• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.507-514
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• 2005

연구배경 : COPD환자에서 질환의 중증도, 치료 반응정도, 급성악화등을 평가하는데 $FEV_1$과 PEFR이 중요한 측정지표로 사용되고 있다. 하지만 COPD환자에서 PEFR과 $FEV_1$의 일치성에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않아 PEFR 측정이 중증도 분류 검사로 사용이 가능한지는 모르는 상태이다. 방 법 : 2003년 9월부터 2004년 8월까지 건국대학교 병원호흡기 내과 외래에서 진료받은 COPD환자 125명을 대상으로 $FEV_1$과 PEFR을 측정하여 그 결과를 통계, 분석하였다. 결 과 : $FEV_1$ 예측치의 평균은 $56.98{\pm}18.21$이었고 PEFR 예측치의 평균은 $70{\pm}27.60$로 PEFR 예측치가 $FEV_1$ 예측치보다 13%정도 높게 측정 되었다. 두 검사 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. COPD환자들의 나이와 PEFR 과는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 주관적 증상인 호흡 곤란과 PEFR 과는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결 론 : COPD 환자들에서 PEFR 을 이용한 중증도 분류시 $FEV_1$에 비해 경한 쪽으로 분류되는 성향이 있으므로 증상이 심한 경우 중증도 분류 해석에 주의를 요해야 하겠다. COPD 환자들에서 중증도 분류가 확정된 경우 추적 관찰은 PEFR 값으로 $FEV_1$을 대체하는 것이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.298-308
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• 1997

연구배경 : 휴대용 PFMs에 의한 PEFR측정은 쉽고 간편하여 천식의 진단과 추적관찰에 널리 이용되고 있는데, 이들에 의해 측정된 PEFR성적이 얼마나 믿을만 할 것인지는 의문이다. 따라서 저자는 전산화폐기능검사기계인 pneumotachygraph를 기준으로 MPFM에 의한 PEFR측정의 정확도, 일치성, 정밀성을 검토하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 22례의 정상인과 17례의 경증 및 중등도의 천식환자를 대상으로 휴대용 PFMs인 MPFM로 PEFR을 측정하였고 전산화폐기능검사기계인 pneumotachygraph로 폐환기기능검사를 시행하였으며, 이중 정상인만을 대상으로 서로 다른 3일 동안 연속적으로 같은 방법으로 폐기능검사를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 정상인과 환자군 모두에서 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR은 pneumotachygraph 에 의해 측정한 PEFR, $FEV_1$과 유의한 순상관관계에 있었다(for PEFR, r = 0.92, p < 0.001 ; for $FEV_1$, r = 0.78 ; p < 0.001). 정상인과 환자군 모두에서 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR은 pneumotachygraph로 측정한 PEFR과 평균 16.5L/min의 차이(측정된 실제 PEFR의 2.90%)를 보였고 정상인만을 대상으로 했을 때는 10.6L/min의 차이(측정된 실제 PEFR의 1.75%)를 보여 NAEP에서 추천한 정확도의 기준 10%이내로 높은 정확도를 나타냈다. 정상인과 환자군 모두에서 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR과 pneumotachygraph로 측정한 PEFR사이의 Bland-Altman방법에 의한 일치성은 회귀방정식을 이용해 교정했을 때 -71.5~+38.2L/min을 보였고 정상인만을 대상으로 했을 때는 -20.49~+9.49L/min을 보여, 정상인에서 연속 3 일간 얻은 개체내 일치성과 유사하였다. 정상인만을 대상으로 연속 3일간 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR과 pneumotachygrph에 의한 폐기능성적은 각각 횟수에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었고(p > 0.05), MPFM에 의한 PEFR의 CV는 $2.4{\pm}1.2%$로서 pneumotachygraph에 의한 $5.2{\pm}3.5%$보다 유의하게 작았다(p < 0.05). 결 론 : 이상의 성적으로 MPFM에 의해 측정한 PEFR은 전산화폐기능검사기계에 의한 폐기능성적과 다를 바 없는 좋은 성적을 측정할 수 있어서 기관지 천식환자의 폐기능상태의 변화양상을 추적관찰하는데 유용한 것으로 사료되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.638-643
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• 2005

