• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.109-123
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the establishment of future countermeasures by diagnosing the growth status and actual condition of undesignated old trees distributed in Hyeongok-myeon, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The number of old trees surveyed was 2 weeks in Gajeong-ri, 2 weeks in Haguri, 3 weeks in Nae-Tae-ri, 1 week in Nawon-ri, 6 weeks in Oryu-ri, 3 weeks in Sangguri, and 2 weeks in Sohyeon-ri, The trees species composition was 6 trees Celtis sinensis Pers., 1 Diospyros lotus L. trees, 4 trees Salix chaenomeloides Kimura trees, 2 Styphnolobium japonicum L. trees, and 7 Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino trees. Growth status is 7.1~22.0m in height, 14.6~25.1m in long axis, 10.2~19.2m in short axis, root diameter is 76.0~236.4cm, diamter at breast height is 67.0~220.0cm, soil acidity is pH4.9~7.0, soil The hardness was measured to be 4.0-27.0mm. The result grade of the scoring data of health information is represented by monitoring generally, monitoring critically, and absolute monitoring, and it was confirmed that out of the 20 trees population in Hyeongok-myeon, the general monitoring grade was 7 weeks, the major monitoring grade was 13 weeks, and there was no absolute monitoring grade. Accordingly, the number of old trees of the general surveillance level was maintained at the current level, and ecological surgical operations were introduced for the major surveillance level, but the case of village forests should be different, and sequential treatments were the old tree urgently needed. The level and bark of the target tree, the state of the crown, the root exposure, the presence of pests and pests, the vitality and the ground condition, the degree of pollution are normal, poor, or very poor, operation and protection management, soil improvement, removal of cover, and disinfection were urgently needed for the old trees with the surveyed data. In order to compensate for these matters, continuous monitoring and management measures for the old number should be sought.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.409-422
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• 2022

Riverine wetlands are an important element of the river ecosystem and account for approximately 38% of the inland wetlands surveyed so far. The Shincheon Wetland located in Mangyeong River is also a channel wetland as the flow rate is slowed by the constructed weirs, leading to sediment accumulation. To identify the conservation value and ecological characteristics of Shincheon Wetland, its vegetation and plant diversity were identified using a phytosociological method, and a total of 45 vegetation-related datasets were collected. Overall, 24 plant communities, comprising a total of 153 taxa (49 families, 117 genera, 146 species, 2 subspecies, 5 varieties) were identified. The plant with the highest appearance rate in the communities was Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. In addition, annual herb species, including Rumex crispus L., Bromusjaponicus Thunb., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., and Artemisia indica Willd. were frequently observed to be growing in the secondary grassland. Naturalized plants were surveyed in the 38 taxa; the urbanization index was 10.3% and the naturalized index was 24.8%. Plant communities were largely classified into submerged vegetation, floating and floating-leaved vegetation, annual and biennial vegetation, perennial herb vegetation, and woody vegetation. The distribution of plant communities reflecting various habitats, including the lentic and lotic zone maintaining a constant water depth, littoral zone experiencing intermittent water level fluctuations, and dry floodplain environment was also confirmed. Overall, plant community development plays an important role in the habitat for wild animals; therefore, it is expected to positively impact biodiversity enhancement.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.83-94
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to offer basic data about prototype conservation of the Orijangnim, natural monument No. 404. For this study, March to August 2010, was a literature surveys and field research, and based on this, the Delphi survey of local residents and experts meeting were diagnosed with forest back ground, spatial extent, in the form of forests, flora and vegetation of the surrounding area, so examined closely the original form. Range of the Orijangnim was presumed from Jacheon middle school entrance($N36^{\circ}05^{\prime}59.9^{{\prime}{\prime}}/E128^{\circ}54^{\prime}32.9^{{\prime}{\prime}}$) to Odong of Hwabukmyeon village entrance($N36^{\circ}05^{\prime}31.0^{{\prime}{\prime}}/E128^{\circ}54^{\prime}32.5^{{\prime}{\prime}}$). The Orijangnim in the original form of the existing forest surrounding the village along gohyeon river going back a long S-shaped about 2km is considered. The investigated vascular plants consist of total 198 taxa : 2 forms, 20 varieties, 179 species, 152 Genera, 72 Families. Most of the 60 kinds of large land plants lots of whole plants accounted for 33.3%. A main vegetation of the Orijangnim have been distributed 473 objects of 21 species, and evergreen conifers is 19% to 92 objects, on the other hand, deciduous broadleaf tree is 79% to 373 objects, so the Orijangnim can be maxed forest that deciduous broadleaf tree is dominant. When consider the composition purpose of forest, environment of location, tree size, surrounding flora and vegetation, because an original vegetation of Orijangnim is suggested Zelkova serrata, Salix glandulosa, Celtis sinensis Pers., Quercus variabilis, Quercus acutissima , Sophora japonica L., Cornus walteri Wanger. we must restore around such species of tree. Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loudon, Chaenomeles sinensis, Prunus yedoensis Matsum., Ginkgo biloba , Pinus thunbergii Parl., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee is considered to have been planted in the last.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.282-291
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• 1994

