• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Liquid pig manure(LPM) is a useful resource if it is sufficiently fermented and utilized in the agriculture; it provides nutrients to soils, circulates organic materials and replaces chemical fertilizers(CF) with reasonable costs. Currently, there are not many trials in paddy field to continuously cultivate the crops in winter and summer season using LPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: When cultivating winter forage crops (Whole-crop-barley(WCB), Rye, Triticale, Italian ryegrass(IRG)) and summer feed corns in the rice field, CF was treated with $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$(winter forage crops: 120-100-100kg/ha, summer feed corn: 200-150-150 kg/ha), and subsequently, growth, yields, feed values and chemical properties of soil were investigated. LPM-applied areas in both winter and summer forage crops showed higher plant lengths and tillers than those of CF-applied areas, but the yield in CF-applied areas was higher than that of LPM-applied areas under continuous application of 2 years. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and total digestion nutrient(TDN) in feed values showed almost similar results between LPM and CF-applied areas. EC, organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable cations of soils after the experiment increased in LPM applied areas, and especially, the contents of available phosphate and exchangeable sodium were high. CONCLUSION(S): Considering the above results, it was concluded that if LPM are properly utilized for continuous winter and summer cultivation of feed crops at paddy field, the cultivation costs could be decreased and be helpful to the stable production of domestic feeds.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.392-399
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• 2013

This study aimed to investigate responses of photosynthesis, plant growth, and phytochemical contents to different artificial light sources for 'Seneca RZ' and 'Gaugin RZ' two butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). In this study, fluorescent lamps (FL), three colors LEDs (red, blue and white, 5 : 4 : 1; RBW) and metalhalide lamps (MH) were used as artificial lighting sources. Photoperiod, air temperature, relative humidity, EC, and pH in a cultivation system were maintained at 16/8 h, $25/15^{\circ}C$, 60~70%, $1.4{\pm}0.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and $6.0{\pm}0.5$, respectively. The photosynthetic rate of both two butterhead lettuce were the highest under RBW in middle growth stage. However, in late growth stage, the photosynthetic rate of both two butterhead lettuce were higher under RBW and MH than FL. The light sources showed significant results for plant growth but those effects were different to variety. Fresh and dry weight of 'Gaugin RZ' butterhead lettuce under MH were heavier than other lights in all growth stages. Growth of 'Seneca RZ' butterhead lettuce was maximized highest under MH in middle growth stage and FL in late growth stage. In the leaf tissue of 'Seneca RZ' butterhead lettuce, tipburn symptom occurred under all light sources and in the leaf tissue of 'Gaugin RZ' butterhead lettuce, it occurred under two light sources except for fluorescent lamps in late growth stage. kinds of lamp affect plant growth more than plant quality. Relative growth rate of both two butterhead lettuce was faster in middle growth stage than late stage. Growth of 'Gaugin RZ' was shown by kinds of lamp in middle growth stage and but it was not significantly affected by light sources and variety in late stage. Most of the phytochemical contents of two butterhead lettuce were significantly affected by different light sources. Contents of all vitamins showed higher than other light sources on RBW for both two lettuce, especially ${\beta}$-Carotene content of 'Gaugin RZ' was the highest. Plant growth, photosynthesis, and phytochemical contents were observed significant effects by different light sources for two butterhead lettuce but those effects were highly different between variety and kinds of phytochemicals. Therefore, the selection of optimum light source should be considered by variety and kinds of phytochemicals in the plant factory.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.818-826
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• 2013

To evaluate the practical use of okara koji in soy sauce fermented with soybean koji, the okara koji was fortified with different contents (0, 50, and 100%) in soybean koji and then fermented for 90 days. The saltiness of the soy sauce was about 17.15~17.22%. The higher okara koji content showed lower net soluble solid contents of 8.73, 6.12, and 2.50%, as well as lower acidity levels of 1.09, 0.98, and 0.47%. The buffering capacity of the soy sauce decreased to 1.26-3.41 by adding higher okara koji. The protease activity was higher in the soy sauce with 50% orara koji and decreased with longer fermentation. Also, the tyrosine content peaked to 275.2 mg% after 90 days. ${\alpha}$-amylase showed higher activity in the soy sauces fortified with okara koji, which resulted in the highest total sugar and reducing sugar contents after 60 days. The total sugar and the reducing sugar in the soy source decreased after longer fermentation. The total free amino acid contents of the soy sources fortified with okara koji (0, 50, and 100%) were 41.68 mg/mL, 33.10 mg/mL, and 9.27 mg/mL, respectively. In particular, the glutamic acid contents of the three types of soy sauces were highest, and most amino acids, except for glutamine, increased during the fermentation for 90 days. The sensory evaluation, except of the saltiness and color, showed similar values in the soy sauces, except in the okara koji 100%. Thus, okara koji could be a valuable ingredient of traditional soy sauces. However, the 50% okara koji did not differ significantly from the others.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 2012

