• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.536-542
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• 2023

Objective : Surgical site infection is the most detrimental complication following cranioplasty. In other surgical fields, intrawound vancomycin powder application has been introduced to prevent surgical site infection and is widely used based on results in multiple studies. This study evaluated the effect of intrawound vancomycin powder in cranioplasty compared with the conventional method without topical antibiotics. Methods : This retrospective study included 580 patients with skull defects who underwent cranioplasty between August 1, 1998 and December 31, 2021. The conventional method was used in 475 (81.9%; conventional group) and vancomycin powder (1 g) was applied on the dura mater and bone flap in 105 patients (18.1%; vancomycin powder group). Surgical site infection was defined as infection of the incision, organ, or space that occurred after cranioplasty. Surgical site infection within 1-year surveillance period was compared between the conventional and vancomycin powder groups with logistic regression analysis. Penalized likelihood estimation method was used in logistic regression to deal with zero events. All local and systemic adverse events associated with topical vancomycin application were also evaluated. Results : Surgical site infection occurred in 31 patients (5.3%) and all were observed in the conventional group. The median time between cranioplasty and detection of surgical site infection was 13 days (range, 4-333). Staphylococci were the most common organisms and identified in 25 (80.6%) of 31 cases with surgical site infections. The surgical site infection rate in the vancomycin powder group (0/105, 0.0%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional group (31/475, 6.5%; crude odds ratio [OR], 0.067; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.006-0.762; adjusted OR, 0.068; 95% CI, 0.006-0.731; p=0.026). No adverse events associated with intrawound vancomycin powder were observed during the follow-up. Conclusion : Intrawound vancomycin powder effectively prevented surgical site infections following cranioplasty without local or systemic adverse events. Our results suggest that intrawound vancomycin powder is an effective and safe strategy for patients undergoing cranioplasty.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1985

An immunoassay may be defined as an analytical procedure involving the competitive reaction between a limiting concentration of specific antibody and two populations of antigen, one of which is labelled or immobillized. The advent of immunoassay has revolutionised our knowledge of reproductive physiology and the practice of veterinary and clinical medicine. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was the first of these methods to be developed, which meausred the analyte with good sensitivity, accuracy and precision (1,2). The essential components of RIA are:-(i) a limited concentration of antibodies, (ii) a reference preparation, and (iii) an antigen labelled with a radioisotope (usually tritium or iodine-125). Most procedures invelove isolating the antibody-bound fraction and measuring the amount of labelled antigen. Good facilities are available for scintilltion counting, data reduction nd statistical analysis. RIA is undergoing refinement through:-(i) the introduction of new techniques to separate the antibody-bound and free fractions which minimize the misclassification of labelled antigen into these compartments, and the amount of non-specfic binding. (3), (ii) the development of non-extration for the measurement of haptens (4), (iii) the determination of a, pp.rent free (i.e. non-protein bound) analytes (5), and (iv) the use of monoclonal antibodies(6). In 1968, Miles and Hales introduced in important new type of immunoassay which they termed immunora-diometric assay (IRMA) based on t도 use of isotopically labelled specific antibodies(7) in a move from limited to excess reagent systems. The concept of two-site IRMAs (with a capture antibody on a solid-phase, and a second labelled antibody to a different antigenic determinant of the analyte) has enabled the development of more sensitive and less-time consuming methods for the measurement of protein hormones ovar wide concentration of analyte (8). The increasing use of isotopic methos for diverse a, pp.ications has exposed several problems. For example, the radioactive half-life and radiolysis of the labelled reagent limits assay sensitivity and imposes a time limit on the usefulness of a kit. In addition, the potential health hazards associated with the use and disposal of radioactive cmpounds and the solvents and photofluors necessary for liquid scientillation counting are incompatable with the development of extra-laboratory tests. To date, the most practical alternative labels to radioisotopes, for the measurement of analytes in a concentration > 1 ng/ml, are erythrocytes, polystyrene particiles, gold sols, dyes and enzymes or cofactors with a visual or colorimetric end-point(9). Increased sensitivity to<1 pg/ml may be obtained with fluorescent and chemiluminescent labels, or enzymes with a fluorometric, chemiluminometric or bioluminometric end-point. The sensitivity of any immunoassay or immunometric assay depends on the affinity of the antibody-antigen reaction, the specific activity of the label, the precision with which the reagents are manipulated and the nonspecific background signal (10). The sensitivity of a limited reagent system for the measurement of haptens or proteins is mainly dependent upon the affinity of the antibodies and the smalleest amount of reagent that may be manipulated. Consequently, it is difficult in practice to improve on the sensitivity obtained with iodine-125 as the label. Conversely, with excess reagent systems for the measurement of proteins it is theoretically possible to increase assay sensitivity at least 1000 fold with alternative luminescent labels. To date, a 10-fold improvement has been achieved, and attempts are being made to reduce the influence of other variables on the specific signal from the immunoreaction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.230-235
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Ammonia gas emitted from nitrogen fertilizers applied in agricultural land is an environmental pollutant that catalyzes the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). A significant portion (12-18%) of nitrogen fertilizer input for crop cultivation is emitted to the atmosphere as ammonia gas, a loss form of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural land. The widely practiced method for fertilizer use in agricultural fields involves spraying the fertilizers on the surface of farmlands and mixing those with the soils through such means as rotary work. To test the potential reduction of ammonia emission by nitrogen fertilizers from the soil surface, we have added N, P, and K at 2 g each to the glass greenhouse soil, and the ammonia emission was analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatment consisted of non-fertilization, surface spray (conventional fertilization), and soil depth spray at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Ammonia was collected using a self-manufactured vertical wind tunnel chamber, and it was quantified by the indophenol-blue method. As a result of analyzing ammonia emission after fertilizer treatments by soil depth, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment immediately after spraying the fertilizer in the paddy soil, with no ammonia emission occurring at a soil depth of 10 cm to 30 cm. In the upland soil, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment after 2 days of treatment, and there was no ammonia emission at a soil depth of 15 cm to 30 cm. Lettuce and Chinese cabbage treated with fertilizer at depths of 20 cm and 30 cm showed increases of fresh weight and nutrient and potassium contents. CONCLUSION(S): In conclusion, rather than the current fertilization method of spraying and mixing the fertilizers on the soil surface, deep placement of the nitrogen fertilizer in the soil at 10 cm or more in paddy fields and 15 cm or more in upland fields was considered as a better fertilization method to reduce ammonia emission.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2023

