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Change of Nutrients and Behaviour of Total Coliforms in the Natural Treatment of Wastewater by Subsurface Flow Wetland System (인공습지를 이용한 자연정화 오수처리시설에서 영양물질의 변화와 대장균군의 행동)

  • Yoon, Chun-Gyeong;Kwun, Soon-Kuk;Kim, Hyung-Joong
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.249-254
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    • 1997
  • The constructed wetland system which is applicable to rural wastewater treatment was examined by pilot plant experiment. Removal rates of nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus and total coliform were evaluated. The $NH_4\;^+$ concentration of the influent was in the range of 91.57 to 275.88mg/l and the effluent concentration was about 40% lower than the influent. The decreasing of the $NH_4\;^+$ concentration might be due to volatilization, plant uptake, adsorption onto soil particles, and mainly nitrification. However, generally concentrations of $NO_2\;^-$ and $NO_3\;^-$ were increased in the effluents compared to the influent concentrations, which implies that nitrogen components in the system were nitrified. Overall, the average removal rate of the nitrogen was about 5% which seems inadequate as a wastewater treatment system, and this system needs improvement on nitrogen removal mechamism. The removal rate of the phosphorus was quite high and effluent concentration was very low. Reason for high removal rate of the phosphorus might be mainly strong adsorption characteristic onto soil particles. The average removal rate of the total coliforms was about 83%, and main removal mechanisms are thought to be adsorption onto soil and inability to compete against the established soil microflora. From the results of the study, the constructed wetland system needs to be improved in nitrogen removal mechanism for field application.

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Effects of Aromatherapy on Depression, Anxiety and the Autonomic Nervous System in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Radiotherapy (방사선 요법을 받는 유방암 환자에게 적용한 아로마 요법이 우울, 불안 및 자율신경계 반응에 미치는 효과)

  • Yun, Sun-Hee;Cha, Jung-Hee;Yoo, Yang-Sook;Kim, Yeong-In;Chung, Su-Mi;Jeong, Hea-Lim
    • Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.68-76
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: The study was designed to verify effects of aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and the autonomic nervous system in breast cancer patients who are undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Methods: Data were collected from November 2006 through March 2007 at the C university hospital in Seoul. The study included 33 patients and they were assigned to three groups. Group I had aroma oil inhalation for 2 minutes per time, three times a day for six weeks whereas Group II and a control group inhaled aroma oil for 2 minutes per time, once a day for six weeks. For Groups I and II, a mixture of lemon, lavender, rosewood and rose essential oils were used while control group inhaled tea tree oil. Results: Depression was significantly decreased in patients in the experimental groups only. In Groups I and II patients, anxiety level was lower than that in control patients. Patients in Groups I and II also showed stronger physical resistance to stress than control group patients. Conclusion: Aromatherapy should be considered as a method that can significantly decrease depression in breast cancer patients who are undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy.

Seasonal Changes of Species Composition and Standing Crop of Phytoplankton in the Ark Shell Scapharca broughtonii Farming Areas of Jinhae Bay (진해만 피조개 Scapharca broughtonii 양식장 식물플랑크톤의 종조성과 현존량의 월별변화)

  • Kim, Byoung-Hak;Min, Byeong-Hee;Choi, Nak-Joong;Oh, Bong-Se;Park, Ki-Yeol;Min, Kwang-Sik
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.157-166
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    • 2008
  • Species composition and standing crop of phytoplankton were investigated in the ark shell Scapharca broughtonii farming areas from March, 2006 to February, 2007 in Jinhae Bay. Water temperature ranged from 7.56 to $25.90^{\circ}C$, salinity from 13.74 to 34.78 psu, dissolved oxygen from 4.13 to 13.20 mg/L, chlorophyll $\alpha$ from 2.77 to 104.98 $mg/m^2$ and pH from 7.83 to 8.65. Dominant species was Nitzschia and Rhizosolenia from March to May, Skeletonama costatum and Prorocentrum from June to August, Skeletonama costatum, Thalassiosira, Chaetoceros from September to November and Thalassiosira, Chaetoceros from December to February. Colonial diatoms were more dominant than the single cell diatoms. Standing crop was the highest in July at three stations. Standing crop of Skeletonama costatum was the highest as 1,760.0 cells/mL at St. 1, 1,075.2 cells/mL at St. 2 and 698.4 cells/mL at St. 3 in July.

