• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2005

Purpose : To conduct a nationwide survey on the principals in radiotherapy for rectal cancer, and produce a database of Korean Patterns of Care Study. Materials and Methods : We developed web-based Patterns of Care Study system and a national survey was conducted using random sampling based on power allocation methods. Eligible patients were who had postoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer without gross residual tumor after surgical resection and without previous history of other cancer and radiotherapy to pelvis. Data of patients were Inputted to the web based PCS system by each investigators in 19 institutions. Results : Informations on 309 patients with rectal cancer who received radiotherapy between 1998 and 1999 were collected. Male to female ratio was 59 : 41, and the most common location of tumor was lower rectum ($46\%$). Preoperative CEA was checked in $79\%$ of cases and its value was higher than 6 ng/ml in $32\%$. Pathologic stage were I in $1.5\%$, II in $32\%$, III in $53\%$, and IV in $1.6\%$. Low anterior resection was the most common type of surgery and complete resection was peformed in $95\%$ of cases. Distal resection margin was less than 2 cm in $30\%$, and number of lymph node dissected was less than 12 in $31\%$. Chemotherapy was peformed in $91\%$ and most common regimen was 5-FU and leucovorine ($59\%$). The most common type of field arrangement used for the initial pelvic field was the four field box (Posterior-Right-Left) technique ($65.0\%$), and there was no AP-PA parallel opposing field used. Patient position was prone in $81.2\%$, and the boost field was used in $61.8\%$. To displace bowel outward, pressure modulating devices or bladder filling was used in $40.1\%$. Radiation dose was prescribed to isocenter in $45.3\%$ and to isodose line in 123 cases ($39.8\%$). Percent delivered dose over $90\%$ was achieved in $92.9\%$. Conclusion : We could find the Patterns of Care for the radiotherapy in Korean rectal cancer patients was similar to that of US national survey. The type of surgery and the regimen of chemotherapy were variable according to institutions and the variations of radiation dose and field arrangement were within acceptable range.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the treatment outcomes after postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) and chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The PMRT were retrospectively analyzed in 83 patients with stage II-III female breast cancer treated between 1989 and 1995. The median age was 46 years (range, 23-77): Seventy-seven patients had modified radical mastectomies, 5 radical mastectomies and 1 simple mastectomy. Three patients ($4\%$) had pathologically negative axillae, and the remaining 80 ($96\%$) had positive axillae. Eleven, 23, 44 and 5 patients had pathological stages IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB, retrospectively. Eighty ($96\%$) patients were treated with hockey-stick fields. The median dose of PMRT was 50.4 ey, in 1.8 Gy fractions. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy was given to 74 patients ($89\%$). CMF-based or doxorubicin-containing regimens were given to 54 patients ($55\%$). The median follow-up time was 82 months (range, 8-171) after the mastectomy. Results: The 5 and 10-year overall survival rates for all patients were 65 and $49\%$, respectively. The univariate and multivariate analyses of the factors affecting the overall survival revealed the stage to be the most significant prognostic factor (p=0.002), followed by the combination of chemotherapy. Thirteen patients $16\%$ developed a LRF, at an interval of 4-84 months after radiotherapy, with a median of 20 months. The only significant prognostic factor affecting LRF was the combination of chemotherapy, in both the univariate and multivariate analyses. With respect to the sequence of chemoradiation, the sequence had no saatistical significance (p=0.90). According to the time interval from mastectomy to the onset of radiotherapy, the LRFR of the patients group treated by RT within or after 6 month postmastectomy 6 months were 14 vs. $27\%$ respectively (p=0.24). One third of the pa41en1s (26/83) developed distant metastasis, in 2-92 months, after radiotherapy, with a median of 21 months. The most commonly involved site was bone in 13 cases. The pathological staging was the only significant prognostic factor in both the univariate and multivariate analyses that affected distant failure. Radiological finding of radiation pneumonitis on a simple chest x-ray was shown in $20\%$ (17/83), with a time interval ranging from 2 to 7 months post-radiotherapy, with a median of 3 months. The stable lung fibrosis settled in 11 patients ($65\%$). Conclusion: It was concluded through this analysis that the combination of PMRT with in chemotherapy resulted in better overall survival and local control than PMRT alone in patients needing PMRT.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.59-63
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• 2002

