• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.471-481
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• 2021

Objective: A comprehensive study was conducted to study the effects of partition of variance on accuracy of genetic parameters and genetic trends of economic traits in Vanaraja male line/project directorate-1 (PD-1) chicken. Methods: Variance component analysis utilizing restricted maximum likelihood animal model was carried out with five generations data to delineate the population status, direct additive, maternal genetic, permanent environmental effects, besides genetic trends and performance of economic traits in PD-1 chickens. Genetic trend was estimated by regression of the estimated average breeding values (BV) on generations. Results: The body weight (BW) and shank length (SL) varied significantly (p≤0.01) among the generations, hatches and sexes. The least squares mean of SL at six weeks, the primary trait was 77.44±0.05 mm. All the production traits, viz., BWs, age at sexual maturity, egg production (EP) and egg weight were significantly influenced by generation. Model four with additive, maternal permanent environmental and residual effects was the best model for juvenile growth traits, except for zero-day BW. The heritability estimates for BW and SL at six weeks (SL6) were 0.20±0.03 and 0.17±0.03, respectively. The BV of SL6 in the population increased linearly from 0.03 to 3.62 mm due to selection. Genetic trend was significant (p≤0.05) for SL6, BW6, and production traits. The average genetic gain of EP40 for each generation was significant (p≤0.05) with an average increase of 0.38 eggs per generation. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.02 in PD-1 line. Conclusion: The population was in ideal condition with negligible inbreeding and the selection was quite effective with significant genetic gains in each generation for primary trait of selection. The animal model minimized the over-estimation of genetic parameters and improved the accuracy of the BV, thus enabling the breeder to select the suitable breeding strategy for genetic improvement.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2003

In order to search the new serotonin bioisoster, 2-(5,6-dimethoxy-l-indenyl)ethyl amine(1) was synthesized. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde, as starting material, was condensed with malonic acid in the presence of pyridine and piperidine to form 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid(2). Compound 2 was performed catalytic hydrogenation with 10％ Pd-C to give propanoic acid derivative 3, which was cyclized by Friedel-Crafts acylation to afford 5,6-dimethoxyindan-l-one(4). Compound 4 was reduced with NaBH$_4$ in ethanol to obtain l-indanol 5, and it was dehydrated to give 5,6-dimethoxy-l-indene(6). This compound was lithiated with 2.5M n-butyllithium and reacted with 1,2-dibromoethane to give 2-(5,6-dimethoxy-l-indenyl)ethyl bromide(7), and which was treated with anhydrous ammonia to synthesize compound 1.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.21
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• 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been changing the paradigm of cancer treatment. However, immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) have also increased with the exponential increase in the use of ICIs. ICIs can break up the immunologic homeostasis and reduce T-cell tolerance. Therefore, inhibition of immune checkpoint can lead to the activation of autoreactive T-cells, resulting in various irAEs similar to autoimmune diseases. Gastrointestinal toxicity, endocrine toxicity, and dermatologic toxicity are common side effects. Neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity are relatively rare but can be fatal. ICI-related gastrointestinal toxicity, dermatologic toxicity, and hypophysitis are more common with anti- CTLA-4 agents. ICI-related pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, and myasthenia gravis are more common with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Treatment with systemic steroids is the principal strategy against irAEs. The use of immune-modulatory agents should be considered in case of no response to the steroid therapy. Treatment under the supervision of multidisciplinary specialists is also essential, because the symptoms and treatments of irAEs could involve many organs. Thus, this review focuses on the mechanism, clinical presentation, incidence, and treatment of various irAEs.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2017

