• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1170-1176
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• 2002

We examined the effects of Whadamcheongwha-tang(WDCWT) extract on the acetic-acid induced antigastric ulcer in rats. These experiments investigated the numerical changes of gastrin and histamine secreting cells of the gastric mucosa by immunohistochemical method, and the changes of mucin of gastric mucosa by PAS-AB stain methods after the oral administration of WDCWT extract(1.0ml/day) and omeprazole(0.2mg/day) for 1, 3 and 6 weeks. The result are as follows; 1. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in result, gastrin secreting cells in gastric mucosa were increased compared to the control group. 2. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in result, the density of immunoreactive gastrin cells was increased compare to the control group. 3. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in results, the changs of mucosal thickness stained by PAS/PAS-AB was increased compared to the control group. 4. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in results, the density of PAS stain was decreased compare to control group, but density of AB stain was increased compare to control group. The results suggest that WDCWT extract inhibits a gastric acid secretion in rat gastric mucosa, and is useful in the treatment of the hyperacidity and gastric ulcer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1669-1674
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• 2007

The conventional histochemical stains were used to study the properties of mucosubstances of the intestine in four teleostean species, i. e., Agramus agramus, Inimicus japonicus, Epinephelus chlorostigma, and Helicolenus dactylopterus, all belonging to the order Perciformes. The following methods were used; periodic acid Schiff (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH at 2.5, AB pH at 1.0, AB pH at 2.5-PAS, and aldehyde fuchsin (AF) pH at 1.7-AB pH at 2.5 stain. The mucosal folds of intestines show differences in species and regions. Widely distributed in all portions studied, goblet cells situated between cylinderical epithelial cells are round or ovoid in shape. They were most densely distributed in distal intestine. In the middle and. distal intestine of Epinephelus chlorostigma and all regions of intestines of Agramus agramus, Inimicus japonicus, and Helicolenus dactylopterus, the presence of both acidic and neutral mucin was confirmed. The property of acidic mucosubstance was sialomucin. Neutral mucin was only encountered in the proximal intestine of Epinephelus chlorostigma. The amount and property of mucin showed differences in species and regions. In the distal intestine of Inimicus japonicus, the amount of acidic mucin is similar to that of neutral mucin. In all regions of intestine of Agramus agramus, proximal and middle intestine of lnimicus japonicus, middle and distal intestine of Epinephelus chlorostigma, and distal intestine of Helicolenus dactylopterus, acidic mucin occured more frequently than neutral mucin. The proximal and middle intestine of Helicolenus dactylopterus have more neutral mucin than acidic mucin.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 1975

The present study was performed histologically and histochemically to observe the cutaneous mucous glands in the frog, Rana nigromaculata during metamorphosis. The cutaneous thssues including dermal plicae in the dorsal portions of the frog tadpoles at each metamorphosis stage were fixed in 10% buffered formalin at$4^{\circ}C$, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned 4 $\mu$m thickness and stained with periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) and alcian blue (AB) at both pH 2.5 and pH 1.0. The results of observation were as follows: 1. The developments of cutaneous mucous glands of the frog tadpole were begun with appearance of gland cell nest in the dermis at metamorphosis XV stage and significant numerical increases could be seen at metamorphosis XX, XXIII and XXIV stages. 2. This cutaneous mucous gland of the frog tadpole could be divided into two types; A-type glands showed strong positivities to both PAS and AB at pH 2.5 in the gland body cells and to PAS in the gland neck cells, and B-type glands at AB pH 2.5 in the gland body cells. 3. In the A-type mucous glands, the reactivities of the glandular epithelial cells to both PAS and AB stain could be first seen at the metamorphosis XIX stage of frog tadpole. The reactivities of the glandular epithelial cells to both PAS and AB pH 2.5 were gradually increased according to the process of metamorphosis after XX stage of metamorphosis. 4. The B-type mucous glands were first seen at the XX stage and the reactivity of the glandular epithelial cells to AB at pH 2.5 was gradually increased according to the process of metamorphosis after XX stage. 5. The A-type and the B-type mucous glands were in the ratio of 99 : 1, 7 : 3 and 5.5 : 4.5 for each of metamorphosis XX, XXI-XXII and XXIII-XXV stages. 6. The remarkable development of the cutaneous mucous glands of the frog tadpoles might be needed to maintain water and electrolyte balances according to the change of way from aquatic life to amphibious.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2002