We investigated the concentration levels and evaluated the distributions of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans(PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(DLPCBs) and 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and organism from various culturing grounds in Korean coast. The levels of PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs, and PBDEs in sediment samples ranged from 0.03 to 2.9(Mean${\pm}$SD, $1.2{\pm}0.89$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dry weight(dw), ND(not detected) to 1.1($0.09{\pm}0.19$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dw, and ND to 16.6($2.96{\pm}3.53$) ng $g^{-1}$ dw, respectively. Also, the levels of PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs, and PBDEs in culturing organisms ranged from ND to 0.24($0.07{\pm}0.06$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ wet weight(ww), ND to 0.11($0.04{\pm}0.04$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ ww, and 0.05 to 0.29($0.13{\pm}0.06$) ng $g^{-1}$ ww, respectively. The levels of total dioxins(PCDD/Fs+DLPCBs) and PBDEs in sediments from East and South sea were four to seven times higher than those from West sea. PCDD/Fs had dominant contribution(mean, 94%) for TEQ concentration in sediment, whereas relatively higher contribution of DLPCBs(33%) were shown in culturing organism than sediment. BDE209 was a dominant congener in both matrix. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs and PBDEs were in decreasing trends in Korea coasts compared to previous results.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2010

Six populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, were collected from the different national areas for resistance and reared in laboratory for two sensitive population. These populations of P. xylostella were examined the developed resistance against commercial products of Bacillus thuringiensis. There were 3 products with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki including Tyuneup$^{(R)}$, Thuricide$^{(R)}$ and Geumulmang$^{(R)}$ and 2 products with B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai including Tobagi$^{(R)}$ and Scorpion$^{(R)}$. The sensitive population of diamondback moths were provided from National Academy of Agricultural Science (NP) and Highland Agriculture Research Center (GR population) and field populations were caught from 6 different national areas. Resistance against Tyuneup$^{(R)}$ was developed 4.8 and 2.5 times in SP and HS compared with GR population of diamondback moth, respectively. In case of Geumulmang$^{(R)}$, it was developed 9.9 and 6.8 times in SP and NM population compared with NP population, respectively. Otherwise, Tobagi$^{(R)}$ was showed higher resistance in HS than any other population compared with GR population, however, Scorpion$^{(R)}$ that is a same strain with Tobagi$^{(R)}$, was showed only double resistance to SP population. It was supposed that the development of resistance to B. thuringiensis might be caused by the continuous application of the specific commercial product at the specific area. So, we need to use the commercial products of B. thuringiensis in rotation with different B. thuringiensis strains. In the other hand, when HS population with highest resistance were reared in laboratory, their resistance ratio was rapidly dropped to 1.1 times at second generation. We have to examined the resistance mechanism of the diamondback moth to B. thuringiensis strains.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 1999

This study was conducted to observe the early life history of sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus. The fertilized eggs were spherical in shape and turned out to be separative and floated. Their membrane and yolk having 1~5 oil globule were transparent. Fertilized eggs were measured to be 1.33~1.46 mm in diameter. Hatching of eggs were started at 74 hrs 15 mins, 54 hrs 55 mins, 50 hrs 45 mins, after fertilization in water temperature $16.0^{\circ}C$, $18.0^{\circ}C$, $20.0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The newly hatching larvae were 3.79~3.97 mm in total length with 35~37 myomeres, and mouth and anus were closed. Melanophores were distributed on the up side of head, upper jaw and margins of the body. The 5 days after hatching larvae measured 4.78~5.24 mm in total length, yolk were completely absorbed, and transformed to postlarval stage. In this time, mouth of larvae was opened, and also melanophores were presented on the lower jaw. Head of larvae grew remarkably. The 21~22 days after hatching, total length of the larvae was 7.15~8.12 mm, the caudal fin rays began to differentiation. In 31 days after hatching, the larva were 8.46~9.16 mm in total length, and tip of the caudal notochord flexed $45^{\circ}$. The larvae reached to the juvenile stage with all the fins were developed at 61 days after hatching and attained 16.28~17.31 mm in total length.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.199-210
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• 2005

Objective : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) affects $5-10\%$ of children in Korea, with more boys and girls being diagnosed. Despite seriousness of ADHD, little is known about its causes. From the current genetic epidemiologic studies, ADHD is known as a heritable disorder. Till now, however, there have been very few genetic studies about ADHD in Korea. The aim of the this study is to examine the association between dopamine transporter gone type 1 and ADHD using case-control design in Korean ADHD probands and normal controls. Materials and Method : Child Psychiatric Genetic research team in Seoul National University Hospital, Clinical Research Institute recruited the ADHD probands using clinical interview/observation, diverse rating scales, and neuropsychological tests. For eliminating phenocopy or ADHD, diagnosis of ADHD was based upon clinical data, psychometric data, and parent/teacher reports. Total 85 ADHD-probands were recruited as final study subjects and independent 100 normal adults participated in this study as control group. For all the ADHD probands, and controls, the 3'-UTR-VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 was analyzed. Based on the DAT1 allele and genotype informations, Chi-square test based on case-control design was performed. Results : As for genetic study, total of 85 probands and 100 controls were included for the genetic analysis. Four different alleles, 350bp (7repeat), 440bp (9repeat), 480bp (10repeat) and 520bp (11repeat) were found in DAT1 gene of study subjects. In case-control analysis, ADHD probands and parents have significantly more 9 repeat allele and 9/10 genotype. Also, The probands with 9repeat allele have more commission errors in ADS. Conclusion : The positive association between ADHD and DAT1 gene was replicated in this report like other previous results for caucasian children and Korean children with ADHD. There are ongoing studies on other candidate genes such as DRD4 and DRD5 and it would be required to explore the association of these candidate genes in Korean children with ADHD. These ongoing genetic research will contribute to the understanding of heterogenous genetic and environmental etiologies of ADHD phenotype, which will lead to the development of more comprehensive treatment and preventive interventions for ADHD.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2018