고추냉이를 잎, 엽병 및 혼합한 전체 등으로 나누어 잎 열풍건조(LD), 엽병 열풍건조(PD), 전체 열풍건조(WD), 잎 증숙 열풍건조(LSD), 엽병 증숙 열풍건조(PSD), 전체 증숙 열풍건조(WSD) 등으로 구분하여 상온($20^{\circ}C$) 추출액, 열수($95^{\circ}C$) 추출액 등 6종 시료에 대하여 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 탁도와 갈변도는 각각 상온 추출과 증숙하지 않은 잎에서 더욱 높았다. pH는 열수 추출액이 상온 추출액보다 대체로 낮은 값을 나타냈다. Hunter 색도값인 L, a, b 값은 다소 차이는 있었으나 황색도인 b값은 잎이 줄기보다 유의적으로 아주 높게 나타났다. 카바졸 펙틴은 잎에서, 수용성 펙틴은 엽병에서 각각 함량이 높게 나타났다. 총폴리페놀 함량은 잎의 경우 LD20, LD95 각각 1,561.43 mg GAE/100 g, 1,163.02 mg GAE/100 g을 보여 열수 추출로 많이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 총플라보노이드는 엽병의 경우 추출온도별 유의적인 함량 차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 관능검사 결과 추출액 LD95 값이 색, 향, 맛, 입안 촉감, 종합적 기호도 등 각 항목에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 전자혀에 의한 신맛, 짠맛, 감칠맛, 단맛 및 쓴맛을 분석한 결과 신맛은 LD20, PSD95, 짠맛은 WSD20, WSD95, 감칠맛은 PD20, PD95에서 각각 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과 고추냉이 잎과 엽병을 이용한 추출액은 부위별 단독보다 병용하여 사용 시 품질 특성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 1988

애모무늬잎말이나방의 성 유인물질 (Z)-9-인테트라데센-1-일 아세테이트(1)와 (Z)-11-테트라데센-1-일 아세테이트(2)를 합성하여 생물활성시험을 수행하였다. 1,8-옥탄디올에서 쉽게 얻을 수 있는 8-브로모옥탄-1-올 THP 에테르를 1-헥신의 리튬음이온과 알킬화시켜 9-테트라데신-1-올 THP 에테르를 얻었다. 이를 Pb/BaSO4 촉매하에서 수소환원시킨 후 PPTS로 보호기를 제거하여 (Z)-9-테트라데센-1-올을 얻었으며 이를 아세틸화시켜 (Z)-9-테트라데센-1-일 아세테이트(1)를 합성하였다. 한편 1,10-데칸디올에서 쉽게 얻을 수 있는 10-브로모데칸-1-올 THP 에테르를 아세틸렌나트륨음이온과 알킬화시켜 11-도데신-1-올 THP 에테르를 얻는다. 이를 다시 부틸리튬으로 처리하여 얻어지는 리튬음이온을 브로모에탄과 반응시켜 11-테트라데신-1-올 THP 에테르를 형성시켰다. 이를 Pd/BaS$O_4$ 하에서 수소환원, 보호기제거 후 (Z)-11-테트라데신-1-올을 거쳐, 아세틸화시켜 (Z)-11-테트라데센-1-일 아세테이트 (2)를 합성하였다. 합성된 성 페로몬에 대한 애모무늬잎말이나방 숫컷의 성 유인력을 시험해본 결과 활성이 있음이 밝혀졌다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권4호
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• pp.527-535
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• 2000

감자전분젤을 매개로 한 수평식 전기영동장치를 이용하여 은행나무(Ginkgo biloba L.)의 megagametophyte로부터 15개 동위효소의 변이가 분석되었다. 분석된 효소 가운데서 ADH, G6PD, IDH, MPI, UGPP의 5개 효소에서는 변이가 나타나지 않았으며, 나머지 10개 효소의 11개 동위효소 구역(ACON-A, FST-B, GDH-A, GOT-B, MDH-B, MDH-C, MNR-A, PGI-B, PGM-A, 6PGD-B, SKDH-B)에서 다형성이 관찰되었다. 이중 MDH-B를 제외한 모든 구역에서 관찰된 동위효소 변이들이 1 : 1의 독립적 분리비를 보임으로써, 이들이 단일 유전자좌에 의해 조절되는 공우성 대립유전자임을 추정할 수 있었다. 한편, 동위효소 유전자좌의 3가지 조합(ACON-A : MDH-B, GOT-B : PGI-B, MNR-A : SKDH-B)에서 약한 연관관계가 관찰되었으며, 이들의 재조합 비율은 0.38-0.40로 계산되었다 (p<0.05).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2009