Background: Diffuse panbronchiolitis(DPB) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that presents as coughing, copious sputum, exertional dyspnea, which progresses to bronchiectasis. The pathogenesis of bronchiectasis is controlled by inflammatory mediators, which are closely related to mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell dysplasia. In recent studies, the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) system was reported to be associated with this process. It was hypothesized that a relationship exists between goblet cell dysplasia, EGFR expression, and inflammatory mediators produced by neutrophil. Method: Alcian blue/periodic acid -Schiff(AB/PAS) stain, MUC5AC, EGFR, CD16 immunohistochemical stain were examined to investigate a role for the EGFR system in a mucus hypersecretion in DPB using the lung biopsy specimens from 13 DPB patients and 6 controls. Results : In the DPB group, the AB/PAS and MUC5AC -stained areas were $8.31{\pm}3.36%$, $11.46{\pm}4.68%$, respectively. In the control group, the AB/PAS- and MUC5AC-stained areas were $50.5{\pm}5.77%$, $53.3%{\pm}6.67%$, which was significantly larger than in the DPB group (each comparison, p<0.05). The percentage of EGFR expression was $9.54{\pm}4.95%$ in the DPB group, but zero in of the control group. The extent of neutrophilic infiltration was $71.92{\pm}3.71$/5HPF in the DPB group and $45.0{\pm}5.73$/5HPF in the control group, which was statistically significant(p=0.002). Conclusion: The EGFR system is highly related to goblet cell dysplasia, mucus hypersecretion and neutrophilic inflammation in DPB.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find out biological response of bivalves exposed to tributyltin chloride(TBTCl). The results of the study confirmed that TBTCl induce the reduction of oxygen consumption rateand histopathological feature in the gill structure of equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis. The experi-mental groups consisted of a control and 3 TBTCl exposure groups (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 yg TBTCl L') and theexperimental period was 36 weeks. For histological analysis, gill tissues were fixed in Bouin's fluid andthen stained H-E stain, AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction and Masson's trichrome stain after having serially sec-tioned the tissue by paraffin method at thickness of 4-6 (an. The oxygen consumption rate was not signifi-cantly different between the control and exposure groups at 4 weeks, but in all exposure groups at 28 weeks,it was significantly different to the control. Gill of G. veneriformis had demibranch that attached two sheetsof lamellae and a lamella was composed of numerous filaments, numbering 25 on average. The frontal fila-ment zone had three types of cilia; frontal, latero-frontal and lateral depending on locations while the lateralcilia were the longest and largest in number. The mucous cells observed in filaments were more abundant in(542c) in AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction. Gill exposed to TBTCl was extended hemolymph sinus and increased hemocytes at 4 weeks, and then it showed increases of mucous cells and partially disappearance of frontalcilia. In the group of 0.8 yg TBTCl L' at 12 weeks, hypertrophy of frontal and latero-frontal epithelia wasobserved. Also it observed m decrease of mucous cell containing weekly acid mucosubstance and appearedpartially destruction muscle fiber bundle, In the groups of 0.4 and 0.6 ug TBTCl L' at 36 weeks, it appearedpartially modification of epithelia and in 0.8 us TBTCl L' group, observed filaments that come out chiti-nous rod from disappearance of frontal and latero-frontal epithelia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.80-90
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• 2003

