• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.479-494
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• 2012

This study explores a coefficient-based seismic capacity assessment method with a special emphasis on low-rise masonry in-filled (MI) reinforced concrete (RC) buildings subjected to earthquake motion. The coefficient-based method without requiring any complicated finite element analysis is a simplified procedure to assess the maximum spectral acceleration capacity of buildings. This paper first compares the fundamental periods of MI RC structures obtained, respectively, from experimental period data and empirical period-height formulas. The coefficient-based method for low-rise masonry buildings is then calibrated by the published experimental results obtained from shaking table tests. The comparison of the experimental and estimated results indicates that the simplified coefficient-based method can provide good approximations of the maximum spectral accelerations at peak loads of the low-rise masonry reinforced concrete buildings if a proper set of drift factors and initial fundamental vibration periods of structures are used.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.225-230
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• 1991

깍뚜기 제조시 절임액에의 KCI 첨가, microwave 열처리 및 인산염, nitrate, 구연산염 등 혼합염의 첨가가 저장성 향상에 어떤 효과가 있는지 밝히고져 이들 첨가나 처리를 단독 또는 병행하여 깍두기 발효중 pH, 총산도, 환원당의 변화를 비교하였다. 그 결과 절임시 KCI의 첨가와 발효중 염혼합물의 첨가는 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발효와 저장을 하였을 때 신맛이 지나치게 나타나는 pH4.0에 도달하는 시간이 대조구에 비하여 약 6.4배의 연장점이 밝혀졌으며, $25^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킨 뒤(약 pH4.4) 염혼합물을 넣고 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장하였을 경우 같은 방법으로 처리한 뒤 $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 경우보다 약 8배 이상의 저장기간이 향상됨이 밝혀졌다. 한편 총산도의 변화는 염혼합물의 첨가나 열처리가 대조구보다 높게 나타났으며 절임시 KCI 첨가와 microwave 열처리만의 병용은 pH 변화 억제에 뚜렷한 영향이 없었다. 발효중 환원당 함량의 변화는 $4^{\circ}C$나 $25^{\circ}C$ 저장의 경우 절임시 KCI 첨가나 절임 깍뚜기 무우의 microwave 열처리에 있어서는 대조구와 별 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 혼합염을 첨가하여 저장하였을 때는 대조구에 비하여 완만한 감소현상이 뚜렷하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2014

We report the nitrogen monoxide (NO) gas sensing properties of p-type CuO-nanorod-based gas sensors. We synthesized the p-type CuO nanorods with breadth of about 30 nm and length of about 330 nm by a hydrothermal method using an as-deposited CuO seed layer prepared on a $Si/SiO_2$ substrate by the sputtering method. We fabricated polycrystalline CuO nanorod arrays at $80^{\circ}C$ under the hydrothermal condition of 1:1 morality ratio between copper nitrate trihydrate [$Cu(NO_2)_2{\cdot}3H_2O$] and hexamethylenetetramine ($C_6H_{12}N_4$). Structural characterizations revealed that we prepared the pure CuO nanorod array of a monoclinic crystalline structure without any obvious formation of secondary phase. It was found from the gas sensing measurements that the p-type CuO nanorod gas sensors exhibited a maximum sensitivity to NO gas in dry air at an operating temperature as low as $200^{\circ}C$. We also found that these CuO nanorod gas sensors showed reversible and reliable electrical response to NO gas at a range of operating temperatures. These results would indicate some potential applications of the p-type semiconductor CuO nanorods as promising sensing materials for gas sensors, including various types of p-n junction gas sensors.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2021

Variational method has played an important role in solving problems of uniqueness and existence of the nonlinear works as well as analysis. It will also be extremely useful for researchers in all branches of natural sciences and engineers working with non-linear equations economy, optimization, game theory and medicine. Recently, the existence of infinitely many weak solutions for some non-local problems of Kirchhoff type with Dirichlet boundary condition are studied [14]. Here, a suitable method is presented to treat the elliptic partial derivative equations, especially (p(x), q(x))-Laplacian-like systems. This kind of equations are used in the study of fluid flow, diffusive transport akin to diffusion, rheology, probability, electrical networks, etc. Here, the existence of infinitely many weak solutions for some boundary value problems involving the (p(x), q(x))-Laplacian-like operators is proved. The method is based on variational methods and critical point theory.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.29.1-29.1
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• 2009

Fabrication of good quality P-type GaN remained as a challenge for many years which hindered the III-V nitrides from yielding visible light emitting devices. Firstly Amano et al succeeded in obtaining P-type GaN films using Mg doping and post Low Energy Electron Beam Irradiation (LEEBI) treatment. However only few region of the P-GaN was activated by LEEBI treatment. Later Nakamura et al succeeded in producing good quality P-GaN by thermal annealing method in which the as deposited P-GaN samples were annealed in N2 ambient at temperatures above $600^{\circ}C$. The carrier concentration of N type and P-type GaN differs by one order which have a major effect in AlGaN based deep UV-LED fabrication. So increasing the P-type GaN concentration becomes necessary. In this study we have proposed a novel method of activating P-type GaN by electrochemical potentiostatic method. Hydrogen bond in the Mg-H complexes of the P-type GaN is removed by electrochemical reaction using KOH solution as an electrolyte solution. Full structure LED sample grown by MOCVD serves as anode and platinum electrode serves as cathode. Experiments are performed by varying KOH concentration, process time and applied voltage. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis is performed to determine the hydrogen concentration in the P-GaN sample activated by annealing and electrochemical method. Results suggest that the hydrogen concentration is lesser in P-GaN sample activated by electrochemical method than conventional annealing method. The output power of the LED is also enhanced for full structure samples with electrochemical activated P-GaN. Thus we propose an efficient method for P-GaN activation by electrochemical reaction. 30% improvement in light output is obtained by electrochemical activation method.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.783-796
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• 2014

