• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.641-646
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• 2013

Chemical properties of agricultural soils in Korea have been investigated at four-year interval in order of paddy, polytunnel, upland, and orchard soils since 1999; polytunnel soils were investigated over the whole country in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012. Polytunnel soils were taken from the surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) at 2,651, 1,274, 1,374 and 1,374 sites in all provinces of South Korea. One hundred sampling sites located in more than 400 m altitude were additionally investigated in 2008 and 2012. Average of soil chemical properties in 2012 except Jeju province were 6.6 for pH, 3.2 dS $m^{-1}$ for EC, 37 g $kg^{-1}$ for organic matter (OM), 1,049 mg $kg^{-1}$ for available (Avail.) phosphate, 1.58 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for exchangeable (Exch.) K, 10.6 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Ca, and 3.3 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Mg. Except pH, averages of all chemical properties exceeded the upper limit of optimal range. The median values except pH showed a lower value than the averages. The pH, OM and Exch. Ca had slightly increased from 6.3 to 6.6, from 34 to 37 g $kg^{-1}$, and from 7.7 in 2000 to 10.6 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in 2012, respectively. The order of sample ratios exceeding the optimal range were Avail. $P_2O_5$ (83%) > Exch. Ca (80%) > Exch. K (70%) > Exch. Mg (65%) > EC (55%) > OM (48%) > pH (29%) in 2012. The order of sample ratios below the optimal range was OM (25%) > Exch. K (25%) > pH (20%), Exch. Mg and Avail. $P_2O_5$ (9%) > Exch. Ca (6%) in 2012. The excessive proportion of pH, Exch. Ca, Exch. Mg and OM slightly increased, while the insufficient proportion of those decreased. Approximately 55% of polytunnel soils exceeding EC 2 dS $m^{-1}$ was evaluated with salt accumulated soils having the risk of growth disorder of crops. Nutrient contents in polytunnel soils in Korea showed high level especially Avail. $P_2O_5$ and Exch. cations. Therefore, recommended fertilization based on soil testing or plant testing is needed for soil nutrient management.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.304-311
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• 1985

This study was carried out to find the spring-season weed growth status on account of different soil physicochemical properties due to continuous application of same fertilizer for 8 years at paddy field. The results examined on weed species, dry weight of weed, and weed growth status were summarized as follows. 1. 1-6 species of weed occurred in the plots treated by continueous application of different fertilizers. Cyperus serotinus could grow only in the phosphate defficient plots, however, in the N+P+K, N+P and N+P+K+compost plots, 4-6 kinds of weed occurred variously. 2. In the plots applied phosphate like as, P, P+K, N+P+K+compost, and N+P+K+plots, large amount of weed occurred apparently. 3. Positive correlation betwaen dry weight of Alopeculus aequalis, polygonum hydropiper and Chenopodium alburn and available phosphate content in soil was showed with high significance. 4. Available phosphate in soil affected weed growth and weed species composition among weed communities. Application of lime fertilizer tended to suppress the occurrence of Alopeculus aequalis. 5. Dry matter of polygonum Longisetum, Chenopodium album and polygonum hydropiper showed higher content of nitrogen, phosphate, calcium, and magnesium. Whereas those of Alopeculus aequalis, Cyperus Serotinus and Stellaria alsine were less.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Monitoring of the dynamic changes of chemical properties in agricultural land is very important for agricultural sustainability. Chemical properties of agricultural soils in Korea have been investigated at four-year interval in the order of paddy, plastic film house, upland, and orchard soils since 1999. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total 8,160 topsoil samples were taken from the upland in 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017, respectively. Soil chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), available phosphate (Avail. $P_2O_5$), and exchangeable (Exch.) cations (K, Ca, and Mg) were analyzed. Soil pH and Exch. Ca contents have increased since 2001. Average concentration of Avail. $P_2O_5$ increased from $547mg\;kg^{-1}$ in 2001 to $657mg\;kg^{-1}$ in 2017. Average concentration of Exch. Ca in 2017 was higher than the upper limit of its optimal range for upland cultivation. Excess and deficiency of chemical properties of upland soils comply with soil analysis and fertilizer prescription. CONCLUSION: We concluded that excessive nutrient in upland needed to be properly managed with soil test.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 1987

