• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2007

The object of this study is to evaluate confounding effect of sleeping behavior on heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy volunteers during a randomized clinical trial. From 6 healthy volunteer, we acquired circadian electrocardiography(ECG) with a Holter monitoring device(DigiTrak Plus, Philips). The compatible analytical program, Zymed, was used for calculation of RR intervals of 24h ECG signal. Then, we generated HRV signals and calculated 9 HRV parameters in time domain and frequency domain for every 30 minute with Matlab 6.x software. We also encoded participants' activities as follows; stable condition(1), sleeping behavior(2), eating behavior(3), and undefined condition(4). Using SPSS 12.0, we tested if there was any difference between HRV parameters of day-time and night-time and between those of a subject in stable condition and in sleeping behavior. As a result, one of the most important parameter-LF/HF ratio, which indicates the autonomic balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as same the other parameters, showed large inter-individual variations in circadian profiles. And, the mean LF/HF ratio of each participant was different between in stable condition and in sleeping behavior (p<.05). Consequently, the effect of sleeping behavior must be considered when one or more of HRV parameters, especially LF/HF ratio, are used as assessment index in clinical studies.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.245-248
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• 2011

Many researches have been carried out to improve light absorption in the crystalline silicon solar cell fabrication. The rear reflection is applied to increase the path length of light, resulting in the light absorption enhancement and thus the efficiency improvement mainly due to increase in short circuit current. In this paper, we manufactured the silicon solar cell using the mono crystalline silicon wafers with $156{\times}156mm^2$, 0.5~3.0 ${\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ of resistivity and p-type. After saw damage removal, the dielectric film ($SiN_x$)on the back surface was deposited, followed by surface texturing in the KOH solution. It resulted in single-side texturing wafer. Then the dielectric film was removed in the HF solution. The silicon wafers were doped with phosphorus by $POCl_3$ with the sheet resistance 50 ${\Omega}/{\Box}$ and then the silicon nitride was deposited on the front surface by the PECVD with 80nm thickness. The electrodes were formed by screen-printing with Ag and Al paste for front and back surface, respectively. The reflectance and transmittance for the single-sided and double-sided textured wafers were compared. The double-sided textured wafer showed higher reflectance and lower transmittance at the long wavelength region, compared to single-sided. The completed crystalline silicon solar cells with different back surface texture showed the conversion efficiency of 17.4% for the single sided and 17.3% for the double sided. The efficiency improvement with single-sided textured solar cell resulted from reflectance increase on back surface and light absorption enhancement.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제71권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2011

Background: Pulmonary emphysema (PE) is major cause of obstructive pulmonary function impairment (OPFI), which is diagnosed by spirometry. PE by high resolution CT is known to be correlated with OPFI. Recently, low dose CT (LDCT) has been increasingly used for screening interstitial lung diseases including PE. The aim of this study was to evaluate OPFI risks of subjects with PE detected by LDCT compared with those detected by simple digital radiography (SDR). Methods: LDCT and spirometry were administered to 266 inorganic dust exposed retired workers, from May 30, 2007 to August 31, 2008. This study was approved by our institutional review board and informed consent was obtained. OPFI risk was defined as less than 0.7 of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC), and relative risk (RR) of OPFI of PE was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 266 subjects, PE was found in 28 subjects (10.5%) by LDCT and in 11 subjects (4.1%) by SDR; agreement was relatively low (kappa value=0.32, p<0.001). FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were significantly different between PE and no PE groups determined by either SDR or LDCT. The differences between groups were larger when the groups were divided by the findings of SDR. When PE was present in either LDCT or SDR assays, the RRs of OPFI were 2.34 and 8.65, respectively. Conclusion: LDCT showed significantly higher sensitivity than SDR for detecting PE, especially low grade PE, in which pulmonary function is not affected. As a result, the OPFI risks in the PE group by LDCT was lower than that in the PE group by SDR.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2004

Purpose: This study has been conducted as a quality improvement activity in order to confirm the assessment of patients, their guardians and nurses by providing them with a Life in Hospital Guide. Method: Nursing with Life in Hospital Guide provision was conducted at an University Hospital with patients admitted within 5 days or less and their guardians, a control group of 375 persons and a comparison group of 372 persons, and the data have been collected from the 26th of May to the 10th of October 2003. A Life in Hospital Guide, in the form of a leaflet, that contained useful information such as meals, facilities, car parking, documents, linen products etc, was used. The collected data have been analysed using SPSS windows programme 11.0 for percentage, $X^2$-test, and t-test. Result: The comparison group who were provided with a Life in Hospital Guide will know better about the articulars needed to live in hospital than the control group who were not,' the average of the comparison group (4.04) was higher than the control group (3.04), which is a significant difference (t=-27.06, p=.000). Conclusion: As a results of this study, it was confirmed that life in hospital guidance through a leaflet each as a quality improvement activity, are effective.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.483-492
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• 2000

The Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain F glycoprotein H (gH) gene in the pHLB-4 plasmid was recombinated into a baculovirus expression vector (lacZ-HcNPV) to construct a recombinant virus GH-HcNPV expressing gH. The sequences of gH and its expression were analyzed. The gH gene was located in the 6.41 kb BglII fragment. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gH gene was 2,517 bp and codes 838 amino acid residues. Insect cells infected with this recombinant virus synthesized a high level of the matured and gX-gH fusion protein with approximately 112 kDa. The fusion gH protein was localized on the membrane of the insect cells as seen by using immunofluorescence assay and accumulated in the cultured media by the SDS-PAGE and immunoprecipitation assays. The amino acid sequence presents additional characteristics compatible with the structure of a viral glycoprotein: signal peptide, putative glycosylation sites and a long C-terminal transmembrane sequence. Antibodies raised in mice to this recombinant protein recognized viral gH and neutralized the infectivity of HSV-1 in vitro. These results demonstrate that it is possible to produce a mature protein by gene transfer in eukaryotic cells, and indicate the utility of the HcNPV-insect cell system for producing and characterizing eukaryotic proteins. Furthermore, the neutralizing antibodies would appear to protect mice against HSV; accordingly, this particular recombinant protein may be useful in the development of a subunit vaccine.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.375-386
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify the present use of caregiver services, to evaluate the degree of satisfaction with the services according to type of caregiver service, private or public, and to provide data for the development of a plan which will provide good quality service with less economic and psychological burden to the patients and their families. Survey data were collected from 130 patients in 4 general hospitals in Seoul, and their families. Data were collected during April, 2004, using a questionnaire which included the patient satisfaction scale developed by Jun (2001). Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations, $X^2$ analysis, t-test. The SPSS computer program was used to facilitate analysis. The results of this study are summarized as follows; The total score for satisfaction was high for both groups. For the private caregiver group it was $52.38{\pm}11.08$, and for the public caregiver group, $58.14{\pm}9.64$. This difference was significant(t=-3.391, p=.001). In all of areas, the scores for satisfaction of the public caregiver service group were higher than private caregiver service group, ie. caregivers' attitude, role, confidence, performance, and service charge, and all the differences were significant. In conclusion, it was found that long-term hospitalization of older patients with high dependence resulted in more caregiver service. There were more severe patients in the public caregiver group, but the service charges, additional costs and paid holidays were less. Based on these results, patients and their families were significantly more satisfied with public caregiver service because it was not only less expensive but also had a high quality of service. Thus, caregiver services should be systemized so that patients and their families will get the best quality caregiver service

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.168-178
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• 2014

Objectives : Mahuang-Chuanwu(Mahwang-Cheonoh) Pharmacopuncture(MCP) has been used to treat obesity in Clinical Korean Medicine. MCP solution(MCPS) is also expected to have strong anti-obesity activities. However, little is known about the mechanisms of its inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Methods : In the present study, we examined the effects of MCPS on differentiation and lipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To elucidate the mechanism of the effects of MCPS on lowering lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we examined whether MCPS modulates the expressions of transcription factors to induce lipogenesis and adipogenic genes related to regulate the accumulation of lipids. Results : Our results showed that MCPS significantly inhibited differentiation and lipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. MCPS suppressed the mRNA expressions of cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine(CCAAT)/enhancer binding proteins ${\alpha}$($C/EBP{\alpha}$), C/EBP ${\beta}$, $C/EBP{\delta}$, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$($PPAR{\gamma}$) genes related to the induction of adipose differentiation. MCPS inhibited the mRNA expressions of adipose-specific aP2, adipsin, lipoprotein lipase(LPL), CD36, TGF-${\beta}$, and leptin genes related to the fat formation. MCPS downregulated the mRNA expressions of liver X receptor(LXR) ${\alpha}$ and fatty acid synthase(FAS) genes related to the induction of lipogenesis. In addition, MCPS reduced the production of adipocyte-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions : MCPS could regulate the accumulation of lipids and expression of adipogenic genes via inhibition of transcript factors related to induction of adipose differentiation.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
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• pp.11-11
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• 2007