The diet composition of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus were studied using 959 specimens collected in the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea from January to November 2022. The size of the specimens ranged from 22.8 to 45.8 cm in total length. S. japonicus were fed mainly on euphausiids that constituted 77.7% in IRI. Fishes were the second largest prey component. Its diet also includes small quantities amphipods, copepods, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods. The diet composition of S. japonicus showed changes in season. The euphausiids feeding rate was highest in summer, whereas the proportion of fishes was higher in winter than in other seasons. The proportion of fishes has increased as the body size of S. japonicus increased, whereas the proportion of euphausiids decreased gradually. As the body size of S. japonicus increased the mean weight of prey per the stomach (mW/ST) tended to increase significantly (One-way ANOVA, P<0.05).

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.57.4-58
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• 2021

Asteroids have undergone various processes such as impacts, space weathering, and thermal evolution. Because they expose their surfaces to space without atmosphere, these evolutional processes have been recorded directly on their surfaces. The remote-sensing observations have been conducted to reveal these evolutional histories of the target asteroids. For example, crater and boulder distributions are unambiguous evidence for past nondestructive impacts with other celestial bodies. Multiband and spectroscopic observations have revealed space-weathering history (as well as compositions). Whereas most physical quantities have been examined intensively using spacecraft and telescopes, only a little has been studied on "the grain size". It is one of the fundamental physical quantities for diagnosing the collisional and thermal history of asteroids. Our group has conducted polarimetric research of asteroids (as well as Moon [1]) to determine the particle size and further investigate the evolutional histories of target asteroids [2],[3]. For example, the existence of regolith on an S-type asteroid, Toutatis, was suggested almost twenty years before space exploration [4]. Moreover, we reported that near-Sun asteroids indicate a signature of submillimeter grains, which could be created by a thermal sintering process by solar radiation [5]. However, it is important to note that in-situ polarimetry has not been reported on the asteroid surface, although the Korean Lunar Exploration Program aims to do polarimetry on the lunar surface [6]. Therefore, it is expected that the polarizer mounted on the Korean Apophis spacecraft can make the first estimate of the grain size and its regional variation over the Apophis surface. In this presentation, we outline research of S-type asteroid surfaces through remote-sensing observations and consider the role of polarimetry. Based on this review, we consider the purpose, potentiality, and strategy of the polarimetry using the onboard device for the Apophis spacecraft. We will report a possible polarization phase curve of Apophis estimated from ordinary chondrites and past observational data of S-type asteroids, taking account of the space weathering effect. Based on this estimation, we will consider the strategy of how to determine the particle size (and space weathering degree) of the Apophis surface. We will also mention the detectability of dust hovering on the surface.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.99-99
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• 2020

