• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.809-816
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• 1997

In this presented study, we established a method for diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) by in situ hybridization(ISH), which made distinct progress in diagnostic pathology. We also carried out the retrospective diagnosis through ISH to assume the exact time of the first outbreak and incidence of PED in Korea. The outbreak of PED in Korea reported in 1992. However, since the end of 1980's, some researches of pig-industry have already suspected the outbreak of PED, not transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE). In this experiment, we performed the ISH using 80 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues of porcine intestine which were requests for pathological diagnosis from 63 farms whose primary sign was diarrhea from 1984 to 1991. We prepared biotinylated cDNA probe(492base pairs) for ISH by nick translation method and carried out the ISH, using $Microprobe^{TM}$ capillary action system(Fisher $Biotech^R$). We detected PED virus in intestinal mucosa of 2 cases in 1992, 1 case in 1988, and 1 case in 1987. As a result, we assume that the outbreak of PED in Korea have already started since 1987.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of children who visited the pediatric emergency department (PED) following an accident. Method: Data were obtained from the medical records of 4,010 children who visited the PED from January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2006. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 13.0 version. Results: The percentage of children who visited the PED for treatment following an accident was 14.9%. There were more boys (63.5%) than girls. The largest age group for children visiting the PED was preschool aged children. Slip downs were the most frequent accident (37.1%). The face was the most frequently injured area of the body (26.0%). Most (93.3%) of the children who visited the PED were classified as non-emergency, 6.5% as emergency and 0.2% as urgent. About 70.0% of children were examined and 50% of children were medicated. Fifty percent stayed in the PED department for less than 2 hours, and 88.0% of children were discharged to home. Nine percent were admitted, and 2.2% were transferred to other hospitals. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the need for accident prevention education for parents, and the need to develop effective education for clinical nurses working in PED.

• 한국ITS학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.120-125
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• 2010

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 1999

In our previous studies, we reported that hybridoma B-lymphocytes can be used to determine the virulence of Listeria species in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Here, we examined the cytopathic effect, i.e., membrane damage and the nature of cell death induced by Listeria monocytogenes on murine hybridoma B-lymphocytes (Ped-2E9). Membrane damage was assessed by microscopic analyses and by measuring the release of intracellular alkaline phosphatase(AP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Cell death was determined by DNA fragmentation analyses using agarose gel electrophoresis. Infection by listeriolysin O (LLO)-producing L. monocytogenes strains induced substantial amounts of AP and LDH release from Ped-2E9 hybridoma B-cells, suggesting severe membrane damage in these cells, while an LLO-negative L. monocytogenes mutant strain had no effect. An LLO-producing recombinant L. innocua ($prifA^+hly^+$) strain also induced high AP and LDH release and cytopathic changes in Ped-2E9 cells. Light or scanning electron microscopic examination revealed L. monocytogenes mediated membrane destabilization, pore formation, intense cytoplasmic granulation, bleb formation, and lysis of Ped-2E9 cells. LLO-producing L. monocytogenes and L. innocua ($prifA^{+}hly{^}+$) also induced ladder-like DNA fragmentation in Ped-2E9 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that L. monocytogenes, specifically LLO-producing strains, can induce a severe cytopathic effect leading to apoptosis in hybridoma B-lymphocytes (Ped-2E9).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.575-581
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• 1995

Both immunoelectron microscopy(IEM) and immunogold conjugate immunoelectron microscopy (IGC-IEM) techniques were developed for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) from the feces. Fecal samples were incubated sequentially with anti-PEDV monoclonal antibody(MoAb) and immunogold conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG+IgM. Then negatively stained, mounted on the formvar carbon-coated copper EM grids and observed by the transmission electron microscope. By the direct electron microscopy(DEM), coronavirus particles were observed from 17 cases of total 33 fecal samples of grower pigs and sows. The virons of coronavirus were moderately pleomorphic but mostly spherical, with a diameter ranged from 90 to 190nm. PED virus particles were identified from 15 cases of 17 DEM positive samples by the IEM and IGC-IEM techniques. Aggregates of PED virus coated with specific antibody were seen in fecal samples incubated with homologous anti-PED virus MoAb but not in control samples incubated with anti-TGE virus MoAb. Following incubation with immunogold-conjugated secondary antibody, the gold granules were usually distributed around and among the virus particles and soluble and viral particle-associated antigen. So, IEM and IGC-IEM techniques were proved a rapid and sensitive methods for detection and identification of PED virus from fecal and intestinal contents.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.58.1-58.25
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• 2023

