• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.335-347
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• 2022

We investigated the emergence patterns of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) adults using sex pheromone traps in the three northeastern areas, Dandong (40°07'N 124°23'E) (Liaoning province), and Gongzhuling (43°30'N 124°49') and Longjing (42°46'N 129°26'E) (Jilin province), China, in 2020 and 2021. Two times of adult flight seasons were isolated clearly during the rice growing periods in the all areas, in which the first season from mid May to late July, and the second season from mid July to mid September were observed. The adult emergence seasons in the areas at higher latitude were later than that at lower latitude. Using the adult emergence data during the first flight seasons, the second flight seasons were estimated through insect phenology modelling, and compared with the observed data. Temperature-dependent life history models (developmental rate, development completion, survival rate, adult aging rate, total fecundity, oviposition completion, and adult survival completion) were collected or constructed for each life stage of C. suppressalis, in which the data from the four previous studies were used. Those models were combined in an insect phenology estimation software, PopModel, and operated for the observed areas. In the results, the phenology modelling operated with the models based on the data of shorter larval periods in the previous studies estimated more accurately the second flight seasons. In 2021, we investigated the change of damaged hill ratios of rice with observing the adult emergence at Dandong and Longjing, 2021. The increase periods of damaged hill ratios of rice were observed two times during the total rice cultivation season, which may be caused by different generations of C. suppressalis larvae.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.766-772
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• 2000

Background : Pressure rise time (PRT) is the time in which the ventilator aclieves the set airway pressure in pressure-targeted modes, such as pressure control ventilation (PCV). With varying PRT, in principle, the peak inspiratory flow rate of the ventilator also varies. And if PRT is set to a shorter duration, the effective duration of target pressure level would be prolonged, which in turn would increase inspiratory tidal volume(Vti) and mean airway pressure (Pmean). We also postulated that the increase in Vti with shortening of PRT may relate inversely to the patients' basal airway resistance. Methods : In 13 paralyzed patients on PCV (pressure control 18$\pm$9.5 cm $H_2O$ $FIO_2\;0.6\pm0.3$, PEEP 5$\pm$3 cm $H_2O$, f 20/min, I : E1 : 2) with Servo 300 (Siemens-Elema, Solna, Sweden) from various causes of respiratory failure, PRT of 10 %, 5 % and 0 % were randomly applied. At 30 min of each PRT trial, peak inspiratory flow (PIF, L/sec), Vti (ml), Pmean (cm $H_2O$) and ABGA were determined. Results : At PRT 10%, 5%, and 0%, PIF were 0.69$\pm$0.13, 0.77$\pm$0.19, 0.83$\pm$0.22, respectively (p<0.001). Vti were 425$\pm$94, 439$\pm$101, 456$\pm$106, respectively (p<0.001), and Pmean were 11.2$\pm$3.7, 12.0$\pm$3.7, 12.5$\pm$3.8, respectively (p<0.001). pH were 7.40$\pm$0.08, 7.40$\pm$0.92, 7.41$\pm$0.96, respectively (p=0.00) ; $PaCO_2$ (mm Hg) were 47.4$\pm$15.8, 47.2 $\pm$15.7, 44.6$\pm$16.2, respectively (p=0.004) ; $PAO_2-PaO_2$ (mm Hg) were 220$\pm$98, 224$\pm$95, 227$\pm$94, respectively (p=0.004) ; and $V_n/V_T$ as determined by ($PaCO_2-P_E-CO_2$)/$PaCO_2$ were 0.67$\pm$0.07, 0.67$\pm$0.08, 0.66$\pm$0.08, respectively (p=0.007). The correlation between airway resistance and change of Vti from PRT 10% to 0% were r= -0.243 (p=0.498). Conclusion : Shortening of pressure rise timee during PCV was associated with increased tidal volume, increased mean airway pressure and lower $PaCO_2$.