Evaluation of a Serodiagnostic Method for Tuberculosis by Using Secreted Protein Antigens of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (결핵균 분비항원을 이용한 결핵의 혈청학적 진단 방법에 대한 평가)

  • Bai, Gill-Han;Park, Eun-Mi;Kim, Sang-Jae
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.315-323
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    • 2000
  • Background : An immunochromatographic assay (ICT Diagnostics) which facilitates the diagnosis of tuberculosis(TB) by detecting serum antibodies mainly directed against specific 38KDa of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has come into the market. The test consists of a cardboard folding device containing nitrocellulose strip and absorbent pads. The whole procedure is completed within 15 min and does not require any additional equipment. The test has been reported to be sensitive and specific in diagnosing active TB. Thus the test had been evaluated with sera from TB patients and TB-free subjects. Method : Sera from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis(40 sputum positives for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 79 sputum negatives, and 3 extrapulmonary tuberculosis) were obtained from the Double-Cross Chest Clinic of the Korean National Tuberculosis Association (KNTA) in Seoul. The control group consisted of TB-free 68 subjects(21 children under 7 years old and 47 healthy staff members of KNTA). Results : Nine out of 68(13.2%) TB-free controls had positive antibody response. Total 106 of 122(86.9%) radiologically active patients had positive antibodies while 16 (13.1%) showed negative reaction. Antibody was detected in 38 of 40(95.0%) sputum positive patients and 68 of 82(82.9%) sputum negative patients who were under the antituberculosis chemotherapy. The sensitivity and specificity were all 87% and the positive predictive value was 92.2% while the negative predictive value was 78.7%, when the prevalence of TB in the sample was 64.2%. Our results clearly show that the detection of antibodies which mainly react with the 38KDa antigen of M. tuberculosis is not suitable as the first-line method of diagnosis but considered only as an adjunctive test to standard techniques of tuberculosis diagnosis. when considering its high false positivity.

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The Geochemical Characteristics and Environmental Factors on the Marine Shellfish Farm in Namhae-po Tidal Flat of Taean (태안 남해포 갯벌 패류양식해역의 환경특성)

  • Choi, Yoon Seok;Park, Kwang Jae;Yoon, Sang Pil;Chung, Sang Ok;An, Kyoung Ho;Song, Jae Hee
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.51-63
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    • 2013
  • To assess the effect of environmental factors on the sustainability of cultured production shellfish, we investigated the habitat characteristics of tidal flat (Namhae-po in Taean). We measured the physiochemical parameters (temperature, salanity, pH, dissolved oxygen and nutrients) and the geochemical characteristics (chemical oxygen demand, ignition loss, C/N ratio and C/S ratio). Surface sediments were collected from several site of tidal flat to examine the geochemical characteristics of both the benthic environment and heavy metal pollution. The grain size for research area of tidal flat were similar at the ratio of silt and clay in comparison with the other site of it. The C/N ratio was more than 5.0, reflecting the range arising from the mix of marine organism and organic matter. The C/S ratio (about 2.8) showed that survey area had anoxic or sub-anoxic bottom conditions. The enrichment factor (Ef) and index of accumulation rate (Igeo) of the metals showed that those research areas can be classified as heavily polluted, heavily to moderately polluted, or more or less unpolluted, respectively. Adult surf clam (Mactra veneriformis) density was highest at St. 2 (middle part of the Namhae-po), on the other hand, surf clam spat density was highest at St. 3 (lower part of the Namhae-po). Heavy rain, terrigenous suspended clay with fresh water from neighboring agricultural land, and severe high air temperature during summer could be thought as detrimental causes of spat and adult mortality in Namhae-po tidal flat. We suggested that the growth of shellfish in the tidal flat was effected by the various environmental conditions, so an improvement in the cultured method was needed.

Petrology and petrochemistry of the Jurassic Daebo granites in the Pocheon-Gisanri area (포천 - 기산리 일대에 분포하는 쥬라기 대보화강암류의 암석 및 암석화학)