The results investigated of the effect of light, pH, and nutrients in vitro and the levels of fertilizer(P,K and Ca) in vivo in order to find out the effect of environmental factors in forming an appressorium of Colletotrichum truncatum were as follows; The ratio of appressorium formation promoted more in a light treatment than in a dark treatment according to investigation after three and six hours passed away. But after the period, the ratio of appressorium formation promoted highly in both treatments. Reasonable pH of appressorium formation was pH 6-pH 8. The ratio of appressorium formation was the most favorable at none nutrient level in every treatment of C-source and N-source, and suppressed in a high concentration of C-source and N-source. But according as the time passed away, the ratio of appressorium formation promoted in C-source and N-source. When their quantities were increased in P and K treatments, the ratio of appressorium formation was somewhat suppressed but it was highly suppressed in the gradual order of none fertilizer level < standard fertilizer level < doubled fertilizer level in Ca treatment according to investigation after the first three hours passed away. But after the period, the ratio of appressorium formation promoted highly regardless of the level of fertilizer.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.311-320
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• 2008

Reusing livestock manure have various advantages in securing soil organic resources, and since the costs needed for converting them into liquefied fertilizers are relatively moderate compared to normal treatment, such methods are necessary. In this study, the Recycling Capacity Assessment of Gyeonggi-do was carried out by comparing between the fertilizer demands for specific crops based on the cultivation areas and the amount of fertilizer resources that are generated from livestock manure. From this assessment, the possibility of obtaining resources by converting livestock manure into fertilizers were evaluated. The amount generated of Livestock Manure in Gyeonggi-do were evaluated by applying the emission units to the number of livestock manure. And from the amount generated of Livestock Manure, the amount of fertilizer produced from Livestock Manure were calculated by using the fertilizer a component rate. When considering the amount of fertilizer produced from Livestock Manure based on the type of livestock, N 6,626 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 1,824 ton/year, $K_2O$ 4,480 ton/year were produced from milk cow manure, while N 5,247 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 2,772 ton/year, $K_2O$ 2,879 ton/year, were produced from beef cattle manure. N 14,924 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 7,205 ton/year, $K_2O$ 6,750 ton/year were produced from pigs and N 12,651 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 4,458 ton/year, $K_2O$ 5,542 ton/year were produced by chickens. So the total amount of fertilizers that can be obtained from livestock manure were 3,668 ton/year Nitrogen, 16,259 ton/year phosphate and 19,651 ton/year kalium. And the total fertilizer demands in Gyeonggi-do were Nitrogen 27,200 ton/year, Phosphate 8,853 ton/year, and kalium 13,211 ton/year respectively. Nitrogen which had higher demands than production quantities were considered as limitation factors in crop growth. So the Recycling Capacity Assessment was carried out mainly based on Nitrogen. Since the Nitrogen quantities that can be provided by recycling livestock manure were 3,532 ton/year lesser than the Nitrogen demands, it is estimated that it would be desirable to convert livestock manure into resources. But in order to properly convert the entire livestock manure into organic resources, the seasonal situation that effects the nitrogen demands of crops along with the regional effects due to the industrial structures should be seriously analyzed. In addition, a system that can effectively produce and manage fertilizer should be established.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1583-1587
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fertilizer application on the content of functional materials, such as fatty acids and organic acids in perilla leaves. (1) As compared to the controlled with Ammonium sulfate fertilizer, the yield of Perilla frutescens leaves increased by 7.3% and 12.8% of biomass at 2000 and 1000 times liquid respectively, but decreased by 7.6% at 500 times. The lipid and protein contents of perilla leaves were higher than those of Portunus trituberculatus liquid at 1000 times. The average contents of minerals (mg/100g) were as follows; K (638.4) > Ca (561.6) > P (145.4) > Mg (133.5) > Fe (36.2) > Zn (1.9) > Mn (1.6) > Na (1.4 mg). However, the correlation between the controlled with P. trituberculatus liquid was relatively low. (2) The fat-soluble vitamin E content of P. frutescens leaves was 3.4, 3.9, 3.3, and 3.9 mg in the controlled with liquid by 500, and 1000, 2000 times respectively; Vitamin A contents were 6.4, 8.9, 10.9, and 8.5 mg respectively, which was more than twice as much as the corresponding vitamin E content. The water soluble vitamin C contents were 177.9, 172.6, 195.2, and 163.5 mg respectively. (3) Amino acid contents of P. frutescens leaves in 100 g of fresh weight were 3821.7 mg in the controlled with Ammonium sulfate fertilizer and 3918.8, 4054.0, and 4005.4 mg in the controlled with P. trituberculatus liquid at 2,000, 1000, 500 times respectively. Amino acid contents of each controlled group with P. trituberculatus liquid above were as small as 2.5~6.1%, and these contents of amino acid were as follows: Glutaminic acid > Aspartic acid > Leucine > Arginine > Phenylalanine. In further study, it is necessary to develop an effective microorganism and a variety of amino acid fertilizer to supplement the study on new manufacturing.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.307-311
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the dynamics of soil respiration (total soil and heterotrophic respiration) following fertilizer application in red pine forests. Fertilizer (N:P:K = 113:150:37 kg/ha), which reflects current practices in Korean forest, was applied in April 2011, and total soil and heterotrophic respiration rates were monitored from April 2011 to March 2012. Monthly variation of total soil and heterotrophic respiration rates were similar between the fertilizer and control treatments, as soil temperature was the dominant factor controlling the both rates. Total soil respiration rates during the study period were not significantly different between the fertilizer (0.504 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$) and control (0.501 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$) treatments. However, the proportion of heterotrophic respiration was higher in the fertilizer (78% of total soil respiration rates) than in the control (62% of total soil respiration rates) treatments. These results suggest that current fertilizer practices in Korea forest soil do not substantially affect total soil respiration rates.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.473-478
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• 2011

