• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.576-584
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 녹차가루의 첨가량을 0.5, 1, 2, 3%를 첨가한 발효유를 제조하고 이에 따른 품질특성, 항산화 활성 및 저장성을 평가하였다. 녹차가루를 첨가한 발효유에서 발효가 진행될수록 pH는 낮아졌으나 대조군에 비해 첨가군에서 높은 값을 나타내었고 적정산도 역시 발효가 진행될수록 증가하였으나 녹차가루의 첨가량이 증가할수록 적정 산도는 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 시간이 지날수록 유산균 수는 증가하였으나 대조군에 비해 적었으며 당도는 낮아졌다. 색도의 경우 녹차가루의 첨가량이 증가할수록 L 값과 a 값은 낮아졌고 b값은 증가하였다. DPPH radical 소거능과 FRAP에 대한 항산화활성은 녹차가루의 첨가량이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 발효가 완료된 발효유를 $4^{\circ}C$에서 30일간 저장한 결과, pH와 적정산도, 유산균 수 모두 적정 발효유의 범위 내에 속하였으며 색도는 녹차의 갈변에 의한 적색도 값이 증가하였으나 큰 변화는 없었다. 이러한 결과로 보아 발효유 제조 시 녹차가루의 첨가는 발효유의 발효 및 품질특성에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않고 건강기능성을 향상시켜 새로운 기능성 발효유로써의 개발 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2014

Background: This study examined the effects of cervical traction group and cervical traction & nerve mobilization exercise group after applying conservative physical therapy to Computer Workers with Cervical Radiculopathy. Methods: They were randomly divided into two groups: 18 subjects were cervical traction group, 22 subjects were cervical traction and nerve mobilization exercise group. Each group performed its own exercise 30 minutes per day, three times per week, for 4 weeks. Pain intensity was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI). Cervical extensor muscles strength (CEMS) was measured by the Pressure biofeedback unit. Grasping power (GP) was measured by the Grip Track Commander. Results: After 4 weeks therapy, VAS and NDI were significantly reduced in both groups (p<.05) and CEMS and GP were significantly increased in both groups (p<.05). Significant differences were also evident between the two groups for these three measurements (p<.05). Conclusions: cervical traction and nerve mobilization exercise group is more effective than cervical traction group for reducing VAS and NDI and increasing GP in computer workers with cervical radiculopathy.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.725-731
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• 2012

This study investigated the shelf life of emulsion-type sausages containing garlic powder and/or ${\alpha}$-tocopherol during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 0, 10, 20, and 30 d. Six groups of emulsion-type sausages were included: control (no additives), GP1 (1% garlic powder), GP3 (3% garlic powder), AT100 (100 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg of sausage), AT200 (200 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg of sausage), and GP1+AT100 (1% garlic powder+100 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg of sausage). During storage, the pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and residual nitrite content were reduced by the addition of garlic powder and/or ${\alpha}$-tocopherol relative to the control (p<0.05). In addition, emulsion-type sausages supplemented with garlic powder and/or ${\alpha}$-tocopherol improved color stability (p<0.05). The results suggest that a higher amount of garlic powder and their different combinations could improve the shelf life of emulsion-type sausages and protect against lipid oxidation.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1805-1818
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• 2018

This paper proposes a novel hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm combining a Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and the conventional Perturb & Observation (P&O) to track/extract the highest amount of power from a solar photovoltaic (SPV) system working under partial shading conditions (PSCs). The proposed hybrid algorithm is based on a WOA which predicts the initial global peak (GP) and is followed by P&O in the final stage to achieve a quicker convergence to a GP. Thus, this hybrid algorithm overcomes the computational burden encountered in a standalone WOA, grey wolf optimization (GWO) and hybrid GWO reported in the literature. The conventional algorithm searches for the maximum power point (MPP) in the predicted region by the WOA. The proposed MPPT technique is modelled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink for simulating an environment to check its effectiveness in accurately tracking the MPP during the GP region. This hybrid algorithm is compared with a standalone WOA, GWO and hybrid GWO. From the simulating results, it is shown that the proposed algorithm offers high tracking performance and that it increases the output power level of a SPV system under partial shading. The algorithm also verified experimentally on various PSCs.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.322-326
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• 2013

