• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2016

This study was carried out to determine the shelf-life of cricket powder and investigate the changes in its quality during storage. To determine the shelf-life, cricket powder was stored at temperatures of 25, 35, and $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 months. The changes in quality parameters of the cricket powder, such as moisture content, color, acid value, volatile base nitrogen (VBN), fatty acid, growth of microorganisms, and sensory appeal were investigated. The moisture content of the cricket powder increased during storage but did not show any significant difference at 6 months of storage. L value was increased at $25^{\circ}C$ storage but decreased at 35 and $40^{\circ}C$. However, there were no significant different in a and b values. The acid value decreased more rapidly at higher temperatures, while the VBN content was not changed. The major composition of fatty acids of cricket powder were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Their content was not changed at various the storage temperatures. No aerobic and coliform bacteria grew in the powder during the whole storage period. Cricket powder stored at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ showed similar scores in sensory evaluation, but it storaged at $40^{\circ}C$ showed the significant difference (p<0.05). Moisture content, acid value, oleic acid, and flavor were selected as the criteria for shelf-life establishment of cricket powder. Based on these parameters, especially the moisture content, the shelf life of cricket powder was likely to be 18 months when stored at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1979

A literature review is made on the physical and chemical characteristics of clay minerals in acidic solutions from the mineralogical and hydrometallurgical viewpoints. Some of the important characteristics of clays are their ability to cation exchange, swelling, and incongruent dissolution in acidic solutions. Various clay minerals can take up metallic ions from solution via cation exchange mechanism. Generally, cation exchange capacity increases in the following order : kaolinite, halloysite, illite, vermiculite, and montmorillonite. In acidic solutions, the cation uptake such as copper by clay minerals is strongly inhibited by hydrogen and aluminum ions and thus is not economically significant factor for recovery of metals such as uranium and copper. In acidic solutions, the cation uptake is substial. Swelling is minimal at lower pH, possibly due to lattice collapse. Swelling may be controllable with montmorillonite type clays by exchanging interlayer sodium with lithium and/or hydroxylated aluminum species. The effect of add on clay minerals are : 1. Division of aggregates into smaller plates with increase in surface area and porosity. 2. Clay-acid reactions occur in the following order: (i) $H^+$ replacement of interlayer cations, (ii) removal of octahedral cations, such as Al, Fe, and Mg, and (iii) removal of tetrahedral Al ions. Acid attack initiates, around the edges of the clay particles and continued inward, leaving hydrated silica gel residue around the edges. 3. Reaction rates of (ii) and (iii) are pseudo-1st order and proportional to acid concentration. Rate doubles for every temperature increment of $10^{\circ}C$. Implications in in-situ leaching of copper or uranium with acid are : 1. Over the life span of the operation for a year or more, clays attacked by acid will leave silica gel. If such gel covers the surface of valuable mineral surfaces being leached, recovery could be substantially delayed. 2. For a copper deposit containing 0.5% each of clay minerals and recoverable copper, the added cost due to clay-acid reaction is about 1.5c/lb of copper (or 0.93 lbs of $H_2SO_4/1b$ of copper). This acid consumption by clay may be a factor for economic evaluation of in-situ leaching of an oxide copper deposit.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 1988