  • 윤현수;홍세선;이윤수
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2002
  • The study area is mostly composed of Precambrian Gyeonggi gneiss complex, Jurassic Daebo granites, Cretaceous tonalite and dykes, and so on. On the basis of field survey and mineral assemblage, the granites can be divided into three types; biotite granite (Gb), garnet biotite granite (Ggb) and two mica granite (Gtm). They predominantly belong to monzo-granites from the modes. Field relationship and K-Ar mica age data in the surrounding area suggest that intrusive sequences are older in order of Gtm, Ggb and Gb. Gb and Ggb, major study targets, occur as medium-coarse grained rocks, and show light grey and light grey-light pink colors, respectively. Mineral constituents are almost similar except for opaque in Gb and garmet in Ggb. Gb and Ggb have felsic, peraluminous, subalkaline and calc alkaline natures. In Harker diagram, both rocks show moderately negative trends of $TiO_2$, MgO, CaO, $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$(t), $K_2O$ and $P_2O_5$ as $SiO_2$ contents increase. Among them, $TiO_2$, MgO and CaO show two linear trends. From the trends and the linear patterns in AFM, Sr-Ba and Rb-Ba-Sr relations, it is likely that they were originated from the same granitic magma and Ggb was differentiated later than Gb. REE concentrations normalized to chondrite value have trends of parallel LREE enrichment and HREE depletion. One data of Ggb showing a gradually enriched HREE trend may be caused by garnet accompaniment. Ggb have more negative Eu anomalies than Gb, suggesting that plagioclase fractionation in Ggb have occurred much stronger than that in Gb. In modal (Qz+Af) vs. Op, Gb and Ggb belong to magnetite-series and ilmenite-series, respectively. From the EPMA results, opaques of Gb are magnetite and ilmenite, and those of Ggb are magnetite-free ilmenite or not observed. Bimodal distribution of magnetic susceptibility reveals two different granites of Gb (332.6 ${mu}SI$) and Ggb (2.3 ${mu}SI$). Based on the paleomagnetic analysis as well as modal analysis, the main susceptibilities of Gb and Ggb reside in magnetite and mafic minerals, respectively. They belong to S-type granite of non-magnetic granite by susceptibility value. In addition, $SiO_2$ contents, $K_2O/Na_2O$, A/CNK molar ratio and ACF diagram support that they all belong to S-type granites.

A Statistical Survey of Foreign Bodies in Air and Food Passage (Report V) (식도 및 기도이물의 통계적 고찰(제5보))

  • 김기령;홍원표;이춘근;이정권;박기현;김상기
    • Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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    • 1979.05a
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    • pp.6.2-6
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    • 1979
  • Foreing bodies of the esophagus and tracheobronchus are likely to occur whenever a child places an inedible object in the mouth and are common in the older age group particularily in edentulous individuals or preexisting disease. Our department had already reported the statistical survey at first in 1954, successively in 1962, 1963 and 1968, respectively according to the age, sex, variety of foreign bodies, location and duration of the lodgement. Now, we have experienced the new 186 cases during the consecutive 5 year period from January 1973 to December 1977 and reported as a 5th report comparing with previous report. The results were as follows. 1. In the incidence of foreign bodies, coins were the most common and pointed metal, disc, bony fragment were followed in order in the esophagus while the peanut and corn were common in the air passage. 2) 79 cases (56.4%) were males and 61 cases (43.6%) were females in the esophagus, which was not a significant difference to note. But in the air passage, males accounted for 33 cases (71.7%) compared to 13 cases (28.3%) of females. 3) In the aspect of age incidence, child 10 years or under accounted for almost all cases in the esophagus as well as in the air passage. 4) In the location of foreign bodies in the esophagus, the first narrowing was the most common, while in the air passage right bronchus had a high incidence but the difference of incidence between right bronchus and left bronchus was not remarkable. 5) The duration of lodgement was 24 hours or less in more than half of the all cases. 6) In the aspect of kind of coin, 10 won coins accounted for majority of the cases (67.0%) but the incidence of 100 won coins were tend to increase gradually in these years.

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Functional food activities of extracts from Pinus densiflora root (동송근(Pinus densiflora root) 추출물의 기능성식품 활성)

  • Lee, Eun-Ho;Kim, Na-Hyun;Park, Mi-Jung;Hong, Eun-Jin;Park, Ki-Tae;An, Bong-Jeun;Ahn, Dong-Hyun;Cho, Young-Je
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.110-116
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    • 2016
  • In this study, the antioxidative activity and functional food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Pinus densiflora root were examined. It was more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. The extracted phenolic compounds from Pinus densiflora root for biological activities were examined. The phenolic compounds extracted with water and 80% EtOH were $1.86{\pm}0.04mg/g$ and $6.85{\pm}0.16mg/g$, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of water and EtOH were each 86% and 85% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. ABTS radical decolorization activity was 48% in water and 68% in EtOH at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Antioxidant Protection Factor (PF) were 1.74 PF in water and 1.96 PF in EtOH at $50{\mu}g/mL$. TBARs of water and EtOH were 93% and 98%, respectively at $100{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibition activity on xanthine oxidase was 83.7% in water extracts and 79.6% in ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthine oxidase of water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than allopurinol. The inhibition activity on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 14.8% in water extracts and 91.6% in ethanol extracts. The result suggests that P. densiflora root extracts may be useful as as functional food material.

