• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2022

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world and is the second largest traded commodity after petroleum. Due to the great demand of this product, large amounts of waste is generated in the coffee industry, which are toxic and represent serious environmental problems. This study aims to study the possibility of recycling spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a mineral admixture by replacing the cement in the manufacturing of concrete. To recycle the coffee g rounds, the SCG was dried to remove moisture and fired in a kiln at 850 ℃ for 8 hours. Carbonized coffee grounds are produced as coffee grounds ash (CGA) through ball mill grinding. The chemical composition of the prepared coffee grounds ash was investigated using X-ray fluorescence (XFR). According to the chemical composition analysis, the major elements of coffee grounds ash are K₂O(51.74 %), CaO(15.92 %), P₂O₅(14.39 %), MgO(7.74 %) and SO₃(6.89 %), with small amounts of F₂O₃(0.66 %), SiO₂(0.59 %) and Al₂O₃(0.31 %) content. To evaluate quality and mechanical properties, substitutions of 5, 10, and 15 wt.% of coffee grounds ash (CGA) were tested. From the quality test results, the 28-day activity index of CGA5 reached 80 %, and the flow value ratio reached 96 %, which is comparable to the minimum requirement for second-grade FA. From the test results of the mortar, the optimal results have been found in specimens with 5 wt-% coffee grounds ash, showing good mechanical and physical properties.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.295-302
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• 2023

Software requirements written in natural language may have different meanings from the stakeholders' viewpoint. When designing an architecture based on quality attributes, it is necessary to accurately classify quality attribute requirements because the efficient design is possible only when appropriate architectural tactics for each quality attribute are selected. As a result, although many natural language processing models have been studied for the classification of requirements, which is a high-cost task, few topics improve classification performance with the imbalanced quality attribute datasets. In this study, we first show that the classification model can automatically classify the Korean requirement dataset through experiments. Based on these results, we explain that data augmentation through EDA(Easy Data Augmentation) techniques and undersampling strategies can improve the imbalance of quality attribute datasets, and show that they are effective in classifying requirements. The results improved by 5.24%p on F1-score, indicating that handling imbalanced data helps classify Korean requirements of classification models. Furthermore, detailed experiments of EDA illustrate operations that help improve classification performance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.119-124
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary levels of the metabolic energy (ME) on performance, egg quality, and hatchability of Woorimatdag breeder hens during late laying period. A total of eighty Woorimatdag breeder hens were individually housed in cages from 48 to 64 weeks of age. The hens were assigned to two groups with different dietary ME levels: 2,500 kcal/kg and 2,700 kcal/kg. Each group consisted of four replicates of ten birds. The results indicated that the dietary ME levels did not have a significant effect on the body weight and feed intake of the breeder hens. The egg production was significantly (P<0.05) higher in breeder hens fed 2,500 kcal/kg ME than in those fed 2,700 kcal/kg ME from 48 to 52 weeks of age. However, the egg production was shown to be similar values in both groups from 52 to 64 weeks of age. No significant differences were observed between groups with respect to egg weight, eggshell thickness, and eggshell strength of breeder's eggs. There was no difference in the fertility and hatchability between dietary groups. In conclusion, 2,500 kcal/kg of dietary ME could be considered to meet Woorimatdag breeder hens requirement sufficiently during late laying period.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2001

The objectives or this study were to examine reed value or waste onion in duck. Experimental chicks (Cherry Valley F$_1$, 1day old, 350 chicks) were randomly assigned in 8 treatment groups, each 45 chicks, and man-aged for 7 weeks (3 kg BW, 49 days old). Treatments were control, 3%, 6% of chopped onion-fed, 5%, 10% of onion extract fed, 6% of onion meal, 3%, 6% of fermented onion-fed. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) high in control group, but ADG was high in 3% chopped onion-fed group. Feed requirement was very efficient in all treatment groups except 6% fermented onion-fed group. Dressing rate was high in 5% onion extract-fed group, but it was not significant. Abdominal fat was the highest in control and 6% fermented onion-fed group and lowest in 6% chopped onion-fed group. Cholesterol content was lower in all treatment groups than in control group, but it was not significantly different. Stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) content was significantly low in all treatment group (P<0.05). However, arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$) content was higher in treatment group than in control group. In result, onion diet was not significantly effect on palatability, feed intake, ADG in ducks. Duck meat of onion-fed contained low cho-lesterol and high unsaturated fat content.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.350-355
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• 1995