The coarse mesh finite difference (CMFD) method is applied to the discontinuous finite element method based discrete ordinate calculation for source convergence acceleration. The three-dimensional (3-D) DFEM-Sn code FEDONA is developed for general geometry applications as a framework for the CMFD implementation. Detailed methods for applying the CMFD acceleration are established, such as the method to acquire the coarse mesh flux and current by combining unstructured tetrahedron elements to rectangular coarse mesh geometry, and the alternating calculation method to exchange the updated flux information between the CMFD and DFEM-Sn. The partial current based CMFD (p-CMFD) is also implemented for comparison of the acceleration performance. The modified p-CMFD method is proposed to correct the weakness of the original p-CMFD formulation. The performance of CMFD acceleration is examined first for simple two-dimensional multigroup problems to investigate the effect of the problem and coarse mesh sizes. It is shown that smaller coarse meshes are more effective in the CMFD acceleration and the modified p-CMFD has similar effectiveness as the standard CMFD. The effectiveness of CMFD acceleration is then assessed for three-dimensional benchmark problems such as the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and C5G7MOX problems. It is demonstrated that a sufficiently converged solution is obtained within 7 outer iterations which would require 175 iterations with the normal DFEM-Sn calculations for the IAEA problem. It is claimed that the CMFD accelerated DFEM-Sn method can be effectively used in the practical eigenvalue calculations involving general geometries.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2006년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.7
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• pp.120-121
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• 2006

To investigate the ZnO thin films which are interested in the next generation of short wavelength LEDs and Lasers, the ZnO thin films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering system. Al sputtering process of ZnO thin films substrate temperature, work pressure respectively is $100^{\circ}C$ and 15 mTorr, and the purity of target is ZnO 5N. The ZnO thin films were in-situ annealed at $600^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$ in $O_2$ atmosphere. Phosphorus (P) and arsenic (As) were diffused into ZnO thin films sputtered by RF magnetron sputtering system in ampoule tube which was below $5{\times}10^{-7}$ Torr. The dopant sources of phosphorus and arsenic were $Zn_3P_2$ and $ZnAS_2$. Those diffusion was perform at $650^{\circ}C$ during 3hr. We confirmed that p-type properties of ZnO thin films were concerned with dopant sources rather than diffusion temperature.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.245-249
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• 1991

This study was conducted to establish traditional manufacturing process of Hongju, a traditional spirit by traditional Kokja and Koji method based on different materials. In the fermentation process, the changes of temperature, pH, total acid, alcohol, total sugar and microflora in mash were analyzed. During the whole fermentation period, the temperature in mash made by Kokja method was reached to $30^{\circ}C$, and that of Koji method was reached $33^{\circ}C$. There was no significant difference in pH by different treatments and the initial pH in Koji method was pH 6.0 and the final pH was 4.0. The content of total acid was higher in mash processed by Kokja method than that of Koji method. Alcohol content was higher in mash processed by Koji method. The content of total sugar in all samples were reduced gradually according to progress of fermentation. Yeast populations in all samples were increased up to 6 days of fermentation and then decreased gradually. Lactic acid bacteria were increased until 3 days of fermentation and then decreased until the fermentation completed.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.384-392
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• 1995

$BiCl_3$의 승화압과 엔탈피를 370.6에서 488.8 K까지 Knudsen 유출법을 사용하여 측정하였고, 또한 438.2에서 495.7 K까지 Torsion 유출법에 의해 추가 실험을 하였다. 평형 승화압도 이 안정상태 데이터로부터 구하였다. ${\Delta}_{sub}H^0_{298.15}$와 ${\Delta}_{sub}S^0_{298.15}$의 상관관계를 이용하여, 추천할 수 있는 p(T) 식을 $BiCl_3(s)$에 의해 아래와 같이 구하였다. $BiCl_3(s); \; log(p/Pa)=－C/(T/K)\;－2.838log(T/K)－8.097{\times}10^{-2}(K/T)^2＋22.588$, 여기서 p는 파스칼, T는 절대온도, ${\Delta}_{sub}H^0_{298.15}$의 단위는 kJ $mol^{-1}$이고, $C=({\Delta}_{sub}H^0_{298.15}＋5.9988)/1.9146{\times}10^{-2}$이다. 응축상수와 그것의 온도 의존성도 위의 두 방법에 의한 실험으로부터 유도하였다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1559-1564
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• 2003

In this paper, a control method is presented to improve performance of haptic display on a passive haptic device equipped with passive actuators. In displaying a virtual wall with the passive haptic device, an unstable behavior occurs with excessive actions of brakes due to the time delay mainly arising from the update rate of the virtual environment and force approximation originated from the characteristics of the passive actuators. The previous T.D.P.C. (Time Domain Passivity Control) method was not suitable for the passive haptic device, since a programmable damper used in the previously introduced T.D.P.C. method easily leads to undesirable behaviors. A new passivity control method is evaluated with considering characteristics of the passive device. First, we propose a control method which is designed under the analysis of the passive FME (Force Manipulability Ellipsoid). And then a passivity control scheme is applied to the proposed control method. Various experiments have been conducted to verify the proposed method with a 2-link mechanism.