1997년 홍콩 가금시장에서의 H5N1 조류독감바이러스의 발병은 18명의 감염된 사람 중에서 6명의 사람의 생명을 앗아갔다. 이 사건은 조류독감바이러스가 매개체를 통하지 않고 닭에서 바로 사람에게 감염한 처음 있는 사건이다. 홍콩가금시장에서의 역학조사는 H5Nl과 H9N2 조류독감바이러스가 함께 공존한다는 것을 밝혔다. 가금에서는 H5N1과 H9N2 조류독감바이러스가 검출되었다. 우리는 H5N1 조류독감바이러스로부터 자을 방어하는데 H9N2 조류독감바이러스의 역할에 대해 연구했다. H5N1과 H9N2 바이러스의 혼합바이러스를 동시에 자에 접종하면 자은 생존하지 못했다. 그러나, H5N1 조류 독감바이러스감염 이전에 H9N2 조류독감바이러스를 감염한 닭들은 생존할 수 있었다 H9N2 조류 독감바이러스로 감염된 닭으로부터 얻어진 혈청은 H5N1 조류독감바이러스와 교차반응을 일으키지 않는다. H9N2 조류독감바이러스로 감염시킨 닭으로부터 얻어진 T임파구 또는 CD8 T임파구를 감염하지 않은 닭에 주입할 때 닭은 H5N1 조류독감바이러스로부터 생존할 수 있었다. 실험실외 킬러임파구실험은 H9N2 조류독감바이러스로 감염된 닭으로부터 얻어진 T임파구는 H5N1과 H9N2 조류독감바이러스로 감염된 목표세포를 동시에 감지했다. 게다가, 생체내 T임파구의 제거실험은 교차보호면역은 a/b TCR를 가진 CD8 T임파구가 중요한 역할을 하며, a/b TCR (Vbl)형의 T임파구가 목표세포를 감지한다는 것을 증명했다. H9N2 조류독감바이러스에 의한 방어면역은 시간이 지남에 따라 감소를 했고, 감염 100일까지 방어력을 나타냈다. 1997년 조류독감바이러스인 H5N1의 홍콩에서의 발병에 대한 풀리지 않은 것 중의 하나는 약 20%의 조류들이 매우 치사율이 높은 H5N1 독감바이러스를 가지고 있음에도 홍콩가금시장에서의 대부분의 닭들은 건강했다. 얻을 수 있는 정보에 따르면 대부분의 자들은 H5N1조류독감바이러스를 변으로 방출했고, 단지 두 곳의 가금시장에 있는 자들이 질병증상을 보였다. 홍콩가금시장에서 분리된 모든 H5N1 조류독감바이러스를 닭에 감염하면 100%의 치사율을 나타낸다. 바이러스 측면에서의 연구에 따르면, H9N2 조류독감바이러스는 홍콩가금시장에서 두 번째로 많이 분리되었다. H9N2 조류독감바이러스에 대한 연구에 따르면 세 가지 형이 홍콩가금시장에서 검출되었다. 1997년에 가장 많이 분리된 H9N2 조류독감바이러스는 PB1과 PB2가 A/Chicken/HongKong /156/97 (H5N1)과 유전적으로 유사한 A/HongKong/G9/97 (H9N2)형이다. A/Chicken/Hong Kong/156/97(H5N1)의 나머지 유전자는 A/Chicken/HongKong/739/94 (H9N2)와 A/chicken /Hong Kong/G23/97의 유전자와 비슷하다. 하나의 A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97은 Quail에서 분리되었고, 두 개의 A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2)은 오리에서 분리되었다. A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2)의 6개의 내부유전자는 A/HongKon9/156/97 (H5N1)에 유사하나, A/Duck/ Hongkong/Y280/97 (H9N2)의 유전자는 A/HongKong/156/97 (H5N1)과 유사하지 않다. 킬러임파구는 바이러스로 감염된 목표세포를 MHC에 의존하여 파괴한다. 독감바이러스 특이 킬러임파구는 독감바이러스로 감염된 mice의 폐로부터 독감바이러스를 제거하는데 중요하다고 알려져 있다. 독감바이러스의 HA단백질은 특이 킬러임파구의 주요 목표항원 단백질이 아니다. 내부단백질인 nucleoprotein, polymerase (PB1 PB2, PA), Matrix protein, 그리고 비 구조단백질인 NS1에 대한 특이 킬러임파구의 반응이 사람과 mice에서 보고되었다. 독감바이러스에 대한 mice의 킬러임파구의 인식영역은 제한되어 있다고 알려져 있다. 많은 mice MHC 1은 독감바이러스 단백질의 킬러임파구의 epitope를 표현하지 못한다. 사람 기억킬러임파구는 다양한 종류의 독감바이러스의 단백질을 인식한다고 알려져 있다. 지금까지, 닭에서의 독감바이러스의 킬러임파구에 대한 연구는 되지 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1120-1125
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• 2012