The seventeen barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] accessions, which were collected national-widely in 1986 and selected two times through 1987, were experimented at 1988. To study the degree of ecological variations of the collected accessions of native barngardgrass species as a weed, the experiment was conducted with Wagner pots in size of 1/5000a and under P.E. film house. Among 57 characters, 100 grains weight, rate of tiller increase from transplanting to 30 days, the number of the maximum tillers and rate of dry weight increase from 15 DAS to 22 DAS were become intra-specific variarions as higher coefficient of varation than 30%, the size of the first leaf, fresh weight and dry 22 seedlings, rate of productive tiller, panicle number and tillering divergence made intra-specific variations as more and less C. V. than 25%, while the required days upto heading since seeding at June 6. rate of fresh/dry weight and plant height of 22 days old seedling made intra-specific variations as the coefficient of variation of about 50%. Among the attributes the color in leaf, leaf sheath, mid-ribs, node, spike, grain, and plant type, length of leaf marginal tooth, grain shape, purple bend on leaf were seemed useful to indentify the accessible specific.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of fermented sausages containing probiotic starter cultures (LK-30 plus, Lactobacillus plantarum 155 and 167, and Pediococcus damnosus L12) with reduced fat levels, and to determine the optimum condition for the manufacture of these products. Although low-fat fermented sausages were reduced fat content at the amount of 90% and the ripening time by 1-2 weeks, as compared to regular-fat counterpart, they became harder and had many winkles outside due to the extreme drying. In addition, fat level in fermented sausages affected the composition and shear force values. During ripening, pH, lightness and yellowness values tended to decrease, however, microbial counts of inoculated lactic acid bacteria were increased up to $10^8-10^9cfu/g$ within 3 days and remained constant thereafter. Low-fat fermented sausages had higher microbial counts than regular-fat ones. Although the inoculated probiotic starter cultures alone had the functional properties, such as cholesterol reduction, anti-high blood pressure and antimicrobial activity, they did not have distinctive characteristics in the fermented sausages. Based on these results, the low-fat fermented sausages were successfully manufactured, but a little bit increased fat level and improved functional properties in the fermented sausages would be required to have better quality as compared to regular-fat counterparts.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities, inhibition activity against ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) and antitumor activity of extract from Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS fruits for development novel functional resources. In order to understand the factors responsible for the potent antioxidant and antihypertensive ability of fruits in A. senticosus, it has been evaluated for anti-oxidative activity using Fenton's reagent/ethyl linoleate system and for free radical scavenging activity using the l,l-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical generating system. The fruits extract of A. senticosus showed higher antioxidant activities than positive control, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol at all concentrations, while fruits extract of A. senticosus showed same degree of radical scavenging activity with positive control, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. The ability of fruit extracts from A. senticosus to influence the inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase) has also been discussed. The activity of growth-inhibitory of fruit extracts of A. senticosus was screened by SRB (sulphorhodamine B) method on diverse cancer cells representing different types of cancers. The fruit extracts of A. senticosus showed moderate inhibition on proliferation of LNCaP and MOLT-4F cells and did not inhibit the proliferation of other cancer cells. The fruit extracts of A. senticosus inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells with $GI_{50}$ values ranging from 5 to $10{\mu}g/mL$. This result revealed that the fruit extracts of A. senticosus was expected to be good candidate for development into source of free radical scavengers, antihypertentive, and anti-tumor agent.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to establish optimized extraction conditions for Lilium bulb and Lespedeza cuneata G. Don and to investigate the storage stability of beverages containing extracts. The hot-water extract and the 60% ethanol extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities as well as the highest total polyphenol content. The total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were the highest when the Lilium bulb extract was mixed with the Lespedeza cuneata G. Don extract at the ratio of 1:4. Storage stability of beverages was determined during storage at 10, 25, and 35℃ for 6 months. The pH was decreased from 4.15 to 4.01-4.05, while the acidity was increased from 0.60% to 0.70-0.75% after storage for 6 months. The soluble solid contents were not changed during storage of 6 months. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was decreased after 4-6 months. The Hunter b (yellowness) values decreased at 35℃ after storage for 6 months while the lightness (L) and redness (a) were not changed during storage for 6 months. The total saponin content was not remarkably changed during 2 months of storage, while it decreased after 4-6 months of storage. The flavonoid content was decreased 47% and 55% from an intial 21.7 mg/100 mL to 10.3 mg/100 mL and 12.0 mg/100 mL after 1 month of storage and then remained stable until 6 months. General bacteria and coliform group were not detected during storage for 6 months.

• Proceedings of the EASDL Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.107-129
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• 2004

Sesame oil has been popular for hundreds of years in Korea because of its pleasant flavor and health benefits and has been studied for its antioxidant properties and flavor preferences attributed to its manufacturing methods. The objective of this study was to investigate the qualitative properties of six commercial sesame oils (3 Korean, 2 Japanese, 1 Chinese), The fatty acids in the oil are composed of two main acids oleic acid and linoleic acid with a P/S ratio of 4.99${\sim}$5.73. Of the tocopherol isomers, ${\gamma}$-toc ranged from 23.14 to 34.85mg/100g. Lignan such as sesamin(322.91${\sim}$689.39ppm) and sesamolin (62.19${\sim}$289.82 ppm) is found predominantly in sesame oil. Sesamol (8.52${\sim}$51.21 ppm) was significantly different depending on manufacturer, observed as greatest in the Korean and least in the Japanese products. The induction period was longest in order of the Korean, Chinese, and then Japanese product. The red and yellow values in Lovibond color were highest in the Korean and lowest in the Japanese product. The major volatile compounds (in order of content) were pyrazines, phenols, aldehydes, and then furans and contained a small amount of pyrroles, thiazoles and indoles. The levels of total volatiles were greatest in the Korean and least in the Japanese product. The most abundant volatiles in the Korean product were pyrazines, whereas phenols were higher in the Chinese product compared to the others. From these results, the relationships among pyrazines, sesamol, yellowness and induction period showed positive, respectively. In sensory evaluation, Korean panelists preferred, in order, the Korean, Japanese, and then the Chinese product in strength of and preference for the sesame flavor, also ranking it best in overall acceptance. Japanese panelists found similarities in the Korean and Japanese products and gave an equal level of preference for the sesame flavor and overall acceptance. On the other hand, Chinese panelists preferred the Japanese product in strength and sesame flavor rating it best on overall acceptance.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.31-68
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• 1985