Streptozotocin-유도 당뇨병 모델을 이용하여 흑삼의 혈당강하작용에 대한 효과를 연구하고 증포과정에 따른 ginsenoside의 조성 변화를 분석하였다. 증포별 ginsenoside의 정량분석 결과, 증포 횟수가 증가할수록 조사포닌의 총량과 대부분의 ginsenoside는 줄어든 반면 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ 함량 및 PD/PT 비율은 증가하는 경향을 보였는데, 이러한 조성은 다른 인삼제품과는 차별성 있는 특징이다. 또한, streptozotocin-당뇨병 유발쥐를 이용한 모델실험에서 흑삼추출물의 투여는 고혈당 준위(300 mg/dL이상)를 정상 수준(102 mg/dL)으로 감소시켰으며, 혈당 수준의 감소는 glycolysis나 HMT shunt 및 지방산 합성에 관여하는 glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, acetyl CoA carboxylase 등의 효소의 활성증대에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 결과는 흑삼추출물의 유의적인 혈당강하 효과를 입증하며 이에 따라 신약이나 식이보조제의 항당뇨물질로서의 이용가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2004

The thiophene or furan-containing hexadentate ligands 1, 12-bis (2-theophene )-2,5,8,ll-tetraazadodecane(Thiotrien ㆍ 4HCl) and 1,12-bis (2-furan)-2,5,8,11-tetraazadodecane(Furatrienㆍ4HC1) were synthesized as their tetrahydrochloride salt and characterized by EA, IR, NMR, and Mass spectrum. Their protonation constants (logK$_{nH}$) and stability constants (logK$^{M}_{L}$ for Cd$^{2+}$, Pb$^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$ and Cu$^{2+}$ ions were determined in aqueous solution by potentiometry and compared with 1, 12-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,5,8, 11-tetra-azadodecane(Pytrien) of pyridyl-containing ligand. The effect stability constants of ligands and metal ion for removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution were described.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.2-11
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• 2021

Antibody-based therapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 have shown remarkable clinical progress on several cancers. However, most patients do not benefit from these therapies. Thus, many efforts are being made to identify new immune checkpoint receptor-ligand pathways that are alternative targets for cancer immunotherapies. Nectin and nectin-like molecules are widely expressed on several types of tumor cells and play regulatory roles in T- and NK-cell functions. TIGIT, CD226, CD96 and CD112R on lymphoid cells are a group of immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that interact with Nectin and nectin-like molecules with different affinities. These receptors transmit activating or inhibitory signals upon binding their cognate ligands to the immune cells. The integrated signals formed by their complex interactions contribute to regulating immune-cell functions. Several clinical trials are currently evaluating the efficacy of anti-TIGIT and anti-CD112R blockades for treating patients with solid tumors. However, many questions still need to be answered in order to fully understand the dynamics and functions of these receptor networks. This review addresses the rationale behind targeting TIGIT, CD226, CD96, and CD112R to regulate T- and NK-cell functions and discusses their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.269-278
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• 2008

Let ${\partial}D$ be the boundary of the open unit disk D in the complex plane and $L^p({\partial}D)$ the class of all complex, Lebesgue measurable function f for which $\{\frac{1}{2\pi}{\int}_{-\pi}^{\pi}{\mid}f(\theta){\mid}^pd\theta\}^{1/p}<{\infty}$. Let P be the orthogonal projection from $L^p({\partial}D)$ onto ${\cap}_{n<0}$ ker $a_n$. For $f{\in}L^1({\partial}D)$, ${\hat{f}}(z)=\frac{1}{2\pi}{\int}_{-\pi}^{\pi}P_r(t-\theta)f(\theta)d{\theta}$ is the harmonic extension of f. Let ${\hat{P}}$ be the composition of P with the harmonic extension. In this paper, we will show that if $1, then ${\hat{P}}:L^p({\partial}D){\rightarrow}H^p(D)$ is bounded. In particular, we will show that ${\hat{P}}$ is unbounded on $L^{\infty}({\partial}D)$.