To assess fertilizer value of an quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer, aerobic incubation experiment using two texturally contrasting loam (L) and sandy loam (SL) soils was conducted for 60 days to investigate temporal variations in N mineralization pattern of the liquid fertilizer applied. To do so, the quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer was prepared, applied to each soil at a rate of 200 kg-N $ha^{-1}$ and aerobically $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark. During incubation, soil water content was adjusted to field moisture capacity (-33 kPa of soil matric potential) by adding distilled water as necessary to maintain their initial weights. At desired time of incubation (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 days after incubation), soil was sampled and analyzed for inorganic nitrogen ($NH_4{^+}$-N and $NO_3{^-}$-N) concentrations, pH, EC, total carbon contents and total nitrogen contents. Concentrations of $NH_4{^+}$-N began to decrease right after incubation for L soils, and 10 days after incubation for SL soils, while those of $NO_3{^-}$-N began to increase onset of $NH_4{^+}$-N disappearance. The results of this study showed that quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer could serve as an alternative to chemical N fertilizer.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.599-605
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the causes, clinical courses and outcomes in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), and evaluate the physiologic variables as prognostic factors in the patients. Methods : Retrograde medical chart review was carried out in 24 patients who were diagnosed with ARDS at the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) during 20-month period. Results : The incidence of ARDS among all PICU admission was 3.7 percent and the mortality rate was 37.5 percent, which was 14.8 percent of overall deaths in PICU. The most common causes of ARDS were pneumonia and sepsis. We found significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors in $PaO_2/FiO_2$ ratio(P/F ratio), alveolar arterial oxygen gradient and oxygenation index(OI) on the second day from the onset of ARDS. Therapies for ARDS such as high frequency oscillator ventilation(HFOV), recruitment maneuver and low dose corticosteroid improved the P/F ratio and OI, especially in survivors. Conclusion : The mortality rate of children with ARDS was 37.5 percent; an important cause of death in PICU. HFOV, recruitment maneuver and low dose corticosteroid seemed to be effective in pediatric ARDS. The P/F ratio, alveolar arterial oxygen gradient and OI on the second day from the onset of ARDS may be useful as prognostic factors.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2000

Differentiation and development of the digestive organ of the black sea bream, AcanHepagus schlegeli were studied by means of histological methods. The hatched lawn if TL(total length) $2.0 mm (n=10)$ had a yolk sac of $1,000{\times}590 {\mu}m$ and simple straight digestive tract, which was composed of cuboidal epithelium. In the pre-larval stage of TL $3.5 mm$, digestive tract could be distinguished into esophagus, stomach and intestine, and the exocrine glands were appeared in the pancreas. In this stage mucosal folds, eosinophilic granule cells and brush border were observed in the posterior intestine. Yolky materials were completely absorbed and the brush border was recognized in the free surface of anterior intestine in TL $3.7 mm$. In the stomach mucosal folds began to appear from TL $4.0 mm$. In this time the zymogen granules were recognized in the cytoplasm of pancreatic exocrine cells. In the post-larval stage ranged from $4.5 to 5.0 mm$ in TL, hepatic cords started to develop, and the mucous secretory cells of PAS positivewere observed at esophagus and intestine. In the post-larval stage ranged from $6.3 to 7.0 mm$ in TL, histological layer of esophagus and intestine could be distinguished into serous membrane, muscular layer, submucosal layer and mucosal layer. From over TL $9.0 mm$, stomach could be distinguished into cardiac, fundic and pyloric portion, and the gastric gland began to appear at mucosal fold of fundic stomach. In the juvenile stage ranged from $10.0 to 11.0 mm$ in TL, histological structures of esophagus and intestine were similar to those of adult. From over TL $15.0 mm$, histological structures of stomach were similar to those of adult. Structural and functional digestive organ of black sea bream was present from the juvenile stage ranged from $15.0 to 17.0 mm$ in TL.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2014

Pyriofenone is an aryl phenyl ketone fungicide that is newly registered in Korea in 2013 to control powdery mildew on food. The objective of this study was to develop reliable and sensitive analytical method for determination of pyriofenone residue in agricultural products for ensuring the food safety. The pyriofenone residues in all samples(Korean melon, pepper, potato, mandarin, soybean, and hulled rice) were extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned with dichloromethane, and then purified with a silica cartridge. The purified samples were analyzed by HPLC-UVD and confirmed with LC-MS. The linear range of pyriofenone was 0.05~5 mg/kg with the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) > 0.999. Average recoveries of pyriofenone ranged from 72.8% to 99.5% at the spiked level of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg, while the relative standard deviation was 2.3%~6.4%. In addition, the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. The results revealed that the developed and validated analytical method was suitable for pyriofenone determination in agricultural products.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 1999

