• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2018

Only the habitat characteristics and breeding status of Paridae have been studied, in addition to the lack of research on Parus varius varius, there is no study on the home-range in the post fledging period. This study was analyzed the home-range size of Parus varius varius in the post fledging period. The survey was conducted in the site located in Dankook Univ. Cheonan Campus(Middle Chungcheong Province). We captured five newborn Parus varius varius using artificial nest was installed before. Radio-tracking was carried out for analysis of home-range, and MCP (Minimum Convex Polygon) was used for analysis. We analyzed 1 individual tracked 15 days (VT5) and 4 individuals which missing radio-tracking transmitter within 3 days (VT1~VT4). Home-range of VT5 gradually increased to 1,38ha, 1.42ha, 2.14ha in the order of early, middle, late period. On the other hand, moving distance was decreased to 174.558m 125.129m, 120.180m. Home-range of V1~VT4 was estimated as 0.81ha which was 75.3% share of home-range of VT5 in early period. As the result it was found that home-range is formed far apart from artificial nest that has been influenced by human being interference, thereafter gradually adapting to interference and spreading close to artificial nest. through this research, we can construct basic ecological data for protecting habitat of Parus varius varius and increasing life rate. As first radio-tracking study of Parus varius varius home-range in the post fledging period, it is expected to be useful for the future study of home-range.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 1990

Electrophoretic methods were used to examine the degree of genic variation and genetic relatedness in 11 populations representing 6 species and subspecies of the genus Parus in Korea. The average degree of genic variation of 3 subspecies of P. major was =1.2, =24.4% , D=0.042, and G=0.058, whereas the rest of the species showed slightly lower degree of genic variation than P. major. Genetic relatedness between subspecies and species in the genus Parus showed similar to those reported at comparable taxnonomic levels in other birds. But it appears to be considerably less than that of non avian taxa. Genetic relatedness between 3 subspecies of P.major and P. varius varius was closely related(=0.80), whereas between P.palustrius hellmayri and P.ater amurensis was relatively remote (=0.67). The presumed divergent times of P.palustrius hellmayri, P, ater amurensis , and P. varius varius were about 1.8, 1.6, and 1.0million years before present respectively, and 3 subspecies of P. major were recently differentiated about 100 thousands years before present.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.760-766
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• 2011

This study was analyzed between actual vegetation type and 4 Paridaes of Korea (Great tit Parus major minor, Marsh tit P. palustris hellmayri, Coal tit P. ater amurensis, Varied tit P. varius varius) in the urban forests in Seoul. The population size of total Paridaes was highest in Robinia pseudoacacia community. When supposed the same area for revision of the difference of each type, the population size was highest in Alnus hirsuta community. The next orders of total observed population was Alnus hirsuta - Pinus desniflora - Quercus acutissima - Castanea crenata. In the urban forest, Paridaes are looks not affected by the naturality of vegetation but other key figure.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1997

한국산 조류 중 박새속(genus Parus)에 속하는 4종 Parus major wladiwostokensis (박새), P. ater amurensis(진박새), P. palustrius hellmayri(쇠박새) 및 P. varius varius(곤줄 박이)를 대상으로 이들의 계통적 유연관계를 구명하기 위하여 mtDNA분석을 실시하였다. 6 base를 인지하는 10개의 제한효소를 처리하여 얻어진 mtDNA의 크기는 16.6~17.0Kb였으며 Pst I과 Pvu II는 종간 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 각 종간의 절편양상을 비교하여 Parus속의 종 간 분화정도를 비교한 결과 P. m. wladiwostokensis와 P. a. amurensis의 유전적 근연관계 가 가장 가까웠고(p=0.073, F=0.294) P. a. amurensis와 P. v. varius는 비교적 현저한 유전 적 차이를 보였다.(p=0.119, F=0.143). Brown 등 (1979)의 공식을 이용하여 박새속 4종의 분 화시기를 추정한 결과 이들은 후기 선신세(Pliocene)와 초기 홍적세(Pleistocene) 사이에 분 화된 것으로 추정되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 1989

