between the expression levels of prostaglandins (PGs) and hair growth. Four major PGs such as prostaglandin D2 (PGD2₂), prostaglandin I2 (PGI₂), prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF_2α) are spatiotemporally expressed in hair follicles and are implicated in hair loss. This review investigated the physiological roles and pharmacological interventions of the PGs in the pathogenesis of hair loss and provided these novel insights for clinical therapeutics for patients suffering from alopecia.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.748-758
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the change in activity and mounting behavior in Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) during the peri-estrus period and its application to estrus detection. A total of 20 Hanwoo cows were fitted with a neck-collar accelerometer device, which measured the location and acceleration of cow movements and recorded the number of instances of mounting behavior by the altitude data. The data were analyzed in three periods (24-, 6-, and 2-h periods). Blood samples were collected for 5 days after the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) injection, and the concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Activity and mounting behavior recorded over 2-h periods significantly increased as estrus approached and were more efficient at detecting estrus than over 24- and 6-h periods (p < 0.05). Endocrine patterns did not differ with the variation of individual cows during the peri-estrus period (p > 0.05). Activity was selected as the best predictor through stepwise discriminant analysis. However, activity alone is not enough to detect estrus. We suggest that a combination of activity and mounting behavior may improve estrus detection efficiency in Hanwoo. Further research is necessary to validate the findings on a larger sample size.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.203-211
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• 1988

The present study was carried out to investigate the estrous behavior and vaginal smear after induction of estrus with exogenous hormones in the premature, metestrous and anestrous bitches. A total of 21 bitches(Mixed breed: 16, Jindo breed: 5), from 10 months to 5 years of age and weighing 8 to 15 kg was studied the change of vaginal smear and the estrous behavior before and after induction of estrus. The results obtained are as follows: 1. In the treatment A(They were given the $PGF_2{\alpha}$, estrone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$, PMSG and HCG) proestrus commenced in $10.16{\pm}1.44$($Mean{\pm}SEM$) days after treatment, The mean duration of proestrus, and estrus was $7.50{\pm}1.44$ and $13.50{\pm}3.44$ days, respectively. In the treatment B(They were given the PMSG and HCG) proestrus commenced in $5.53{\pm}0.59$ days after treatment. The mean duration of proestrus and estrus was $6.60{\pm}0.71$ and $14.60{\pm}1.14$ days, respectively. 2. All of the 6 bitches in the treatment A showed vulval swelling and vaginal discharge, 14 of the 15 bitches in the treatment B showed vulval swelling and vaginal discharge. However, all of the treatment A and B showed male acceptance. 3. The main change of vaginal smear in proestrus and estrus after induction of estrus was a increase in the proportion of anuclear and superficial cells associated with a decrease in small intermediate and parabasal cells. By the estrous behavior and vaginal smear the estrus was induced in all the premature, metestrous and anestrous bitches.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.845-855
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• 2000

As high as 50% of pregnancies are known to fail and the majority of such losses occur during the peri-implantation period. For the establishment of pregnancy in mammalian species, therefore, implantation of the conceptus to the maternal endometrium must be completed successfully. Physiological events associated with implantation differ among mammals. In ruminant ungulates, an elongation of the trophohlast in early conceptus development is required before the attachment of the conceptus to the uterine endometrium. Moreover, implantation sites are restricted to each uterine caruncula where tissue remodeling, feto-maternal cell fusion and placentation take place in a coordinated manner. These unique events occur under strict conditions and are regulated by numerous factors from the uterine endometrium and trophoblast in a spatial manner. Interferon-tau (IFN-${\tau}$), a conceptus-derived anti-Iuteolytic factor, which rescues corpus luteum from its regression in ruminants, is particularly apt to play an important role as a local regulator in coordination with other factors, such as TGF-${\beta}$, Cox-2 and MMPs at the attachment and placentation sites.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 1998

To elucidate the mechanism involved in the cerebral vascular spasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the effects of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the SAH patients on the resting tension and its influence on the contractile responses to various vasoactive agents and to hypoxia were investigated in isolated porcine cerebral arteries. All the CSFs containing hemoglobin (Hb) produced contraction and some Hb-free CSFs also elicited contraction. When the Hb-free CSF was separated by microfilter, the filtrate of ＜30,000 MW did not produce contraction, while the fraction above 30,000 MW elicited more marked contractile responses than the unfractionated CSF. The CSF contraction was significantly attenuated in the presence of indomethacin or nimodipine, whereas the contractions induced by KCl, prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$), or endothelin-1 (ET-1) were not affected by the CSF pretreatment. However, the contractile responses induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and phenylephrine (PE) were markedly potentiated by the pretreatment. Hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction was significantly potentiated by the pretreatment with either unfractionated CSF or the CSF fraction of above 30,000 MW. These results suggest that unknown vasocontractile substance(s) exists in the Hb-free CSF and that the substance, with its MW above 30,000, is activated by hypoxia and acts synergistically with 5-HT and PE, and that extracellular calcium influx and cyclooxygenase are also involved in the cerebral vasoconstrictory effect of Hb-free CSF.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.705-714
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• 1998