This study was conducted to use oyster shells, which have caused environmental problems in the coastal of Korea, as an agricultural material after processing. Physico-chemical components and neutralizing amount on the Ihyun silt loam of crushed oyster shell and slaked lime were examined. In field experiment, the properties of the soil, growth and yield of lettuce, cabbage, spinach, onion, red pepper and soybean were examined by the treatments of the shell(3.68ton/ha) or the lime (2.76ton/ha) with a randomized block design. Particle size of crushed oyster shell consisted of 73.4% of 1~60mesh and 26.6% larger then 61 mesh and contents of CaO, OM, and $P_2O_5$, etc. were 55.5%, 1.3%, and 0.29%, respectively. The requirement of the shell to neutralize the soil was 130~135% of the lime, but after 24months, it was the same. The application of the shell increased the contents of available $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$ exchangeable Ca in used soil. The shell tratment increased the leaf height, leaf width, etc. of the examined plants, and the yields 6~154% according to examined plants, as compared with the nonliminged, indicating that the shell possesses a great potential as an agricultural material with the same effectiveness as the lime.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.755-761
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• 2004

We evaluated the efficacy of Dor procedure in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Material and Method: Between April 1998 and December 2002, 45 patients underwent the Dor procedure con-comitant with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic/end-systolic volumes (LVEDV/LVESV) were measured by echocardiography, myocardial SPECT, and cardiac catheterization and angiography performed at the sequence of preoperative, early postoperative, and one year postoperative stage. Result: Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamp times were mean 141$\pm$64, 69$\pm$24 minutes, respectively. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) therapy was required in 19 patients (42%; 7 preoperatively, 9 intraoperatively, 3 postoperatively). Operative mortality rate was 2.2% (1/45). Postoperative morbidities were low cardiac output syndrome (12), atrial fibrillation (5), acute renal failure (4), and postoperative bleeding (4). Functional class (NYHA) was improved from classes 2.8 to 1.1 (p < 0,01). When we compared between the preoperative and early postoperative values, LVEF was improved from 32$\pm$9% to 52$\pm$11% (p<0.01). The asynergy portion decreased from 57$\pm$12% to 22$\pm$9%, and LVEDV/LVESV indexes improved from 125$\pm$39 mL/$m^2$, 85$\pm$30 mL/$m^2$ to 66$\pm$23 mL/$m^2$, 32$\pm$16 mL/$m^2$ (p<0.01). Although these changes in volumes were relatively preserved at postoperative one year, the left ventricular volumes showed a tendency to increase. Conclusion: After the Dor procedure for ischemic left ventricular dysfunction, LVEF improvement and left ventricular volume reduction were maintained till postoperative one year. The tendency for left ventricular volume to increase at postoperative one year suggested the requirement of strict medical management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.513-523
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• 2010

The food and nutrient intakes on weekdays and weekends was examined with 196 high school girls residing in Seoul using the 3-day food record. Frequency for skipping breakfast was higher than that for lunch and dinner. Frequencies for skipping breakfast and lunch were significantly higher on weekends than on weekdays (p < 0.05). The daily average food, vegetable food, and animal food intakes were 1,074.8 g, 680.0 g, and 317.3 g, respectively. The total food and vegetable food intakes on weekdays were significantly higher than on weekends (p < 0.05). The daily average dietary variety score (DVS) was 20.5, and was significantly higher on weekdays (23.3) than on weekends (15.1)(p < 0.05). The daily averages of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 1,732.9 kcal, 68 g, 56.2 g, and 240.9 g, respectively. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphate, iron, sodium, potassium, thiamin, niacin, folate and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher on weekdays than on weekends (p < 0.05). Fat intake was significantly lower on weekdays than on weekends (p < 0.05). The daily average percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 55.4%, 15.6%, and 29.0%: 56.1%, 15.8%, and 28.2% on weekdays and 54.7%, 15.3%, and 30.1% on weekends, respectively. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate on weekdays and weekends were below 60%, and that from fat was above 28% on weekdays and weekends. The daily averages of energy, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin and phosphate intake were above 80% as compared with the estimated energy requirement (EER) or the recommended intake (RI). The intakes of calcium, potassium and folate were below 50% as compared with the adequate intake (AI) or (RI). The daily average mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77, and significantly high school girls was worse on weekends than on weekdays.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2016