In this study, compacting, passing performance, segregation resistance and rheological properties were tested to improve the stability of fresh concrete in the production and construction of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using hollow glass powder(GB). As a result, T50 reaching time was shortened up to amount of GB $2.0kg/m^3$. The compacting according to the amount of GB was improved by ball bearing effect of GB. However, T50 reaching time was slightly increased at $4.0kg/m^3$. In the case of passing performance, the result showed that plain was Class 1, GB $0.5{\sim}2.0kg/m^3$ was Class 0, GB $4.0kg/m^3$ was Class 1. Therefore, the passing performance was improved with 'No blocking' up to amount of GB $2.0kg/m^3$. Passing performance Block step (PJ) number by J-ring method was also best at GB $1.0kg/m^3$. In the case of segregation resistance according to the amount of GB, dynamic segregation resistance was increased compared to plain regardless of the amount of GB. And static segregation resistance showed 2.5% of segregation rate at GB $1.0kg/m^3$. Therefore, it was greatly improved compared to plain (12.5%). In the case of rheology property according to the amount of GB, plastic consistency by increasing of GB content didn't show big difference. However, yield stress by increasing of GB content was decreased with GB $1.0kg/m^3$. In conclusion, GB $1.0kg/m^3$ was effective for improvement of compacting, passing performance and yield stress. Also, it will be useful for stability of SCC by improving segregation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2015

Urban areas are variously under threat including deterioration of ecological functions. Many pond wetland types have been created as part of an effort to improve and restore this urban environment. This study was arranged to examine improvement plans of wetlands in urban areas by analyzing semi-natural wetlands in farm areas. As for environment for water quality, it suggested the inflow of natural water neighboring rivers or the direct inflow of rain as the improvement plans. The result which analyzed soil pH, OM, and T-N content of the soil environment mentioned that urban areas supplied artificial sluices, removed apoptotic bodies, and used artificial soil and waterproofing materials and use of natural materials in design and construction, the sluice state of the natural form, and negligence of autumn plants were suggested as the improvement plans. Florae appeared in the subject sites of the study have found that there are 35 families 69 species in urban areas and 53 families 142 species in rural areas. As the average has found that there are 18.5 families 29.3 species in 4 urban areas and 26.3 families 53.5 species in 4 rural areas, the big difference between them was analyzed. As the cause has found that there are differences in yearly plants in farming areas when compared to urban areas, creation of various basic environments including soil and water quality was suggested to make yearly plants settle down widely. Naturalized plants have found that there are no big differences between urban areas and rural areas. However, the average of the naturalized ratio in urban areas is 17.4% as the naturalized plants are about 1/4 of the appeared plants. As it was analyzed to be higher than 7.7%, the average of the naturalized ratio in farming areas as the big difference, creation of various inhabiting environments was suggested to make more yearly plants appear like the analyzed result of the life type. Consideration of placement, materials, and inhabiting environments was suggested to make creation of wetlands well appreciated to improve functions of wetlands in urban areas. It is expected that the above results of the study will be utilized in creation and improvement of the pond wetlands which can play a huge role in increase and improvement of biological diversity in urban areas.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the physiological activities of Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta extracts before and after heat treatment. G. biloba sarcotesta was heated at $130^{\circ}C$ for 2 h and extracted with water, 70% ethanol and 80% methanol. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities increased after heating in the water (14.95 mg AAE/g and 7.36 mg TE/g) and ethanol extracts (12.20 mg AAE/g and 6.23 mg TE/g). ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity decreased after heating in all but the water extract. Angiotensin converting enzyme I inhibitory activities decreased after heating in all extracts. Nitric oxide production inhibitory activity increased from 12.40~44.55% of the raw sample to 40.76~72.39% of the heated sample at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. Lipid accumulation inhibitory activities were similar before and after heat treatment. The highest antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines were observed in 80% methanol extract in the heated sample. Cell viability at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ measured 34.88, 17.58, 8.44 and 10.48%, respectively. From the results, the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of G. biloba sarcotesta extracts increased with heat treatment, and research on the identification of the structure for the active compounds are needed in further studies.