• 분석과학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2006

변압기 절연유 중 PCBs, Co-PCBs 및 PCDD/Fs를 GC/ECD와 HRGC/HRMS를 이용하여 정량한 결과 각각 N.D.~77.3 ppm, 0.0863~2.49 ppm과 N.D.~0.00241 ppm으로 검출되었다. WHO-TEQ 농도는 Co-PCBs가 23.3~600 pgTEQ/g, PCDD/Fs가 N.D.~128 pgTEQ/g (${\Sigma}Co$-PCBs+PCDD/Fs은 24.4~728 pgTEQ/g)으로 검출되어, 총 TEQ 농도 중 PCDD/Fs가 차지하는 비율은 12% 이하였으나, 변압기 절연유 중에 미량의 다이옥신이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 총 10개의 시료 중 4개의 시료에서 현행 기준인 2 ppm을 초과하였으며, 시료에 따라서 Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254 및 1260이 단품 혹은 혼합품의 형태로 포함되어 있었다. 또한 Co-PCBs와 PCDD/Fs의 농도사이에 상관성이 나타났으나 (P<0.003), 변압기의 제작년도와 농도사이에 상관성은 나타나지 않았다. Co-PCBs 이성체 분포에 있어서 non-ortho 치환 이성체에 비해 mono-ortho 이성체가 높은 비율을 차지하였으며, PCB-118 이성체가 모든 시료에서 42% 이상으로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. PCDD/Fs 이성체 분포에 있어서는 OCDD가 53% 이상으로 다른 이성체에 비해 높은 비율을 차지했다. 또한 일부 시료 중 Co-PCBs의 이성체패턴은 환경 대기시료 뿐만 아니라 PCBs 제품인 Aroclor와 유사한 패턴을 나타내어, 변압기 절연유가 대기 중 PCBs의 오염원 중 하나라는 것이 시사되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.900-906
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 금강 수계 퇴적물 중 PCDD/Fs 및 Co-PCBs의 농도 분포를 파악하고 발생원을 추정하기 위해 17개 지점에서 총 52개의 샘플을 채취하여 분석하였다. 금강 수계 퇴적물 표층에서 검출된 PCDD/Fs 및 Co-PCBs의 농도 수준은 각각 불검출~193.47(평균 84.52) pg/g-d.w.와 0.34~359.19(평균 114.65) pg/g-d.w.를 나타내었으며, TEQ 값은 각각 불검출~5.12(평균 0.88)pg I-TEQ/g-d.w와 불검출~0.58(평균 0.09) $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ pg/g-d.w.을 나타내었다. 유역별로는 하수종말처리장, 분뇨처리장, 매립장 등이 위치한 상류 지역에서 가장 높은 농도를 보였으며, 하천 하류 방향으로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 다이옥신이 검출된 지점에서는 고염소 화합물이 특징적으로 높은 패턴을 나타내었으며, Co-PCBs는 모든 퇴적물 시료의 이성체 패턴이 PCBs 제품의 패턴과 유사한 경향을 보였다. Co-PCBs의 발생원 해석을 위해 통계 분석을 수행한 결과 상업적 PCBs 제품에 의한 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.517-532
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• 2010

After establishment of Banwol industrial complex in 1987, Ansan city becomes the largest industrial sector development in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. As the population and industrial activity grow over this region, toxic air pollutants, particularly POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) from various emission sources have been major public concerns. Air samples for POPs monitoring were collected at the industrial sites ($A_2$), residential sites ($B_1$, $B_2$), commercial site (C), and rural/remote site (D) of the area of Ansan during 2008 with a prolonged industrial sampling site $A_1$ from 2001 to 2008. All samples were analysed for 2,3,7,8 substituted-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin like polychlorinatd diphenyls (dl-PCBs). In site $A_1$, a steady decline of their concentrations from 2003 to 2008 was observed due to the reinforced emission guideline from waste incinerators. The average concentration of the PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs ranged between 0.118 pg-TEQ/$m^3$ (rural/remote site D) and 0.532 pg-TEQ/$m^3$ (industrial area $A_2$). These level were generally consistent with previous studies in Gyeonggi-do, while higher than other places. Most of PCDD/Fs congener were partitioned into particle phase, whereas dl-PCBs were partitioned into gas phase. The logarithm of gas-particle partition coefficient $K_P$ of dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs were well correlated with sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure $P_L$. The slope $m_T$ of log $K_P$ versus log $P_L$ for PCDD/Fs (-1.22) and dl-PCBs (-1.02) in industrial area ($A_2$) were high compared to other residential/commercial area. It suggests that this area was likely influenced by the direct emission source of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. To simulate the partition of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs between gas and particle phase, Junge-Pankow model ($P_L$-base) and $K_{oa}$ model were applied. It was found that J-P model was more suitable than the $K_{oa}$ model in this study.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.294-299
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• 2009