Background : Goblet cell hyperplasia is a critical pathological feature in hypersecretory diseases of the airways. A bacterial infection of the lung is also known to induce inflammatory responses, which can lead to the overproduction of mucus. Recently, mucin synthesis in the airways has been reported to be regulated by neutrophilic inflammation-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and activation. In addition, it was reported that migration of the activated neutrophils is dependent on the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9. In this study, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion by EGFR cascade, resulting from the MMPs-dependent neutrophilic inflammation were investigated in the rat airways. Methods : Pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were studied in vivo. Various concentrations of LPS were instilled into the trachea in $300{\mu}{\ell}$ PBS (LPS group). Sterile PBS ($300{\mu}{\ell}$) was instilled into the trachea of the control animals (control group). The airways were examined on different days after instilling LPS. For an examination of the relationship between the LPS-induced goblet cell hyperplasia and MMPs, the animals were pretreated 3 days prior to the LPS instillation and daily thereafter with the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI; 20 mg/Kg/day of CMT-3; Collagenex Pharmaceuticals, USA). The neutrophilic infiltration was quantified as a number in five high power fields (HPF). The alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (AB/PAS) stain were performed for the mucus glycoconjugates and the immunohistochemical stains were performed for MUC5AC, EGFR and MMP-9. Their expressions were quantified by an image analysis program and were expressed by the percentage of the total bronchial epithelial area. Results : The instillation of LPS induced AB/PAS and MUC5AC staining in the airway epithelium in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Treatment with the MMPI prevented the LPS-induced goblet cell hyperplasia significantly. The instillation of LPS into the trachea induced also EGFR expression in the airway epithelium. The control airway epithelium contained few leukocytes, but the intratracheal instillation of LPS resulted in a neutrophilic recruitment. A pretreatment with MMPI prevented neutrophilic recruitment, EGFR expression, and goblet cell hyperplasia in the LPS-instilled airway epithelium. Conclusion : Matrix metalloproteinase is involved in LPS-induced mucus hypersecretion, resulting from a neutrophilic inflammation and EGFR cascade. These results suggest a potential therapeutic role of MMPI in the treatment of mucus hypersecretion that were associated with a bacterial infection of the airways.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 2003

Objective : The purpose of this study is To investigate the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli(ST36) and Weishu(BL21) Methods : serum gastrin level by radioimmunoassay was measured at 5 days after acupuncture and moxibustion of those acupoints. Gastric endocrine cell(G cell and Histamine immunoreactive density) by avidin-biotinylated complex(ABC) technique, histological examinations(Alcian Blue-PAS Stain; Alcian blue-Periodic Acid Schiff reagent) of the gastric mucosa were also performed. Acupuncture applied to the ST36 acupoint increased gastrin level of serum, but moxibustion did not produced significant effect. All of acupuncture and moxibustion at BL21 acupoint increased gastrin level of serum significantly. In moxibustion at ST36 and BL21, the number of gastrin secreting cells in gastric mucosa, the density of immunoreactive histamin secreting cells and the density of body mucosa stained by PAS were decreased compare to acupuncture at ST36 and BL21. In acupuncture and moxibustion at BL21, the density of pylorus mucosa stained by PAS were increased compare to the groups applied to ST36. In the density of body mucosa stained by AB, moxibustion at BL21 and ST36 were increased compare to the other groups. Results : These data suggest that acupuncture and moxibustion at BL21 increased gastrin level of serum and those effects were more potent than acupuncture at ST36.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2016