Purpose: Telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker has been known to be a potent blocker of both CYP2J2 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro. This study aims to investigate the drug-drug interactions between telmisartan and ebastine, a CYP2J2 and P-gp substrate in rats. Method: Ebastine (10 mg/kg) was orally given in the presence and absence of telmisartan (4 mg/kg, p.o.). Heparinized blood was serially taken and the plasma concentrations of ebastine and its three metabolites (hydroxyebastine, carebastine and desalkylebastine) were determined using LC-MS/MS, and their pharmacokinetic parameters were compared. Results: Peak concentrations ($C_{max}$) and AUC of ebastine were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the presence of telmisartan by 2.1 and 1.9 times, respectively. While $C_{max}$ of hydroxyebastine was significantly increased by 1.9 times, the half-life of hydroxyebasteine was decreased significantly with telmisartan (p<0.05). There was no change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of carebastine, the active metabolite of ebastine, and desalkylebastine was not detected in plasma. The systemic exposure of ebastine was significantly augmented by telmisartan, indicating that telmisartan may enhance the absorption of ebastine by blocking P-gp. Conclusion: Although telmisartan may also partially contribute to inhibit the biotransformation to hydroxyebastine, the inhibitory action seemed to be overridden by the enhancement of absorption, because the generation of hydroxyebastine was not diminished. In spite of such interactions between telmisartan and ebastine, no clinical consequence could be expected due to no significant change of the active metabolite, carebastine.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ticlopidine on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its active metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined in rats after oral administration of diltiazem (15 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) with ticlopidine (3 or 9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). The effects of ticlopidine on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activities were also evaluated. Ticlopidine inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentrationdependent manner with a 50% inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 35 ${\mu}M$. In addition, ticlopidine did not significantly enhance the cellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 in NCI/ADR-RES cells overexpressing P-gp. Compared with the control (given diltiazem alone), ticlopidine significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem. The peak concentration ($C_{max}$) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of diltiazem were significantly (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p<0.05) increased in the presence of ticlopidine. The AUC of diltiazem was increased by 1.44-fold in rats in the presence of ticlopidine (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (A.B.) of diltiazem in the presence of ticlopidine (9.3-11.5%) was signifi cantly higher (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p<0.05) than that in the control group (8.0%). Although ticlopidine significantly (p<0.05) increased the AUC of desacetyldiltiazem, the metabolite-parent AUC ratio (M.R.) in the presence of ticlopidine (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) was significantly decreased compared to that in the control group, implying that ticlopidine could effectively inhibit the metabolism of diltiazem. In conclusion, the concomitant use of ticlopidine significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of diltiazem in rats by inhibiting CYP3A4-mediated metabolism in the intestine and/or liver rather than by inhibiting intestinal P-gp activity or renal elimination of diltiazem.

• 생약학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2008

The effects of the ethanol extracts from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP extracts) on body weights, grip strengths, endurances and catecholamine levels after electric footshock (EF) stress in mice and rats were investigated. The animals were treated with GP extracts (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 21 days before exposure to EF (duration and interval 10 sec for 3 min, 2 mA) once a day. The increases in body weights were delayed by 13.1% of the control levels by EF-induced stress in mice, which were recovered to 24.1% of the control levels in GP extract-treated groups. The grip strengths were significantly decreased by EF stress in mice and the EF-stressed groups treated with GP extracts increased grip strengths to 115.2% compared to control levels. The endurance times by forced swimming, which reduced significantly by EF stress, were also maintained similar to control levels by GP extracts in rats. In addition, the levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine in serum and brain, and dopamine in brain were significantly increased to 17.5-95.0% of the control levels after exposure of EF stress in mice. However, EF stressinduced increases in norepinephrine and epinephrine in serum were reduced to 17.1-17.3% of the control levels by treatments of GP extracts, and those in dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine in brain were also reduced to 5.0-19.5%. These results suggest that GP extracts showed the protective effects on EF stress-induced physiological functions and can be developed as the promising anti-stress agents.