1차원 구조체인 반도체 나노선은 앙자제한효과 (quantum confinement effect) 등을 이용하여 고밀도/고효율의 소자 개발이 기대되고 있다. GaN는 상온에서 3.4 eV의 밴드갭 에너지를 갖는 III-V 족 반도체 재료로써 박막의 경우 광전자 소자로 폭넓게 응용되고 있다. 최근 GaN 나노선의 합성에 성공하면서 발광소자, 고효율의 태양전지, HEMT 등으로의 응용을 위한 많은 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 하지만, 아직까지 GaN 나노선의 전기적 특성을 제어하는 기술은 확립되지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Vapor solid (VS)법을 이용하여 GaN 나노선을 합성하였으며, GaN 분말과 함께 $Mg_2N_3$ 분말을 첨가하여 (Ga,Mg)N 나노선을 성공적으로 합성하였다. 합성시에 GaN와 Mg 소스간의 거리 변화를 통해 Mg 도핑농도를 제어하고자 하였다. 이 같은 방법으로 합 된 (Ga,Mg)N 나노선의 Mg 도핑농도에 따른 결정학적 특성을 알아보고, (Ga,Mg)N 나노선을 이용하여 소자를 제작한 후 그 전기적 특성을 살펴보고자 한다. X-ray diffraction (XRD)과 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), EDX를 이용하여 합성된 나노선의 결정학적 특성과 Mg의 도핑 농도를 확인하였다. Photo lithography와 e-beam lithography법을 이용하여 (Ga,Mg)N 나노선 field-effect transistor (FET)를 제작하고, channel current-drain voltage ($I_{ds}-V_{ds}$) 와 channel current-gate voltage ($I_{ds}-V_g$) 측정을 통해 (Ga,Mg)N 나노선이 도핑 농도에 따라 n형에서 p형으로 전기적 특성이 변화함을 확인하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.131-131
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• 2010

We compared the electrical, optical, structural, and interface properties of indium zinc oxide (IZO)-Ag-IZO and IZO-Au-IZO multilayer electrodes deposited by linear facing target sputtering system at room temperature for organic photovoltaics. The IZO-Ag-IZO and IZO-Au-IZO multilayer electrodes show a significant reduction in their sheet resistance (4.15 and 5.49 Ohm/square) and resistivity ($3.9{\times}10^{-5}$ and $5.5{\times}10^{-5}$Ohm-cm) with increasing thickness of the Ag and Au layers, respectively. In spite of its similar electrical properties, the optical transmittance of the IZO-Ag-IZO electrode is much higher than that of the IZO-Au-IZO electrode, due to the more effective antireflection effect of Ag than Au in the visible region. In addition, the Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile results for the IZO/Ag/IZO and IZO/Au/IZO multilayer electrodes showed no interfacial reaction between the IZO layer and Ag or Au layer, due to the low preparation temperature. To investigate in detail the Ag and Au structures on the bottom IZO electrode with increasing thickness, a synchrotron x-ray scattering examination was employed. Moreover, the OSC fabricated on the IZO-Ag-IZO electrode shows a higher power conversion efficiency (3.05%) than the OSC prepared on the IZO-Au-IZO electrode (2.66%), due to its high optical transmittance in the wavelength range of 400-600 nm, which is the absorption wavelength of the P3HT:PCBM active layer.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2021

We have investigated the relative roles of α₁-adrenoceptors and purinoceptors in contractions to low and high frequency stimulation of the mouse vas deferens, in terms of the time course of responses. In separate experiments, isometric contractile responses were obtained to 10 pulses at 1 Hz and 40 pulses at 10 Hz. Responses to 1 Hz stimulation consisted of a series of discrete peaks. The α_1A-adrenoceptor antagonist RS100329 (10^-9M-10^-7M) significantly reduced the response to the first pulse, the α_1D-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY7378 (10^-7M-10^-6M) significantly reduced the response to the first two pulses, and the non-selective α₁-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (10^-8M) reduced the response to the first 4 pulses at 1 Hz. Responses to 10 Hz stimulation consisted of an early peak response and a maintained plateau response. RS100329 significantly reduced the peak response but did not significantly affect the plateau response. Prazosin, significantly reduced both the peak and plateau responses. The α_1A-adrenoceptor antagonist RS17053 in high concentrations reduced mainly the plateau response leaving a clear early peak response. The plateau response of contraction was almost abolished by the purinoceptor antagonist suramin. These results suggest that there is a relatively minor early α_1D-adrenoceptor and a larger early α_1A-adrenoceptor component to stimulationevoked contractions of mouse vas deferens, but the major α₁-adrenoceptor component is revealed by prazosin to be α_1B-adrenoceptor mediated. α_1B-Adrenoceptor activation probably facilitates contractions mediated by other α₁-adrenoceptors and by purinoceptors. These results suggest that combined non-selective α₁-adrenoceptor blockade, particularly α_1B-adrenoceptor blockade, in addition to P2X1-purinoceptor blockade is useful in reducing male fertility.