• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.242-249
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• 2012

Total 11 samples of sediments from the Geum river and the Nakdong river and its estuaries were analyzed to investigate the distribution characteristics of PBDEs and HBCD. Concentration of PBDEs in sediments ranged from 2.19~101.34 (average 30.70, median 20.91) ng/g-dw. The concentration range of PBDEs in river sediments is greater than those of estuary sediments. The HBCD concentration was ranged from N.D.~7.85 (average 1.47, median 0.32) ng/g-dw. HBCD concentrations compared with PBDEs are approximately 1/20 level, which is associated with low domestic usage. Isomer patterns of PBDEs and HBCD suggested that not only the use of commercial products, but the physicochemical properties of these materials, environmental degradation, and environmental behavior could affect the distribution characteristics of these chemicals and their isomers.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.2 s.89
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• pp.111-117
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• 2006

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pine needles and soil samples from rural area were analyzed in this study. Concentrations of PBDE congeners were ranged between 0.2 and 3104 pg/g DW(dry weight) in pine needles and between 2.4 and 1997 pg/g DW in soil samples. The most abundant congener both in pine needles and soil samples was BDE-209, which was related to importation and production of deca-BDE technical mixtures in Korean industry. And BDE-99, BDE-47, BDE-100 deposited in pine needles and soil samples were closely matched with the major constituents of the penta-BDE technical mixture. Those can be interpreted as an evidence that transfer of the congeners in deca-BDE and penta-BDE technical mixtures from source to pine needle and soil occurs with broadly similar efficiency. Correlation coefficient(r) of PBDE congeners deposited in pine needles and soil samples is very significant because it implies th at there has been little weathering/degradation/alteration of the congeners generated from sources during atmospheric transport or within pine needles and soil themselves.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.510-516
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• 2009

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in soil samples of Ansung in Kyonggi-province to investigate concentration distribution of PBDEs and PCBs. The 10 soil samples were collected using a stainless steel hand-held corer that was cleaned before and after each sample using hexane. Total concentration of PBDE and PCBs were 2,205.3 and 348.1 pg/g dry weight (DW) in soil sample, respectively. BDE-209 showed as the most abundant congener in soil samples which was related to imported amount and usage amount of deca-BDE technical mixture in Korea. Also, BDE-99, BDE-47, BDE-100 deposition in soil sample was higher than other congeners and was related to the imported and usage amount reported for penta-BDE technical mixture in Korea. Correlation coefficient between PBDE contribution and technical mixture formulation (Bromokal 70-5DE) were significant (r=0.91, p<0.01) which suggests the influence of sources in this technical mixtures.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.435-442
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• 2011

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) which have taken much interest recently due to their potential hazardous effects to human body and ecosystem. Many countries and European community prohibits the usage of certain BFRs in electronics and electronic devices (e.g. RoHS). In this perspectives, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) has designed and practiced proficiency testing programs based on the ISO/IEC 17043 in order to assist laboratory accreditation activities. The programs for interlaboratory comparisons include congeners of PBDE (PBDE-154, 183, 206, 209) in high impact polystyrene (HIPS). A sample bottle that contains 10 g granular HIPS was distributed to 35 participating laboratories and the test results were calculated by the statistical procedure using z-scores to evaluate performance of each laboratory. The results and the laboratory's performance were discussed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.3.1-3.7
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• 2014

Objectives This study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Pine (Pinus densiflora), Platanus (Platanus), and Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These were used as passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods Tree barks were sampled from the same site. PBDEs were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer, and the lipid content was measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results Gingko contained the highest lipid content (7.82 mg/g dry), whereas pine (4.85 mg/g dry), Platanus (3.61 mg/g dry), and Metasequoia (0.97 mg/g dry) had relatively lower content. The highest total PBDEs concentration was observed in Metasequoia (83,159.0 pg/g dry), followed by Ginkgo (53,538.4 pg/g dry), Pine (20,266.4 pg/g dry), and Platanus (12,572.0 pg/g dry). There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in tree barks ($R^2$=0.1011, p =0.682). Among the PBDE congeners, BDE 206, 207 and 209 were highly brominated PBDEs that are sorbed to particulates in ambient air, which accounted for 90.5% (84.3-95.6%) of the concentration and were therefore identified as the main PBDE congener. The concentrations of particulate PBDEs deposited on tree barks were dependent on morphological characteristics such as surface area or roughness of barks. Conclusions Therefore, when using the tree barks as the PAS of the atmospheric PBDEs, samples belonging to same tree species should be collected to reduce errors and to obtain reliable data.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2014