Ethnobotanical Study on the Traditional Knowledge of Vascular Plant Resources in South Korea (한국의 관속식물 전통지식에 대한 민속식물학적 연구)

  • Chung, Jae-Min;Kim, Hyun-Jun;Park, Gwang-Woo;Jeong, Hye-Ran;Choi, Kyung;Shin, Chang-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.62-89
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    • 2016
  • The great part of the traditional knowledge on ethnobotanical plants and their uses is gradually vanishing due to industrialization, therefore ethnobotanical studies that explore and preserve the knowledge are in urgent needed before the knowledge are lost ever. This study was conducted to record and conserve the traditional knowledge of botanical taxa in Korea from 2006 to 2014. According to the survey results, derived from 17,328 sheets of 1,771 residents at 868 places, the ethnobotanical plants in Korea consisted of a total 924 taxa; 130 families, 493 genera, 813 species, 7 subspecies, 92 varieties and 12 form. Of them, herbs were 619 taxa (67.0%) and woody plants were 305 taxa (33.0%). 707 taxa (76.5%) out of 924 taxa grow wild, 44 taxa (4.8%) were cultivated wild species, 145 taxa (15.7%) were introduced for cultivation, and 28 taxa (3.0%) were naturalized plants. The analysis of usage for 924 taxa showed that the edible use was the highest with 58.9%, followed by medicinal with 26.9%, material with 3.7% and ornamental with 2.3%, respectively. The leaf of plant was the most useful part, followed by stem and root. Quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical plants in Korea was performed by the basic values of FC, NU and UR, and indices of CI, RFC, RI and CV. As a result, The CI place Artemisia princeps in first position, followed by Aster scaber, Kalopanax septemlobus. The RFC place A. scaber in first position, followed by A. princeps, Aralia elata. The RI place A. princeps in first position, followed by Pinus densiflora, Morus alba. The CV place A. princeps in first position, followed by P. densiflora, K. septemlobus.

Uptake of Heavy Metal Ions by Water Dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.) and Identification of Its Heavy Metal-Binding Protein (미나리의 중금속 흡수량 측정 및 중금속 결합단백질의 동정)

  • Park, Young-Il;Kim, Hee-Guen;Kim, Yoo-Young;Kim, In-Soo
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.39 no.6
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    • pp.494-500
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    • 1996
  • Uptake of hen metal ions by water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.) and its cadmium-binding protein were studied to probe for good method to remove heavy metal contaminants from environments. The plant was cultured in the culture medium (pH 7.0) containing the various concentrations of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cr^{3+}$ or $Pb^{2+}$, for 3 and 7 days. The residual heavy metals deposited in roots linearly increased as the metal ions concentration increased up to 17 ppm for $Cd^{2+}$, 20 ppm for $Cr^{3+}$ and 50 ppm for $Pb^{2+}$. Above these concentrations, the plant growth was inhibited and the uptake rates of the metal ions decreased. The heavy metals absorbed by the plant were mostly deposited in roots. In particular, the residual concentration of lead in roots was about four times higher than those of cadmium and chromium. When cultured in the medium containing 20 ppm of each metal ion, 80% of cadmium, 90% of cromium and 96% of lead were deposited in roots out of the total residual metal ions in the plant. These values correspond to 6.1 mg of cadmium, 5.2 mg of chromium and 23.6 mg of lead per one gram of roots tissue on a dry weight basis. A cadmium-binding protein was partially purified by extraction, gel filtration and DEAE-Cellulose chromatography from water dropworts that was grown in the medium containing 20 ppm $Cd^{2+}$. The purified protein was a single band on SDS- and non-denaturing- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its molecular mass was estimated to be ca. 5,000 dalton by gel filteration. Analysis of amino acid composition of the protein indicated that it had a typical amino acid composition of heavy metal-binding protein in that it contained 27% of acidic amino acids and 9.9% of cysteine. However, it is likely that the protein is a new plant metal-binding protein, since its amino acid composition is somewhat different from those of phytochelatins that have been known so far.

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