Cerebral blood vessels relax when extracellular $K^+$ concentrations $([K^+])_e$ are elevated moderately $(2{\sim}15$ mM, $K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation). We have therefore studied the underlying mechanism for this $K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation in the isolated middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). The effects of ouabain and $Ba^{2+}\;on\;K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation were examined to determine the role of sodium pump and/or Ba-sensitive process (possibly, inward rectifier K current) in the mechanism. Mulvany myograph was used to study 24 rats, 18 rabbits, and 10 humans MCAs $(216{\pm}3\;{\mu}m,\;347{\pm}7\;{\mu}m,\;and\;597{\pm}39\;{\mu}m$ in diameter when stretched to a tension equivalent to 55 mmHg). High $K^+$ (125 mM) and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}\;(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$ induced concentration-dependent contractions in all 3 species, while histamine $(10{\sim}50\;{\mu}M)$ evoked contraction only in the rabbits and induced relaxation in the rats and humans. Addition of $K^+\;(2{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$ to the control solution induced vasorelaxations. These effects were inhibited by the pretreatment with both ouabain $(10\;{\mu}M)$ and $Ba^{2+}\;(0.1{\sim}0.3\;mM)$ in the rat, but only with ouabain $(10\;{\mu}M)$ in the rabbit and human. These results suggest that $K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation occurs via the stimulation of electrogenic Na pump in the rabbit and human MCAs, while in the rat MCAs via the activation of both Na pump and Ba-sensitive process.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1 s.34
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• pp.41-46
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• 1984

Cadmium (Cd) was administered by a series of weekly intraperitoneal injections at dose of 2mg/kg in rabbits and rats. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and thromboxane $B^2(TXB_2)$ in platelet-rich plasma from Cd-poisoned animals were significantly higher than those of the control group. Furthermore, the inhibition of 6-keto-prostaglandin $F_{1{\alpha}}$, production in Cd-treated aorta ring was inversely related to the enhancement of platelet aggregation. These results suggest that Cd not only inhibits prostacyclin synthesis in the arterial endothelium, but also stimulates the platelet aggregation by enhancing thromboxane AZ production. These findings are assumed to support the evidence of an effect of Cd toxicity on the vascular wall and platelet function in raising arteriall pressure.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rbST treatment on progesterone concentration, volume of luteal tissue and pregnancy rate following embryo transfer. Recipient cows were assigned to control and rbST group, of which was given a single injection of rbST (500 mg. sc) at estrus detection. The concentration of progesterone was not significantly different between control and at 0, 3, 6 days after rbST treatment. However, the concentration of progesterone at 9, 12 days was significantly higher than in control group (4.6 and 6.8 vs. 3.9 and 4.5 ng/ml P4). The pregnancy rate after embryo transfer in rbST treatment was significantly higher than in control group (64.0 vs. 47.1 %; p<0.05). The results indicated that rbST treatment in recipient cows could be improved the efficiency of pregnancy rate after embryo transfer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1998

To establish the differential diagnosis and treatment method in bovine ovarian cysts, specially ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, serum progesterone concentration and ulrasonography for measuring the cyclic area, thickness of cystic wall and echogenicity of corpus luteum were investigated in cystic ovaries from slaughtered cows. The incidence rates of ovarian cysts were follicular cyst 69.2% and luteal cyst 30.8%. The incidence rates of 8 various types of ovarian cysts were as follows; 2Ba 32.3%, 2Aa 25.8% and 2Bb 14.5%, respectively. The thickness of cystic wall were 2Bb 3.93mm, 2Ab 3.70mm and 1Aa 1.93mm and the serum progesterone concentrations were above 1.0ng/$m\ell$ in 2Ab, 2Bb and IAa, respectively. The cystic area of ovarian cysts with corpus luteum was 288.30mm2, but ovarian cysts without corpus luteum 542.30$\textrm{mm}^2$, and the thickness of cystic wall 2.12mm and 2.40mm, respectively. The serum progesterone concentration was 1.91ng/$m\ell$ in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and 1.20ng/$m\ell$ ovarian cysts without corpus luteum. There was not the correlations between thickness of cystic wall and serum progesterone concentration in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, whereas, was the correlations in ovarian cysts without corpus. These results indicated that PGF2$\alpha$ analogues can be choice for treating the ovarian cysts with corpus luteum because serum progesterone concentrations were above 1.0ng/$m\ell$ in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum. In conclusion, it is suggest that ultrasonography is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing and choicing of treatment remedy in cystic ovaries of bovine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.774-780
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to test the efficacy of induction of estrus and determine the timing of ovulation in relation to preovulatory LH and estrogen surges in cycling Murrah buffaloes subjected to Heatsynch protocol (GnRH-$PGF_2{\alpha}$-Estradiol benzoate). In experiment 1, the buffaloes (n = 10) were treated with Heatsynch protocol and observed for estrus and ovulation. In experiment 2 and 3, 30 cycling Murrah buffaloes were used to investigate the efficacy of Heatsynch protocol in terms of conception rates in summer (experiment 2) and winter (experiment 3) seasons. Fixed time A.I. was performed in all the buffaloes at 48 and 60 h post-estradiol benzoate (EB) injection. All buffaloes responded to the Heatsynch protocol with expression of estrus for which ovulations were induced in 8 buffaloes (80%). Mean time interval from the EB injection to ovulation was 50.0${\pm}$2.0 h (range 44.0 to 60.0 h). The interval from the end of LH surge to ovulation was 18.5${\pm}$2.47 h (range 8 to 26 h). The interval from end of estrogen surge to ovulation was 26.75 ${\pm}$2.07 h (range 22 to 36 h). Mean LH peak after EB injection occurred at 20.81${\pm}$1.61 h (range 14 to 28 h) and mean estrogen peak after EB injection occurred at 9.62${\pm}$1.03 h (range 7 to 16 h). Hence, the mean estrogen peak preceded the mean LH peak by 11 h. It was observed that the percentage of conceptions to total number of estruses for control buffaloes was 18 and 30 in summer and winter, respectively, whereas it increased to 26 and 40 in Heatsynch treated buffaloes in respective seasons. The results suggest the possibility of using Heatsynch treatment followed by fixed time A.I. in buffaloes for fertility improvement, especially since the incidence of silent heat in buffaloes is very high.