목 적 : 본 연구는 외래에서 진료가 가능한 경도의 천식 환자에서 $FEV_1$ %와 PEFR% 값의 연관성을 알아보고자 시행 하였다. 방 법 : 2003년 9월부터 2004년 8월까지 건국 대학교 병원 호흡기 내과 외래에서 진료를 받은 경증의 기관지 천식 환자들을 대상으로 PEFR과 $FEV_1$를 측정하여 두 검사 값 사이의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결 과 : $FEV_1$ (predicted %)로 경증으로 분류된 87명의 환자 중 PEFR 검사로 82명(94.3%)의 환자가 동일한 경증으로 분류되었고, $FEV_1$ %가 중등증으로 분류된 5명의 환자 중 PEFR로 중증도 분류 시 5명(100%) 모두 동일한 중등증 분류되었다. $FEV_1$ %에 의한 중증도와 PEFR %에 의한 중증도가 일치하지 않는 경우는 전체 92명 중 5명(5.7%)였다. $FEV_1$ %와 PEFR %값의 상관 계수는0.686로(Y= 0.427 + 56.35 X, p<0.01 순상관 관계를 보였고 가중 ${\kappa}$(kappa)상관계수는 0.74 (95% CI, 0.63-0.81)로 일치성을 보였다. 결 론 : 증상이 심하지 않은 경도의 천식 환자에서 PEFR%와 $FEV_1$ %은 높은 일치성을 보여 상호 교환 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각되며, 경도의 증상만 있는 천식 환자에 대해서 폐 기능 검사 기계가 구비되어 있지 않은 의료 기관에서 최대 호기 유속기의 올바른 사용만으로도 정확하고 객관적인 자료를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.412-427
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• 2023

The effects of wet-aging using a commercial refrigerator (CR, 4℃) and a pulsed electric field refrigerator (PEFR, 0℃ and -1℃) on the quality of sous vide pork loin were analyzed. The moisture and fat contents, pH, CIE L^*, CIE b^*, chroma, and shear force of the wet-aged samples were lower than those of the raw meat samples, whereas the water holding capacity (WHC) was higher. The PEFR group showed higher pH, CIE b^*, chroma, and WHC and lower weight loss than the CR samples. Electronic nose analysis indicated that positive flavor compounds were induced whereas negative flavor compounds were inhibited in the PEFR group. Wet-aging increased the sourness, saltiness, and umami of sous vide pork loin; the PEFR 0℃ samples showed the highest umami. Sensory evaluation indicated that wet-aging improved the color of sous vide pork loin. The PEFR 0℃ samples were rated higher than the raw meat and CR samples for all sensory traits. In conclusion, sous vide after wet-aging using a PEFR improved the quality of pork loin.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2004

To evaluate the acute effects of fine particles on pulmonary function, a longitudinal study was conducted. This study was carried out for the schoolchildren (3rd and 6th grades) living in Beijing, China. Each child was provided with a mini-Wright peak flow meter and a preformatted health symptom diary for 40 days, and was trained on their proper use. Participants were instructed to perform the peak flow test three times in standing position, three times a day (9 am, 12 pm, and 8 pm), and to record all the readings along with the symptoms (cold, cough, and asthmatic symptoms) experienced on that day. Daily measurement of fine particles (PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$) was obtained in the comer of the playground of the participating elementary school for the same period of this longitudinal study. The relationship between daily peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and fine particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, height, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and daily average temperature and relative humidity as extraneous variables. The total number of students participating in this longitudinal study was 87. The range of daily measured PEFR was 253-501$\ell$/min. In general, the PEFR measured in the morning was lower than the PEFR measured in the evening (or afternoon) on the same day. The daily mean concentrations of PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ over the study period were 180.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 103.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. The IQR (inter-quartile range) of PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ were 91.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 58.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. During the study period, the national ambient air quality standard of 150$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ (for PM$_{10}$) was exceeded in 23 days (57.5%). The analysis showed that an increase of 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ of PM$_{10}$ corresponded to 0.59$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ increment of PM$_{2.5}$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average PM$_{10}$ (or PM$_{2.5}$) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including gender, height, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of fine particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. The IQR increments of PM$_{10}$ or PM$_{2.5}$ (at 1-day time lag) were also shown to be related with 1.54 $\ell$/min (95% Confidence intervals: 0.94-2.14) and 1.56$\ell$/min (95% CI: 0.95-2.16) decline in PEFR.R.ine in PEFR.ine in PEFR.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2017

Background: Tasks involved in traditional charcoal production expose workers to various levels of charcoal dust and wood smoke. This study aimed to identify specific tasks influencing lung function and respiratory symptoms. Methods: Interviews, direct observation, and task/symptom checklists were used to collect data from 50 charcoal-production workers on 3 nonwork days followed by 11 workdays. The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured four times per day. Results: The PEFR was reduced and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms increased over the first 6-7 workdays. The PEFR increased until evening on nonwork days but not on workdays. Loading the kiln and collecting charcoal from within the kiln markedly reduced the PEFR and increased the odds of respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: Tasks involving entry into the kiln were strongly associated with a short-term drop in the PEFR and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms, suggesting a need for the use of protective equipment and/or the operation of an effective kiln ventilation system.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2004년도 International Conference Global Environmental Problems and their Health Consequences
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• pp.193-196
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• 2004