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to know the epidemiology and clinical characteristics in patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia during study period retrospectively. Methods : We had reviewed 500 patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia who were hospitalized at the pediatric ward of Seoul Adventist Hospital from July 1986 through June 1996. we had analysed clinical and laboratory problems of pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations including demographics and epidemiological characteristics. Results : Peak occurrence of the disease was 3 years interval and seasonal occurrence of the disease had no difference. 43.4% of patients was below 4 years old and male to female ratio was nearly 1:1. The most common site of infiltration on chest PA was right lower lobe and the most common type of pneumonia was interstitial pneumonia(43%). Pulmonary complications were atelectasis(11cases), emphysema(5cases), pleural effusion(27cases) and sinusitis(13cases) and extrapulmonary manifestations were hepatitis(109cases), skin rash(29cases), proteinuria(20cases) and hematuria(16cases). cold agglutinin test was carried out in 500cases and mycoplasma antibody test was carried out in 448cases. sensitivity of mycoplasma antibody test was 53.3%. Conclusion : Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia showed epidemics at intervals of 3 year in its major occurrence. it exhibits a tendency that occurs at younger age group not in school age group. diagnosis of the disease need more accurate method due to low sensitivity of mycoplasma antibody test. also we need to carried out other laboratory test(for example, LFT, U/A).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2009

Background: The efficacy of several thrombolytic agents for treating massive pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) has been reported to be similar. However, the difference of the bleeding complications caused by two commonly used thrombolytic agents in PTE patients is not well known. The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy and the bleeding complications between urokinase and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activatior (rt-PA, alteplase) in a Korean medical center. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of the patients who were treated with thrombolytic agents (urokinase and alteplase) because of massive PTE. Results: A total of 40 patients were included: 16 (40%) treated with urokinase and 24 (60%) with alteplase. The patients treated with alteplase showed a shorter duration of using vasopressor agents than did the patients who were given urokinase, but the duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of the ICU stay and the hospital stay were not different between the thrombolytic agents. Five patients treated with urokinase and eight patients treated with alteplase died (p=0.565): One patient in the urokinase group and four patients in the alteplase group died due to pulmonary thromboembolism. Bleeding complications after thrombolysis were observed in 3 patients (7.5%) treated with urokinase and in 11 (27.5%) patients treated with alteplase (p=0.079). Major bleeding complication occurred in 2 patients who were treated with alteplase. Conclusion: Urokinase seems to have fewer bleeding complications with an equivalent efficacy, as compared to alteplase, in Korean patients who suffer with massive pulmonary thromboembolism.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.321-330
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• 1995

Purpose : To evaluate whether the early pulmonary irradiation can prevent or decrease the pulmonary damage and contribute to improve ultimate survival in paraquat lung. Materials and Methods : From Jun. 1987 to Aug. 1993, thirty patients with paraquat poisoning were evaluated. Fourteen of these patients were received pulmonary irradiation(RT). All of the patients were managed with aggressive supportive treatment such as gastric lavage, forced diuresis, antioxidant agents and antifibrosis agents. Ingested amounts of paraquat were estimated into three groups(A : minimal 50cc). Pulmonary irradiation was started within 24 hours after admission(from day 1 to day 11 after ingestion of paraquat). Both whole lungs were irradiated with AP/PA parallel opposing fields using Co-60 teletherapy machine. A total of 10Gy(2Gy/fr. x 5days) was delivered without correction of lung density. Results : In group A, all patients were alive regardless of pulmonary irradiation and in group C, all of the patients were died due to multi-organ failure, especially pulmonary fibrosis regardless of pulmonary irradiation. However, in group B, six of 7 patients($86{\%}$) with no RT were died due to respiratory failure, but 4 of 8 patients with RT were alive and 4 of 5 patients who were received pulmonary irradiation within 4 days after ingestion of paraquat were all alive though radiological pulmonary change. One patient who refused RT after 2Gy died due to pulmonary fibrosis. All 3 patients who were received pulmonary irradiation after 4 days after ingestion were died due to pulmonary fibrosis in spite of recovery from renal and hepatic toxicity Conclusion : It is difficult to find out the effect of pulmonary irradiation on the course of the paraquat lung because the precise plasma and urine paraquat concentration were not available between control and irradiation groups. But early pulmonary irradiation within 4 days after paraquat poisoning with aggresive supportive treatment appears to decrease Pulmonary toxicity and contribute survival in patients with mouthful ingestion of paraquat who are destined to have reversible renal and hepatic damage but irreversible pulmonary toxicity.