참당귀(Angelica gigas Nakai)는 중국의 동북부지역, 일본 및 한반도 전역에 자생하고 있으며, 예로부터 보혈, 활혈지통, 윤장등의 효능으로 심신혈허, 월경불순, 통경경폐 등의 병증에 주로 사용되었고, 8월부터 뿌리가 급격히 비대하여 10월 말에서 11월 초에 수확을 한다. 본 연구는 참당귀의 주산지인 봉화, 평창을 비롯한 영양, 인제 등 4지역을 선정하여 미세기상장비를 설치 및 토양의 이화학성 분석을 통해 지역별 생육환경을 측정하였고, 또한 참당귀의 생육특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 5월에서 10월까지 평균 대기온도와 일사량은 인제지역에서 다른지역에 비해 비교적 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 토양온도는 5월에서 8월까지는 영양지역이, 9월과 10월은 봉화지역이 다른지역에 비해 비교적 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 지역별 토양 성분의 이화학적 특성은 봉화지역이 유기물(5.17%), 전질소(0.19%), 유효인산(2187.76mg/kg), 칼륨(1.53cmol⁺/kg)의 함량이 다른 지역에 비해 높은 경향으로 확인되었고, 인제지역이 칼슘(12.63 cmol⁺/kg), 마그네슘(3.7cmol⁺/kg)등 미량원소의 함량이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. pH는 지역별 차이가 확인되지 않았으며, 영양지역의 토성이 사질식양토로 배수성의 차이는 확인되었다. 이에 따른 참당귀의 생육특성은 초장과 줄기직경은 영양지역에서 각각 70.95cm와 35.72mm로 가장 높게 측정되었으며, 잎 길이및 너비는 평창지역에서 각각 42.84cm, 52.39cm로 가장 높게 측정되었다. 뿌리직경은 영양에서 50.49mm, 뿌리길이는 봉화에서 38.05cm, 생중량은 평창에서 328.23g으로 다른지역에 비해 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 상기 결과를 바탕 재배환경과 생장량간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 재배환경 중 대기 및 토양온도, 대기 습도는 실험이 수행되어진 전 지역에서 이상고온이나 저온과 같은 특이점 없이 비슷한 양상으로 측정되었고, 이에 따라 참당귀생장에 대해 유의한 상관관계가 분석되지 않았다. 토양습도는 지상부(초장, 줄기직경, 잎길이, 잎너비)의 생육과 음의 상관관계에 있다고 사료되나 유의성이 검증되지 않았다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1831-1841
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• 2023

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods: Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend-) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE-) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results: DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.138-148
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• 2024

The production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was optimized by serial fermentation of Dendropanax morbiferus extract (DME) using Bacillus subtilis HA and Lactobacillus plantarum KS2020. The 1st alkaline fermentation was performed on 60% DME including 2% glucose and 10% monosodium ʟ-glutamate (MSG) as a precursor. The 1^st fermented DME had 57 mg% tyrosine. Consequently, the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation for 5 days increased the tyrosine content of 106 mg%. The mucilage containing γ-PGA showed a high content of 3.50% on the first day of alkaline fermentation and then increased to 4.10% after 2 days. The precursor (MSG) remaining in the 1^st fermented DME was efficiently converted to GABA by the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation in the presence of 5% skim milk, 1.5% glucose and 0.5% yeast extract, resulting in the production of 18.29 mg/mL GABA. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria increased and indicated 9.49 log CFU/mL on the fermentation for 5 days, and the acidity of co-fermented DME indicated the highest value of 1.55%. Conclusively, the serial fermented DME has multi-functional ingredients containing γ-PGA, GABA, peptides and probiotics.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.2 s.115
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• pp.103-113
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• 2006

Most elderly women experience a decrease in their bone density due to a deficiency of calcium intake, ovariectomy, or menopause. This study evaluated the usability of the microscrew as a skeletal anchorage system in these orthodontic treatment cases, using rats as a research group. The 4 month old sprague-dawley species rats were divided into two groups, the OS (Ovariectomy Screw), and the SS (Sham operation Screw) group. In both the OS and SS groups, microscrews were implanted into the palatal bone between the upper molar teeth and two upper incisors were retracted using NETE coil spring with 75 g of force. After 3days, the again after 7 days, 7 rats in each group were sacrificed. Three days before they were sacrificed, Alizarin red S was intraperitoneally injected, and their maxillary bone, tibia and blood from their hearts were taken. The components of the extracted blood were biochemically analyzed and non-decalcified grinding resin sections for maxillary bone and tibia were made. The sections were examined with a polarization microscope, and fluorescent microscope. Smaller concentrations of Ca and P, the inorganic substances closely related to bone density, were found in the extracted blood of the OS group. Both OS and SS groups showed a possibility of bone remodeling with a high concentration of ALP after 7 days. An increase in bone density on the tension and compression sides of the microscrew and the tension side of the tooth for both OS and SS groups was confirmed with a polarization microscope. However, the bone density of the pressure side of the tooth and apical side was decreased. More deposits of Alizarin red S in the bone after 7 days rather than 3 days seen with a fluorescent microscope suggested the existence of new bone formation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.632-637
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• 1996

Effects of refrigeration temperature and its fluctuation range on the growth of psychrotrophic microorganisms and the quality of refrigerated foods such as apple, fish and oyster were evaluated to find optimum storage conditions for a domestic refrigerator. Refrigeration temperature was $2^{\circ}C$ or $4^{\circ}C$, and fluctuation ranges were varied: ${\pm}0.3,\;{\pm}1.0,\;{\pm}1.2,\;or\;{\pm}4.0^{\circ}C$. Changes in hardness of apples stored at $2{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$ were much slower than those of apples stored at $4{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$. Freshness of fish and oyster also lasted much longer at low temperature such as $2{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$. The growth of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on sliced ham was inhibited for 1 month at $2{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$, but the cells at $4{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$ began to grows as time elapsed. Therefore, it was expected that shelf-life of certain food stored in a domestic refrigerator could be extended by lowering temperature to $2^{\circ}C$ and by reducing fluctuation range of refrigerator.