Objective: This study was carried out in order to determine the depositional characteristics of pine needles, pine bark, and soil used as a passive air sampler (PAS) for atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods: All three media were sampled from the same site. The PBDE concentrations were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS, and the lipid contents were measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results: The total PBDE concentration was the highest in soil (22,274.57 pg/g dry), followed by pine bark (20,266.39 pg/g dry), and then pine needles (7,380.22 pg/g dry). Pine needles contained the highest lipid contents (21.31 mg/g dry), whereas soil (10.01 mg/g dry), and pine bark (4.85 mg/g dry) contained less. There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in the media ($R^2$=0.8216, p=0.2814). Congeners BDE 47, 99, 183, 196, 197, 206, 207 and 209 showed peak concentrations. Among these, BDE 206, 207, and 209 are highly brominated PBDEs that exist as particulates in ambient air. They accounted for 81.2% [69.2 (pine needles) - 89.0% (tree bark)] of the concentration and therefore are noted as the main congener of the total PBDEs. Conclusions: It can therefore be concluded that for reducing error by improper sampling, the same species of media should be recommended for use as a PAS for atmospheric PBDEs due to the differences in depositional characteristics.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

An analytical method of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil samples by isotope dilution method using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-selected ion monitoring (SIM) was described. PBDEs in soil were extracted with soxhlet extractor and then silica and florisil solid phase extraction (SPE) methods as purification of extract were compared. After clean-up, the extractions were analyzed by GC/MS with SIM mode. Quantitation was performed isotope dilution method using four $^{13}C$ isotopically labeled PBDEs as internal standards. This developed method was validated for eight congeners of PBDEs in the concentration range 0.04~4 ng/g in soil and the average recovery of the analytes ranged 30.8~110.8% for florisil and 44.4~110.7% for silica, respectively. The method detection limits of PBDEs were 0.04~0.3 ng/g.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.629-636
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• 2014

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame-retardant additives have been used in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles. They are structurally similar to PCBs and other polyhalogenated compounds. PBDEs are found in a variety of foods, and 95% of all human exposure to POPs comes from food. The major food sources are fish/seafood and dairy products. A number of studies have reported high levels of PBDEs in animals, increasing the public's concern over PBDE levels in animals. This study evaluates the relationship between the level of PBDEs according to piglet diseases. Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus are bacterial diseases. Porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease. The concentration of PBDEs in the piglet liver from viral diseases was higher than that from bacterial diseases. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were detected in most samples. More PBDEs were detected in the piglet liver from PRRS of North American type than from that of European type.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1071-1076
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• 2007

Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in pine needles of Seoul, and Ansung(GyeongGi-do) to investigate composition, source, and regional concentration of PBDEs. Concentration of total PCBs in Seoul and Ansung showed 608, 945 pg/g DW (mean: 777 pg/g DW), respectively, also concentration of total PBDEs(pg/g DW) in Seoul and Ansung showed 7944, 14,255 pg/g DW(mean 11,100 pg/g DW). Tetrachlorinated biphenyls(Tetra-CBs) and Decabromodiphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE) were detected in relatively high concentration compared to other PBDE congeners in Seoul and Ansung. Correlation coefficients(r) of between PCB congeners in pine needles detected of Seoul and Ansung were significant (r=0.85, p<0.01). It suggested that PCBs concentration in pine needles may originate from secondary sources such as air-plant partition. The similarity of between PBDE congeners profile to those of the technical mixture formulation (Bromkal 70-5DE) suggests a source of this product in these sites.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.413-420
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• 2012

In this paper, PBL-based design education(PBDE) techniques for effective engineering design education to assess the infrastructure and outcome of creative engineering education which has been recognized as an important target in accreditation system of engineering education and a case of contents development as PBDE application to the logic circuit design that is essential integrant course of IT division of universities is presented. Because integrant design is based on compositional technologies with restricted realistic constraints, design components and the application of realistic constraints are different from those of capstone design. PBL technique must be carefully considered as it is used for creative design education. We applied the developed content to real design classes for validation of its performance and effectiveness.