Authors are trying to unveil the ultrastructural organization of olfactory bulb, which has been summerized under light microscopic level or communicated only in some detail in different view point until now. For the critical point of view, since the phylogenetical approach will give the ultimate value in the correlative study between structural and functional bases (Brodal, 1969), the present study was carried out light and electron microscopic analyses of the structures of the neurons and synaptic organizations in olfactory bulbs from different animals in phylogenetical scale. We selected each one species from five animal classes: the house rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus var. domesticus [Gmelin]) from Mammalia, the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) from Aves, the viper (Agkistrodon hylys [G.P. Pallas]) from Reptilia, a frog (Bombiana orientalis Boulenger) from Amphibia and the crussian carp (Carassius carassius [Linne]) from Pisces. For light microscopic study, samples were fixed in 10% formalin and paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. For the electron microscopic study, the tissues were fixed by perfusion through the heart or immersion with 1% paraform-aldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture (phosphate buffer, pH 7.4), and final tissue block trimmed under dissecting microscope were osmicated (1% OsO4), they were embedded in Araldite or Epon 812, and ultrathin sections were made by LKB-V ultratome following the inspection of semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue-borax solution. Ultra-thin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100CX electron microscope. We have summerized our morphological analyses as follows: 1. The olfactory bulb of rabbit, viper and frog shows the eight layers of fila olfactoria, glomerular, external granular, external plexiform, mitral cell, internal plexiform, internal granular, medullary but domestic fowl shows the five layers of glomerular, fibrillar, mitral, granular and medullary and the three layers of fibrilla, glomerular and medullary in crussian carp. The sharpness of demarcation between the layers shows deferential tendency according to phylogenetical order. 2. Mitral cells of vertebrate have large triangular or oval shape with spherical nuclei which contain not so much chromatin. The cytoplasm contains numerous cell organelles, of which Nissl's bodies or granular endoplasmic reticula arranged as parallel strands. Development of granular endoplasmic reticula were declined as the phylogentical grade is going lower. 3. Tufted cells of all animal are mostly spindle or polygonal contour and contain oval nuclei which located in periphery of cytoplasm. The nuclei of rabbit, fowl, viper and frog has relatively space chromatin, but a nucleus of crussian carp contain irregularly aggregated chromatin in karyoplasm. Their cytoplasmic volume and cell organelle contents are in between those of mitral cell and granular cell. They contain moderate amount of mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticula, a few Golgi complex, polysomes, lysosome, etc. 4. Granule of cells of all the vertebrate amimals studied exhibit similar features; cells and their dense nuclei show spherical or oval contour, and they have the thin rim of cytoplasm which contain only a few cell organelles. 5. In rabbit, the soma of mitral cells were in contact with boutons with two types of synaptic vesicles, that is, round and flat vesicles, especially flat vesicles in boutons were showing reciprocal synapses. However, in domestic fowls, vipers, frogs and crussian carps, there were found boutons showing only spherical synaptic vesicles. 6. The boutons containing round synaptic vesicles were made contact with the some of tufted cell of olfactory bulb in the rabbits, fowls, vipers and frogs, but no synaptic boutons were observed in soma of tufted cells in crussian carps. In the frogs, there were observed dendrites were contact with the soma of tufted cells. 7. In the neuropils of plexiform, granular and glomerular layers olfactory bulbs in the vertebrate, the synapses were axo-large dendrites, axo-median and small dendrites, dendrodendritic, and axo-axonal contacts. However, in the neuropil of crussian carps, synapses were observed only in glomerular layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.955-965
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• 2007

Safety helmets are used widely in various industries by workers since they are legally required to wear them. However, thermal discomfort is one of the major complaints from helmet users. To relieve this problem, frozen gelled packs can be considered for use inside the helmets. In this paper, tests were performed on humans to evaluate the physiological strains of wearing safety helmets and to investigate the effects of using frozen gelled packs inside the helmets. Experiments were conducted in a climatic chamber of WBGT $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under four differed experimental conditions: 1) not wearing a safety helmet(NH); 2) wearing a safety helmet with frozen gelled pack A(HA); 3) wearing a safety helmet with frozen gelled pack B(HB); and 4) wearing only a safety helmet(OH). The results were as follows. First, when comparing NH with OH, physiological responses such as $\bar{T}_{sk},\;T_r$, HR and sweat rate were significantly higher in OH and subjective sensations were reported as less hot and more comfortable than NH(p<.05). Second, in regard to the frozen gelled packs inserted inside the safety helmets, some physiological responses in HA were different from those in HB, according to the two different types of packs. HA was hotter, more uncomfortable and less exhausted than HB. However, result from both HA and HB were lower than those from OH in terms of temperature and humidity inside safety helmet, sweat rate, $T_r$ increase, heat storage(p<.05). When wearing safety helmets with frozen gelled packs, it was shown that heat strain can be alleviated. These results are expected to help millions of workers who complain that wearing safety helmets is uncomfortable and messy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.837-847
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• 2007

1,098 pieces of photographs($1995{\sim}2002$) of men's suit style have been classified according to fashion images in order to examine features and change aspects with statistical analysis. The findings of examining features of the trend by year with test of homogeneity, correspondence analysis, biplots, correlation analysis and regression analysis are as follows: (a) there are significant differences on fashion images as the trend by yew with test of homogeneity, (b) there are remarkable differences on the fashion trend by year with correspondence analysis and biplots. (c) There are significant correlations for appearance among fashion images by its frequency through correlation analysis, and (d) it is assumed that fashion images are going to be gradually outstanding according to regression analysis.