The RLG (relative length of gut) is 1.52 (n=12) in the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria. The digestive tract has five or six pyloric caeca in the posterior region of stomach. Morphology of mucosal fold is unbranched type in the esophagus and stomach, but branched type in the intestine. The histological structure of digestive tract can be divided into mucosal layer, submucosal layer, muscular layer and serous membrane in the cross section. In the esophagus, mucosal epithelial layer is a simple, and consists of ciliated columnar epithelia and mucous cells. In the stomach, gastric gland of mucosal epithelial layer is a tubular, and is composed of chief cell, parietal cell and mucin secreting cell, which is columnar and contained secretory granules of red and blue colors in the AB-PAS (pH 2.5) reaction. In the intestine, mucosal epithelial layer is a simple, and consists of ciliated columnar epithelia and goblet cells. The submucosal layer is composed mainly of collagen fibers, and well developed in the esophagus. And the muscular layer of digestive tract is divided into longitudinal and circular muscle layer, and well developed in the stomach. The liver is composed of numerous lobular structure and bile canaliculi. Stainability of hepatocyte cytoplasm was eosinophilic, and nucleus and nucleolus showed basophilic in the H-E stain. The pancreatic tissue was scattered in the fatty tissue near the digestive tract, and acinar gland consisting of numerous exocrine cells. And cytoplasmic stainability of exocrine cell was basophilic, and contained numerous zymogen granules of eosinophilic in the H-E stain.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find out biological responses of bivalves exposed to organotin compound.The results of the study confirmed that tribultyltin chloride (TBTCl) induce reduction of survival rate andburrowing activity, and histopathological feature in the foot structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphinaveneriformis. The experimental period was 36 weeks. The experimental groups consisted of a control and 3TBTCl exposure groups (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 ym TBTCl L'). The survival rate and burrowing activity were record-ed daily. For histological analysis, foot tissues were fixed in Bouin' s fluid and then stained H-E stain, AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction and Masson's trichrome stain after having serially sectioned the tissue by paraffinmethod at thickness of 4-6 ym. The survival rate was not significantly different between the control andexposure groups for 20 weeks, but in 0.8 Um TBTCl L', it was on the decreased ever since the exposure. Theburrowing activity was not significantly different in the exposure group compared to the control up to 12weeks, but in 0.6 and 0.8 ym TBTCl L', it measured the lowest level after 20 weeks. The foot is composedof the epidermal layer, connective tissue, and muscular layer. The epidermal layer is composed of simplecolumnar, cuboidal epithelia and mucous cells. The cilia were well developed on the apical surface ofepithelium, Circular, longitudinal and transverse muscle bundle were well developed in the muscular layer.The majority mucous cells showed blue color (542c) when it subjected to AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction. Nohistopathological alterations in the foot were observed up to 12 weeks. After 20 weeks of exposure to 0.8 (anTBTCl L'', the foot samples of exposed G. veneriformis showed disappearance of cilia and striated borderpartially and extension of hemolymph sinus. The mucous cell increased in the marginal of foot. At 28-weekof exposure to 0.4 ym TBTCl L', it observed weekly acid (564c), neutral (264c) and mixed mucous cell. At36-week of exposure to 0.6 ym TBTCl L', it showed fragmentation of the muscle and collagen fiber bundle,and also diappearance of cilia on epithelia and edema of epithelium in 0.8 ym TBTCl L''.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1993

The transplantation of cartilage, especially auricular cartilage, has assumed a role of importance in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery. From long years ago, many reports have appeared in the literature describing the experimental and clinical results of the use of cartilage. At present, the evidence for survival of autograft of cartilage is admitted, But, the results for interrelationship between the bone and cartilage grafts with or without perichondrium is not so conclusive. The purpose of this study were observed as to whether autogenous cartilage grafts were fixed by means of tie with 4-0 vicryl and fibrin adhesive on the femur or microscopic findings of union state in 16 rabbits. We sacrified the experimental animals after 1, 2, 4, 6 weeks postoperatively and made the specimens as a routine laboratory procedures and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, Verhoeff-van Gieson elastic fiber stain, and alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff(AB-PAS) for mucopolysaccharide. Histologic evaluation was performed under microscope. The obtaind results were as follows : 1. Fibrous union was formed between the grafting cartilage and the femur, nor any findings of calcification and formation of new bone. 2. Partial fibrous adhesion was observed in fibrin adhesive groups on 6 weeks postoperatively. 3. Appositional growth has performed more in fibrin adhesive groups than tie groups. 4. There are little difference in both for new copillary proliferation and fibroblast activations. 5. Degenerative changes have apperared more in tie groups than adhesive groups, but not related to the healing periods.