Optimal processing conditions and shelf-life of steamed kamaboko made from Alaska pollock surimi were investigated, including protein digestibility, computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER), trypsin inhibitor content and protein solubility. Steamed kamaboko containing $5\%$ starch and $33\%$ water in pollock surimi showed the best protein quality in terms of C-PER and protein digestibility. Steaming could not give any significant advantage over kamaboko protein digestibility but a higher C-PER resulted from steamed kamaboko. All kamaboko products had trypsin content of 1.4 to $2.0mg\%$ which was $10\%$ of total trypsin inhibitor levels in frozen pollock meat. A two stage steaming process, the first at $40^{\circ}C$ for 20min followed by a second 10min steaming period at $95^{\circ}C$, was found to be the most effective way of the most effective heating process for kamaboko protein quality. C-PERs of marketed Korean surimi products ranged from $2.8{\sim}2.9$ for steamed kamaboko and $2.9{\sim}3.2$ for crab meat analog which were superior to ANRC casein(2.5). Measured protein digestibility of all products were ranged from 86 to $89\%$. VBN and protein solubility data suggest Korean marketed surimi products could have a shelf-life of 15 days at $4^{\circ}C$ for crab meat analog and 20 days at $4^{\circ}C$ for steamed kamaboko.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1980

In this study, enzymatic saccharification of substrates from Alnus hirsuta Ruper (8-14 years). Quercus acutissima Carruthers, Betula platyphylla var. japonica Nera, Populus euramericana Guiner and Platanus orientalis L. were investigated using crude cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374, and conduced on the optimum treated conditions of the cellulase sacchrification and reactivation of residue of digested substrates. The Trichoderma viride cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. The method of dilignification from wood (5 species) was treated by the peracetic acid(PA) method. The reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. 1. The results of tests carried out for 96 hr. (Figure 1), show conclusively the initial substrates from 5 species ($S_3$) which has been rendered highly reactive form and the mean rate of reducing sugar was 28.3 %. 2. The results of tests carried out for 96 hr., the reactivation of residue of digested substrates (improvement in the quality of the substrate through preheating in air at $190^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. followed by milling was (60 mesh size) at the same substrate level, increased concentrations of cellulase at the same substrate level, and increased concentrations of cellulase increases the rate of hydrolysis considerably. 3. Figure 1. shows conclusively that the residue of digested substrates ($S_1$ dried at $60^{\circ}C$) which has been rendered extremly resistant to cellulase action can be reactivated into a highly reactive form ($S_2$), almost comparable to that of the initial substrates ($S_3$). And the reducing sugar formation did not show statistically significent differences at 5% levels by initial substrates and the residue of digested substrates (preheating in air at $190^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. fallowed by milling was (60 mesh size).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) application level and regrowth period on the fatty acid (FA) concentration and forage production of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schr.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). N was applied at 0, 50 and 100 kg/ha, and swards were cut after regrowth periods (15d, 30d and 45d). Concentrations of Individual FA were determined by gas chromatography. FA composition of tall fescue contains a high proportion ($87{\sim}88%$) of total FA contents as palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). The FA composition was not affected by N application, but a longer regrowth period significantly (p<0.05) decreased the composition of linolenic acid (C18:3) and increased those of linoleic acid (C18:2). The FA composition of bermudagrass was not affected by N application, but a longer regrowth period significantly (p<0.001) decreased the composition of linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). Linoleic and linolenic acfd of tall fescue were higher than those of bermudagrass. Dry matter (DM) yield of bermudagrass was significantly (P<0.05) affected by N application level and regrowth period. DM yield was higher at high N application and was higher at longer regrowth period. The crude protein concentration was higher at high N application and was low at longer regrowth period. Application of nitrogen fertilizer Increases dry matter (DM) yield and crude protein (CP) content of bermudagrass. These studies demonstrate opportunities to affect the FA concentration and composition of FA in forage through management strategies, which could affect milk FA composition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the soil salinity and salt spray drift of the indigenous windbreak trees, and its main purpose was to provide basic data for the selection of salt-tolerant trees in the saline coastal region in the South Sea of Korea. The soil salinity($EC_{1:5}$)was $0.18dSm^{-1}$, which was an average degree of the whole areas of investigation whose salinity degree ranged from $0.05dSm^{-1}$ to $0.58dSm^{-1}$. The level of soil salinity gradually decreased as it moved farther inland, except the belt I. The level of decreasing soil salinity was found to be in the following order: belt II, belt III, belt I, belt IV. The degree of soil salinity was $EC_{1:5}$ $0.22dSm_{1:5}$, $0.22dSm_{1:5}$ $0.19dSm^{-1}$ and $0.13dSm^{-1}$ respectively. The total 110 taxa, which consisted of 45 families, 74 genus, 101 species, and 9 varieties, were found to be tolerant to both soil salinity and salt spray drift. The trees that grow in the highest degree of salinity($EC_{1:5}$ $0.50dSm^{-1}$)were Parthenocissus tricuspidata(Siebold & Zucc.), Planch and Lonicera japonica Thunb. The next group of trees that grow in the high degree of salinity ranging from $EC_{1:5}$ 0.41 to $0.50dSm^{-1}$ was Cudrania tricuspidata(Carr.) Bureau ex Lavall$\acute{e}$e, Rubus parvifolius L., Zanthoxylum schinifolium(Siebold & Zucc.), Hedera rhombea(Miq.) Bean., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Quercus serrata Thunb., Callicarpa dichotoma(Lour.) K. Koch, and so on. The woody species which grew in the entire belts were Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi and Vitis flexuosa Thunb., and Vitex rotundifolia L. f. which was known to be highly tolerant to salt spray drift was found only in belt I. The woody species with high important value(IV) were Zelkova serrata(Thunb.) Makino., Celtis sinensis Pers., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann, Mallotusjaponicus(Thunb.) Muell. Arg., Trachelospermum asiaticum(Siebold & Zucc.) NAKAI, and Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi. These species were classified as native windbreak trees that are comparatively more tolerant to salt spray drift than other kinds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 1979