• 생약학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2011

The effects of herbal ethanol extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP extract) on chronic stress-induced anxiety in mice were investigated. The animals were treated with GP extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 21 days before exposure to electric footshock (EF; duration and interval 10 sec for 3 min, 2 mA) for chronic stress once a day. The ambulatory locomotor activity was reduced by chronic EF stress and it was recovered by 12.9-15.1% in GP extract-treated groups. The grip strength was also significantly decreased by chronic EF stress, however, the EF-stressed groups treated with GP extract increased grip strength from 13.9% to 56.8% compared to EF-stressed groups. In addition, the serum levels of corticosterone were significantly elevated by chronic EF stress to 197% of the control levels, which was reduced to 73.1% by treatment with GP extract (100 mg/kg). In contrast, the brain levels of dopamine and serotonin were reduced to 67.6% and 63.1% by chronic EF stress, which was recovered to 90% of the control levels by treatment with GP extract. These results indicate that GP extract shows the ameliorating effects on chronic EF stress-induced anxiety in mice and it can be developed as the promising anti-anxiety agent.

• 농촌계획
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2020

The purpose of study was analyze the pumping characteristics, Irrigation Efficiency(IE), and irrigation pattern by period of rice growing stage with based on the performance of design irrigation water requirement and operational Galshin Pumping(GP) station in GP irrigation district constructed under rural water development project master plan. GP station was located in Yedang reservoir, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do and has been supplying irrigation water since 2006. The research data are the Irrigation Water Requirement(IWR) and the Pumping Water Amount(PWA) from 2006 to 2015 at the GP station, which is the supplied amount. The IWR were calculated using the Blaney-Criddle formula of the HOMWRS program, Hydrological Operation Model for Water Resource System, developed by Korea Rural Community Corporation. The Blaney-Criddle formula was used to calculate design irrigation water requirement of Galshin rural water development project master plan. During 2006-2015, the study period, the annual average IWR is 763.2(±149.1)mm, the annual PWA of the GP station is 397.4mm to 1,056.9mm, and those average annual PWA is 643.4(±208.4)mm. The annual IE of GP station 96.5% to 169.0%, and the average annual IE is 124.3%, which is higher than the research results conducted in other pumping stations. Analyzing the irrigation patterns of the GP irrigation district, the IWR Ratio per 10days(IWRR) and the PWA Ratio per 10days(PWAR) of the G P station were obtained. The IWRR is the percentage of IWR for each 10 days of a month to total IWR per year, and the PWAR is the percentage of PWA for each 10 days of a month to total PWA per year. The Kolmogorov- Smirnov(K-S) test results of IWRR and PWAR showed the characteristics classification by rice growing stage and stable normal distribution characteristics. Average IWRR(AIWRR) and Average PWAR(APWAR) are presented as irrigation patterns. Irrigation pattern analysis will be able to standardize comparison, analysis and probability calculation of the pumping station characteristics of different pumping stations and apply to objective evaluation of the pumping station district.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.151-155
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• 2004

본 실험은 육계사료 내에 맥반석 분말을 첨가 급여했을 때 육계의 성장에 미치는 효과와 생산된 계육의 관능적 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 5일령 Avian 육계 수평아리를 반복별로 체중이 동일하도록 임의 배치하였다. 맥반석 분말을 첨가하지 않은 대조구에 맥반석 분말을 1% 및 2% 수준으로 첨가한 처리구를 두었으며, 각각의 처리구 내에는 항생제 음수 투여구와 무투여구를 두어 5처리에 3반복, 반복당 30수씩 총450수를 공시하여 30일간 실험사료를 급여하였다. 실험기간 중의 사료섭취 량 및 증체량을 조사하여 사료요구율을 구하였고, 5주령에 각 반복구 내에서 체중의 평균치에 해당하는 개체를 2수씩 선발하여 희생시킨 후 필요 조직을 채취하였고, 근육 내의 화학적 조성과 육질 평가를 실시하였다. 종료 시 체중 및 증체량은 대조구에 비해 맥반석 분말을 첨가 급여한 처리구에서 다소 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 맥반석 분말 1% 첨가구에서 사료 요구율이 개선되었으나, 유의한 차이는 아니었다. 단위 체중당 간 중량 및 복강지방 중량은 맥반석 분말의 첨가 급여에 의해 다소 감소하는 경향을 보여 주었다. 맥반석 분말 2% 첨가구에서 가슴근육의 중량이 가장 높았으며, 다리근육중량은 반대로 낮아지는 경향이 관찰되었으나 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 관능검사 결과에서는 대조구에 비해 맥반석 분말 1% 첨가구에서는 첨가 효과가 나타나지 않았으나, 맥반석 분말 2% 첨가구에서는 맛, 연도 및 다즙성의 전 항목에 걸쳐 유의하게 높아지거나 높아지는 경향을 보여 주었다.