To evaluate the acute effects of fine particles on pulmonary function, a longitudinal study was conducted. This study was carried out for the schoolchildren (3rd and 6th grades) living in Beijing, China. Children were asked to record their daily levels of peak expiratory flow rate using portable peak flow meter (mini-Wright) for 40 days. The relationship between daily PEFR and fine particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, height, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and daily average temperature and relative humidity as extraneous variables. The total number of students participating in this longitudinal study was 87. Daily measured PEFR was in the range of $253{\sim}501L/min$. On the daily basis, a PEFR measured in the morning was shown to be lower than that measured in the evening (or afternoon). The daily mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ over the study period were $180.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $103.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The IQR (inter-quartile range) of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were $91.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $58.0\;{\mu}g/m^3$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average $PM_{10}$ (or $PM_{2.5}$) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including gender, height, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of fine particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. The IQR increments of $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}$ (at 1-day time lag) were also shown to be related with 1.54L/min (95% Confidence intervals -2.14, -0.94) and 1.56L/min (95% CI -2.16, -0.95) decline in PEFR.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2007

To evaluate the effect of air pollution on respiratory health in children, We conducted a longitudinal study in which children were asked to record their daily levels of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate(PEFR) using potable peak flow meter(mini-Wright) for 4 weeks. The relationship between daily PEFR and ambient air particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age in year, weight, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and relative humidity as an extraneous variable. The daily mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ over the study period were $64.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $46.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The range of daily measured PEFR in this study was $182{\sim}481\;l/min$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average $PM_{10}(or\;PM_{2.5})$ levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including sex, weight, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of air particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. We estimated that the IQR increment of $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}$ were associated with 1.5 l/min (95% Confidence intervals -3.1, 0.1) and 0.8 l/min(95% CI -1.8, 0.1) decline in PEFR. Even though this study showed negative findings on the relationship between respiratory function and air particles, it was worth noting that the findings must be interpreted cautiously because exposure measurement based on monitoring of ambient air likely resulted in misclassification of true exposure levels and this was the first Korean study that $PM_{2.5}$ measurement was applied as an index of air quality.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2010

This study tried to analyze about the investment effects on the spent capital and possessed tangible assets of some hospitals during their hospital management. For this analysis purpose, this study used the financial data of 100 hospitals which presented their financial statements to an finance-information company from 2004 to 2006. The analysis was done with PEFR(Percentage of External Funds Required) and Tangible Asset. The FEPR considered the retained interior fund relating to the investment types in the hospital industry. And the Tangible Asset was related to the possession condition of facilities and equipment. The EBIT rate(Earnings before interest and tax to sales) meaning the management performance and tangible asset turnover were used as the measured variables of investment effect. As the result of data analysis, it was identified that the tangible asset like the hospitals's facilities and equipment was not an agent significantly to influence on the management performance(EBIT rate), the eventual goal of hospital management. But, it was identified that there was some differences tangible asset turnover according to each hospital's main characteristics. And at targeting the all sample hospitals, it was found that the management performance(EBIT rate) had some significant effect on the retained earnings rate, a part of source of PEFR.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.690-705
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• 1995

Pulmonary function tests were conducted on 815 healthy primary school children (390 males and 425 female) in rural area using Collins Survey Spirometer (Warren E. Collins, Inc., U.S.A.) with X-Y Recorder. Respiratory symptoms(cough, sputum, sore throat, chest pain, chest tightness, dyspnea, coryza) were surveyed by the interviews. Multiple regression analysis and regression diagnostics were done for prediction equations of FVC, $FEV_1,\;PEFR\;and\;FEF_{25-75%}$. FVC, $FEV_1,\;PEFR\;and\;FEF_{25-75%}$ values in 3 groups of children classified by the number of symptom were compared each other through standard variable value. FVC, $FEV_1,\;PEFR\;and\;FEF_{25-75%}$ showed highly significant correlation with age, height and weight. Prediction equations for FVC, $FEV_1,\;PEER,\;FEF_{25-75%}$ are functions of height only in both male and female children aged between 6 and 12 years old. PEFR showed a significant difference related with the number of symptom in female. These results suggest that the PEFR is sensitive PFT parameter in this study.