In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate of the waste wood of Cortinellus edodes was investigated using crude cellulase preparation of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. The crude cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. Reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalisylic acid (DNS) method. 1. The chemical composition of the waste wood was crude protein 2.26%, c. fat 2.57%, c. fibre 44.60%, c. ash 5.58% and lignin 13.62%. In amino acid composition, no cystine and methionine was showed, but trace amount of Vitamin A, $B_1$, and $B_2$, niacine and chloride were detected. (Table 1) 2. As heat treatment of the substrate was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted for 48hr. with T.v cellulase, the substrate was heated to $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. either before or immediately after milling. 3. The substrate heated and ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. the reducing sugar yield reached to 11.5%. 4. The substrate without any treatment was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted 72hr. with T. v cellulase, the reducing sugar yield reached to 10.1%. 5. The rate of reducing sugar per each treated substrate was decreased by the order of the substrated, heated and then ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (11.5%)> without any treatment (10.1)> ball milled and heated at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (6.9%). 6. Saccharification of waste wood has been shown to be possible by heat treated and milling the substrate in contact with cellulase. And it is likely to be recommended that the waste wood may be valuable for raw materials of saccharification.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 1986

The effect of different inoculation amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores and fertilizers on the growth of Pinus densiflora seedlings grown in fumigated or nonfumigated soils were tested in the: polyethylene pots. To infest the pot soil with Pt spores, the mixture of the spores with sterilized nursery soil was used after seeding. Eighteen months after inoculation, mycorrhizal formation was 42-70% in fumigated plus Korean-Pt inoculated pots, 60-70% in fumigated plus U.S.-Pt inoculated pots, and less than 1% in non-fumigated, Korean-Pt inoculated pots. Growth enhancement effect of Pt spore inoculation was shown on only fumigated soil and the inoculation increased the seedlings height (8-38%), stem diameter (9-40%) and dry weight (6-73%). Especially 0.4g per pot application rate increased the height (30-31%), stem diameter (23-28%) and dry weight (56-69%), while the 0.2g U.S. Pt spore per pot rate increased 26-38, 17-20 and 58-60%, for height, stem diameter, and dry weight respectively. At 1X fertilizer application rate (urea 2g, fused superphoshate 4g, and potassium chloride 1g per pot), the 0.4g per pot rate resulted in more dry weight by 18% than that at 1/2X rate. The result indicated that there is a need for further research on inoculating nonfumigated soil with Pt and that appropriate application rates of fertilizers and Pt spores are 1X and 0.2-0.4g per pot on fumigated soil, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 1973

Mold producing cellulase were isolated from rotten woods, and identified as the three species: Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Aspergillus schiemanni Thom and Trichoderma viride Pers. In this paper, culture conditions in the media and characteristics of these strains were investigated. Using these strains, we have conducted a research concerning the utilization of farm product waste materia's. 1. Optimum conditions for the cellulase formation were as follows. KM 10-1; pH 5.2-5.5, $35^{\circ}C$, incubation time 6 days. OL 11-1; pH 5.5, $30-35^{\circ}C$, incubation time 6 days. SH 9-2; pH 5.5, $30^{\circ}C$, incubatoin time 6 days. 2. Their cellulase activities in their optimum condition were as follows: KM 10-1; CMC-LP 78.5% CMC-SP 4.0 glucose mg/gm of the cultures/min. OL 11-1; CMC-LP 89.9%, CMC-SP 4.9 glucose mg/gm of the cultures/min. SH 9-2; CMC-I.P 77.4%, CMC-SP 3.9 glucose mg/gm of the cultures/min. 3. Hydrolysis of animal feed containing a large quantity (23-30%) of cellulose by means of the crude enzyme in the selected strains resolved 30% of the cellulose contained in the animal feed.