다이옥신의 대기 중 오염수준 및 거동을 조사하기 위해 청주시를 대상으로 3지점(공단, 주거/상업 및 농촌지역)에서 2008년 겨울철, 봄철, 및 여름철에 가스상과 입자상으로 나누어 시료를 채취하였다. 채취된 9개 시료의 대기 중 17개 다이옥신 이성질체의 농도범위는 0.73~2.48(평균 1.41) pg/$m^3$으로 검출되었으며, WHO 2005 TEQ 농도범위는 0.007~0.122(평균 0.051) pg TEQ/$m^3$으로 조사되었다. 이들 농도는 우리나라 다른 도시대기의 농도(불검출~2.149 pg TEQ/m3 )와 유사하거나 낮은 수준을 나타내었다. 대기 중 다이옥신은 대부분이 입자상태로 존재하고 있었으며(총 농도의 54~98%), 시료채취 시기나 지점에 관계없이 유사한 이 성질체 패턴을 나타내었다. 이성질체 분포 비교 및 통계적 해석결과, 청주시 대기 중 다이옥신은 특정한 오염원에 의한 영향은 미비하며 일반적인 연소공정에 의한 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.262-269
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• 2012

국내 연안의 다양한 양식장의 퇴적물과 양식생물에 대하여 다이옥신류(PCDD/Fs), 다이옥신류피씨비(DLPCBs), 및 브롬화방염제(PBDEs)의 잔류수준을 조사하고 분포를 평가하였다. 양식장 퇴적물 중 PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs, PBDEs는 각각 0.03~2.9(평균${\pm}$표준편차, $1.2{\pm}0.89$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ 건중량(dw), 불검출~1.1($0.09{\pm}0.19$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dw, 불검출~16.6($2.96{\pm}3.53$) ng $g^{-1}$ dw 수준으로 검출되었다. 또한 양식생물 체내 함유량은 각각 불검출~0.24($0.07{\pm}0.06$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ 습중량(ww), 불검출~0.11($0.04{\pm}0.04$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ ww, 0.05~0.29($0.13{\pm}0.06$) ng $g^{-1}$ ww 수준이었다. 국내 연안 중 동해안과 남해안에 위치한 양식장 퇴적물 중 총다이옥신류(PCDD/Fs+DLPCBs)와 PBDEs의 농도는 서해안보다 약 4~7배 높은 수준을 보였다. 퇴적물에서는 총다이옥신류에 대한 PCDD/Fs 기여율이 대부분(평균 94%)을 차지했지만, 양식생물에서는 DLPCBs가 약 33% 수준으로 퇴적물에 비해 높은 기여율을 보였다. PBDEs 중에서는 양식장 퇴적물과 생물 모두에서 BDE209가 가장 높게 검출되었다. 이전 연구와 비교했을 때, 국내연안 퇴적물과 양식생물 중 PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs, PBDEs의 잔류수준은 대체로 감소하는 추세에 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.192-203
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• 2020

Objectives: The concentration distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenlys (dl-PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine particles were investigated to provide basic data on POP behavior and composition analysis. Methods: The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PAHs by particle size were evaluated for TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5. Also, fine dust component analysis and factor analysis were performed to identify the source of PCDD/Fs. Results: The particle size distribution was found to account for 24.3% of >10 ㎛, 14.5% of 2.5-10 ㎛, and 61.2% of <2.5 ㎛. The average contributions of coarse particles (>2.5 ㎛) and fine particles (<2.5 ㎛) were PCDD/Fs 67%, dl-PCBs 66%, benzo (a) pyrene 83% and PAHs 84%, and the contributions of fine particles (<2.5 ㎛) were higher than coarse particles (>2.5 ㎛). However, the contributions of coarse particles increased in April to September with higher temperatures, while those of fine particles increased in February to March with lower temperatures. Conclusions: Low chlorinated (4Cl-5Cl) PCDD/Fs were more adsorbed compared to coarse particles due to the influence of pollutant migration from particulate to gas phase according to temperature rise, whereas high chlorinated (6Cl-8Cl) PCDD/Fs were more adsorbed compared to fine particles. PCDD/Fs sources were assessed to be major sources of emissions, such as incineration facilities and/or open burning.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.548-561
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• 2015

Atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated dibezo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) were investigated at urban-residential (Group I: Suwon, Guri and Goyang), industrial (Group II: Ansan, Siheung and Bucheon), urban-rural mixed (Group III: Yangju, Pocheon and Dongducheon) and rural regions (Group IV: Yangpyeong) in Gyeonggi-do from February 2012 to November 2012 quarterly. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.018 to $0.109pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group I (mean value: $0.061pgTEQm^{-3}$), 0.059 to $0.367pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group II (mean value: $0.179pgTEQm^{-3}$), 0.072 to $0.836pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group III (mean value: $0.334pgTEQm^{-3}$) and 0.014 to $0.066pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group IV (mean value: $0.034pgTEQm^{-3}$), respectively. In spite of the less PCDD/F emission sources than Group II (industrial regions), the level of PCDD/Fs in urban-rural mixed area showed the highest values with high fluctuation. It's likely that the Group III was affected by fugitive emissions such like biomass burning and unregulated open burning. The mean contribution of particle phase to total PCDD/F concentration was above 83% because most of PCDD/F congeners were partitioned into particle phase. We evaluated their gas-to-particles equilibriums with the regression between the particle-gas partition coefficient, $K_P(m^3{\mu}g^{-1})$ and corresponding subcooled liquid vapor pressure ($P_L$). The logarithm-$K_P$ of PCDD/Fs was poorly correlated with $P_L$ at low ambient temperature (below $10^{\circ}C$) and the slope (m) values for log-log plots of the $K_P$ vs. $P_L$ was steeper in the Group 2 and Group 3 than residential area. It implies that the slope values were likely influenced by both the direct emission source of PCDD/Fs and ambient temperature.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2007

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in marine sediments from Mokpo coastal water of Korea. Total and toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 19.4 to 175pg/g dry weight and ranged from 0.195 to 2.87 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry weight, respectively. These PCDD/F concentrations were below the safety sediment value (20 pg TEQ/g dry weight) of chronic toxicity. A highly significant correlation between the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and total organic carbon (TOC) in marine sediments was observed. Overall PCDD/F concentrations in the sediments were elevated in rivers and at inner locations close to harbors, indicating that these contaminants derived from local discharges of human activities. PCDD/F concentrations measured in our study were lower than those in several industrialized areas in Korea. Nonparametric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination showed that combustion processes from industrial complexes are the major source of PCDD/Fs in Mokpo coastal water.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2008

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are ubiquitous and can contaminate the food chain. A study monitoring PCDD/Fs in imported meat was conducted at the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS, Republic of Korea) in order to maintain food safety from the bioaccumulative PCDD/Fs. Seventeen PCDD/Fs with toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) established by World Health Organization (WHO, 1998) were analyzed in imported beef, pork, and chicken by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HR-GC/MS). Results of the monitoring for the last 5 years are presented. The levels of PCDD/Fs were similar to other studies except two unusually high concentrations in pork and beef. Excessive levels greater than the Korean provisional maximum residue limit of PCDD/Fs were found in a sample of pork imported from Chile and a sample of beef imported from U.S, and those products were rejected and returned. There was no obvious trend or differences with respect to time or origin of meat in this study.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.879-886
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• 2006

The analytical methods of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) for water sample with extremely low concentration was developed to extract large volume and to improve fast chromatography for clean up. Semi-automated solid phase extraction (SPE) system and column coupling chromatography using elution pump was optimized and applied to each processes of treatment plant. Results of disk type SPE indicated that this system was applicable below 40 L of aqueous sample with a flow rate of 0.08 ~ 0.2 L/min. Average recoveries of SPE using labeled sampling spike of $^{37}Cl$-2,3,7,8-TCDD was 97%. Column coupling method resulted in reduced clean up time, solvent volume, increased average recoveries with constant elution rate. The combined methods were applied to the monitoring of drinking water treatment plant. Limits of detection (LOD) of each process were calculated. For example, LOD of raw and treated water ranged 0.094~0.968 pg/L and 0.028~0.364 pg/L, respectively. Combined methods of extraction and cleanup techniques provided fast analysis of PCDD/Fs with high accuracy and low LODs for water samples.