Purpose: Up to 90% of pancreatic cancer patients suffer from neuropathic pain. In a palliative care setting, pain control in pancreatic cancer patient is one of the major goals. Ketamine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, effective in neuropathic pain. Additionally, there have been studies about the opioid sparing effect of ketamine. This study was held in the palliative care unit among pancreatic cancer patients to determine the factors related to ketamine use and the opioid sparing effect. Methods: The medical records of pancreatic cancer patients admitted to St. Mary's hospital palliative care unit between January, 2013 and December, 2014 were reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 categories according to ketamine use. Also, opioid use before and after ketamine use was compared in the ketamine group. Results: Compared to the non-ketamine use group, patients in the ketamine group required a higher dose of opioid. The total opioid dose, daily opioid dose, number of daily rescue medications, and daily average rescue dose were statistically significantly higher in the ketamine group. The opioid requirement was increased after ketamine administration. Conclusion: In this retrospective study, ketamine was frequently considered in patients with severe pain, requiring higher amount of opioid. Studies about palliative use of ketamine in a larger number of patients with diverse types of cancer pain are required in the future.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-93
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• 1994

Clinical study was carried out on the 64 hemodialysis patients(HD) with chronic renal failure who had been treated from December 1992 to July 1993 in Yeungnam University Hospital. The following results were obitained. In hematologic parameters, MCH was $28.8{\pm}2.0pg$, and MCV was $92.4{\pm}4.7fl$. Result revealed normochromic and normocytic anemia. Mean values of serum ferritin were $657.4{\pm}292.0ng/ml$ in men and $511.5{\pm}370g$ in women. Mean valuses of serum iron were $145.5{\pm}63.7{\mu}g/dl$. Mean values of transferrin saturation was $61.6{\pm}28.4%$. Serum frerritin, serum iron and transferrin saturation were higher in HD group than normal reference. In erythropoeitin treatment group, Hb and Hct were significantly higher than non-erythropoietin treatment group. Amount of transfusion was significantly higher in non-erythropoietin treatment group than erythropoeitin treatment group(p<0.05). Values of iron, transferrin saturation were significantly higher in abnormal liver function test(LFT) hemodialysis group than normal LFT group(p<0.05). Transfusion amounts revealed positive correlation with ferritin(r=0.4675), transferrin satruation (r=0.3823) and iron(r=0.3386)(p<0.05). In conclusion, erythropoietin treatment cna reduce requirement of blood transfusion and transfusion related side effects such as iron overload, hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 1983

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of protein level on weight gain, feed consumption and the efficiencies of feed, energy and protein when the broiler chick was fed the diet of different protein level with the iso-calorie content. The energy and protein level of the basal ration was 3200 kcal and 22.85% for starter period and 3265 Kcal and 18.58% for finisher period, respectively. In order to increase the protein level of the experimental diet, the basal diet was substituted by fish meal by the ratio of 3, 6, 9, and 12%. The male Abor Acre broiler chicks were employed for 8 weeks and the result obtained were as follows. 1. The weekly body weight gain was significantly greater for Diet C than for Diet A and E in the starter period and greater for Diet A than for Diet E in the finisher period (P<0.05). 2. In stater period the feed intake was not affected by the protein level but in finisher period the feed intake for Diet C, D, and E was significantly reduced compared with Diet A. 3. As for feed conversion ratio, Diet C of 1.43 was improved significantly compared with Diet A of 1.58(P<0.05). 4. As the protein level of diet increased, the energy efficiency ratio increased and however, the protein efficiency ratio decreased in starter and finisher period. In conclusion the best performance of broiler is thought to be realized when the protein and energy level was 23% and 3200 Kcal for starter period and 20% and 3250 Kcal for finisher period, respectively.