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has posed significant financial threats to the domestic pig industry over the last three decades in South Korea. PEDV infection will mostly result in endemic persistence in the affected farrow-to-finish (FTF) herds, leading to endemic porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) followed by year-round recurrent outbreaks. This review aims to encourage collaboration among swine producers, veterinarians, and researchers to offer answers that strengthen our understanding of PEDV in efforts to prevent and control endemic PED and to prepare for the next epidemics or pandemics. We found that collaboratively implementing a PED risk assessment and customized four-pillar-based control measures is vital to interrupt the chain of endemic PED in affected herds: the former can identify on-farm risk factors while the latter aims to compensate for or improve weaknesses via herd immunity stabilization and virus elimination. Under endemic PED, long-term virus survival in slurry and asymptomatically infected gilts ("Trojan Pigs") that can transmit the virus to farrowing houses are key challenges for PEDV eradication in FTF farms and highlight the necessity for active monitoring and surveillance of the virus in herds and their environments. This paper underlines the current knowledge of molecular epidemiology and commercially available vaccines, as well as the risk assessment and customized strategies to control PEDV. The intervention measures for stabilizing herd immunity and eliminating virus circulation may be the cornerstone of establishing regional or national PED eradication programs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.805-813
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• 1994

Immunohistochemical study on the intestinal tissues obtained from the 21 pigs of the 14 terms in Korea in which the clinical and epidemiological features had indicated the possible outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) was performed using the indirect immunofluorescence test and/or the immunoperoxidase method in order to detect PED viral antigens in the infected cells of the intestines, and histopathological features were described as well. By immunohistochemical analysis, PED viral antigens were detected in the epithelial cells covering the small intestinal villi and recognized slightly in the cells lining the colonic surface epithelium as well. Occasional fluorescence was also seen in a few intestinal crypt epithelium. On light microscopy, the piglets with PED showed marked villous atrophy and fusion, and severe enterocyte degeneration and desquamation. On the other hand, the older pigs more than 4 week old age was mild villous atrophy and fusion, severe villous epithelial cell proliferation, and moderate mononuclear cell infiltration.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.37-40
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• 1999

cDNAs for long- and short-chain acyl-CoA oxidases in fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation were isolated and were characterized their enzymatical and molecular properties. Both oxidases were exclusively localized in glyoxysomes, indicating that glyoxysomes can completely metabolize fatty acids to acyl-CoA by their cooperative action. In order to clarify the regulatory mechanisms underlying degradation of storage oil, we tried to obtain glyoxysome-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis. We screened 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) mutants of Arabidopsis which have defects in glyoxysomal fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation. Four mutants can be classified as carrying alleles at three independent loci, which we designated pedl, ped2, and ped3, respectively (where ped stands for peroxisome defective). The characteristics of these ped mutants are described.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1985.08b
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• pp.83-96
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• 1985

cDNAs for long- and short-chain acyl-CoA oxidases in fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation were isolated and were characterized their enzymatical and molecular properties. Both oxidases were exclusively localized in glyoxysomes, indicating that glyoxysomes can completely metabolize fatty acids to acyl-CoA by their cooperative action. In order to clarify the regulatory mechanisms underlying degradation of storage oil, we tried to obtain glyoxysome-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis. We screened 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) mutants of Arabidopsis which have defects in glyoxysomal fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation. Four mutants can be classified as carrying alleles at three independent loci, which we designated pedl, ped2, and ped3, respectively (where ped stands for peroxisome defective). The characteristics of these ped mutants are described.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.463-466
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• 2009

A swine farm located in the Kyungpook province (designated as farm D that have been suffering from PED for several years was selected to study the etiology and the outbreak pattern of PED by clinical and laboratory examinations. Clinical examination indicated that sows exhibited signs of mastitis resulting in an inadequate transfer of lactogenic immunity against PEDV to newborn piglets. Furthermore, serological tests revealed that all sow groups and their piglets had low levels of anti-PEDV antibody. These data suggest that improper vaccination program has been indeed performed in this farm. Remarkably, despite no symptoms of PED in weaners, the presence of PEDV was identified by RT-PCR from fecal samples of weaning piglets, indicating persistent PEDV circulation in the herd. Based on these results, the following basic control schemes were executed for the control of PEDV circulation in the farm; a) A quick removal of affected pigs and disinfection of affected sheds. b) restructuring of vaccination program and employment of consultant. c) prompt treatment of mastitis and removal of poor lactogenic sows, and d) enhancement of biosecurity of farrowing house by acquisition of additional space. We evaluated risk factors and implementation of control measures in two months and were unable to found any case related to PEDV infection. Taken together, our data indicate that the method described above is effective for the control of PED outbreak in farm persistently suffering from PEDV infection.