한국산 박새속 조류 Porus maior(박새), Parus ater(진박새), Parus palustris(쇠박새), Parus varius(곤줄박이)의 핵형을 C-banding 방법으로 분석한 결과 ZZ-ZW 염색체를 동정, 확인할 수 있었으며, 구조적 이질염색질의 부위가 일반염색 방법에 의한 핵형 비교에서 보다 종간에 더 많은 차이를 나타냈다. 그러나 일반염색 방법과 C-banding 방법 만으로는 4종간의 종분화 기작을 추측할 수 없었다. The chromosomal analysis of Paws motor, Paws ater, Pahs palustris and Pows varius of the genus Paws in Korea were performed by C-handing method. The identification of sex chromosones was ascertained and the part of constitutive heterochromatin was more different between interspecies than by conventional Giemsa staining method. However, conventional Giemsa staining and C-banding methods could not explain mechanisms of speciation between four species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in egg-laying characters of Varied tit (Parus varius) as elevation in the Mt. Jirisan. We set up 144 artificial nest-boxes at three sites located in 300, 900, 1400m in elevation and checked egg size, clutch size and first date of egg-laying. At a result, There was no difference in egg size as elevation. But clutch size at high elevation was lower than at low elevation. Also, first date of egg-laying at high elevation was later than at other sites. In this research, we think that difference of clutch size at three sites result from 'individual adjustment hypothesis' and difference of first date of egg-laying have relation to sprouting date of leaves and distribution of insects.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.65-68
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• 1999

In December-January of 1996-1997 and 1997-1998, information was gathered about vertical distribution of foraging sites of tits in 34 flocks in coniferous and deciduous forests. There was a significant effect of forest type on the distribution of foraging sites of each species. Habitat was classified into 5 height layers vertically: ground, bushes (usually＜1.5 m, up to 3 m), tree layer 1 (up to 1/3 of tree height), tree layer 2 (1/3-2/3 tree height). and tree layer 3 (＞2/3 tree height). There were differences among species: great tit (Parus major) foraged mostly on the ground, coal tit (P. ater) and long-tailed tit (Acrocephalus caudatus) - on the highest tree layer, marsh tit (P. palustris) was often seen on bushes, and varied tit (P. varius) - in tree layer 2. Smaller species used upper and outer parts of trees. suggesting that, like in most other similar studies. larger dominant species prevented smaller species from using inner parts of trees.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2005

This study was conducted to reveal tree species preference and inter-specific difference of foraging behavior among four canopy-dwelling birds at forest dominated by Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldian and Carpinus cordata at 1,000 meters above sea level during breeding season of birds from 1995 to 1997 in Mt. Jumbongsan. Breeding birds were about 25 species and dominant birds were Erithacus cyane, Parus ater and Parus palustris. A relatively high number of bush-nesters can be a characteristic of breeding bird community at study area. Three gleaners (Tits, P. varius, P. palustris and P. ater) selectively preferred the trees irrespective of dominant tree species, whereas bark foragers (Nuthatch, Sitta europaea) utilized the dominant trees. The four birds showed significant inter-specific difference in use of foraging location, but the three tits did not show significant inter-specific difference in use of foraging maneuver and trees. Closely related tits may coexist with each other by inter-specific different use of foraging location determined by foliage structure and leaf arrangement.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.358-364
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• 1989

한국산 박새속 조류 Porus major(박새), Porus atter(진박새), Porus poiustris(쇠박새), Parus varius(곤줄박이)의 핵형을 일반염색 방법으로 분석한 결과 4종의 염색체 수는 모두 2n=78∼80으로 나타났고, 성 염색체를 포함한 7쌍이 macrochromosome, 그 외 32∼33쌍이 microchromosome이었다. 종간 차이를 나타내는 염색체는 5번째 염색체와성염색체인 Z·W-염색체였다. 이러한 핵형의 차이는 5번째 염색체에서는 pericentric inversion, 성 염색체에서는 전좌에 의한 것으로 생각된다. The chromosomal analysis of Pows major, Paws after, Paws palustris and Paws vorius of the genus Paws in Korea were performed by conventional Giemsa staining method. The diploid number of four species were 2n=78-80, and there were 7 pairs of macrochromosomes and 32 or 33 pairs of microchromosomes. The 5th and Z·W-chromosomeswere distinctly different between interspecies. Probably these karyological differences were speculated by pericentric inversion in 5th chromosome and translocation in Z·W-chromosomes.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.432-441
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• 2016

In this study, we predicted species distributions in Mt. Inwang and Mt. An as preceding research to build ecological corridor by considering connectivity of habitats which have been fragmented in the city. We analyzed species distributions by using Maxent (Maximum Entropy Approach) model with species presence. We used 23 points of mammals and 15 points of Titmouse (Parus major, P. palustris, P. varius) as target species from appearance points of species examined. We build 4 geography factors, 4 vegetation factors, and 2 distance factors as model variables In case of mammals, factors that affected species distribution model was Digital Elevation Model(DEM, 34%) followed by Distance from edge forest to interior (24.8%) and Species of tree (10%). On the other hand, in case of Parus species, factors that affected species distribution model were DEM (39.6%) followed by distance from road (35.4%) and Density-class (8.2%). Therefore, birds and mammals prefer interior of mountain, and this area needs to be protected.