A wide diversity of liquid fertilizers and composts produced from the livestock manure in Korea is commonly applied to agricultural lands as an alternative of chemical fertilizers. However, their effects on the crop production and environmental impacts are still vague. The current study was conducted to understand the effects of the pig manure-based liquid fertilizer on the growth of Zea mays L. and soil properties. Four different liquid fertilizers were treated to each cultivated upland plot located in Gyeong-gi province, Korea while no fertilizer (control A) and a chemical fertilizer (control B) were treated to separate plots for comparison. The liquid fertilizer treatment did not make a significant difference in the fresh weight of Zea mays L. compared to the controls. This is probably due to the nutrient residues carried over from the last year fertilization. Electric conductivity (EC) and organic matter contents in soils were increased right after the liquid fertilizer treatments compared to the controls. However, soil pH was maintained as the same as the level of control A. A long-term effect of the continuous treatment of the manure based liquid fertilizer will be carried out in the successive study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 1990

This study was conducted to find out the effects of fertilizer application amounts on the root yield and the available constituents contents in root of Scutellaria baicalensis George. The baicalin contents decreased when nitrogen was applied at 18Kg/10a, but were not effected by P and K application. The contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose increased as applying P nutrient, but decreased with N application. The contents of ash, ethanol extract were not effected by fertilizer application, but acid-insoluble ash contents decreased as the N and P application increased. The root yield increased when nitrogen and potassium were applied at 12Kg/10a and 6Kg/10a, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 1985

To find out the relationships between the changes of soil chemical properties due to submergence and paddy rice yield, a laboratory and 9 field experiments on 9 soil series were carried out. From the field experiments, relative yields of no fertilizer yield to maximum yield were widely distrbuted from 54 to 76, although the correlation between no fertilizer yields and maximum yields was significant. Among the chemical ingredients of submerged soil, $NH_4-N$ only showed significant correlation with no fertilizer yields. From the laboratory experiments, pH were much increased in the soils high in no fertilizer yield than the others. There were no significant correlation between $NH_4-N$ contents of submerged soils and organic matters of dry soils. Soils low in available $P_2O_5$, low in organic matter, and high in clay of dry soil were negligible in increments of available $P_2O_5$ due to submergence, and efficiency of phosphorous fertilizer in those soils were remarkable. Soils extremely high in available $SiO_2$ of dry sail decreased in available $SiO_2$ due to submergence.