• BMB Reports
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.561-566
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• 2013

We examined the ways in which fenobam could promote not only the transduction of PEP-1-FK506BP into cells and tissues but also the neuroprotective effect of PEP-1-FK506BP against ischemic damage. Fenobam strongly enhanced the protective effect of PEP-1-FK506BP against $H_2O_2$-induced toxicity and DNA fragmentation in C6 cells. In addition, combinational treatment of fenobam with PEP-1-FK506BP significantly inhibited the activation of Akt and MAPK induced by $H_2O_2$, compared to treatment with PEP-1-FK506BP alone. Interestingly, our results showed that fenobam significantly increased the transduction of PEP-1-FK506BP into both C6 cells and the hippocampus of gerbil brains. Subsequently, a transient ischemic gerbil model study demonstrated that fenobam pretreatment led to the increased neuroprotection of PEP-1-FK506BP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Therefore, these results suggest that fenobam can be a useful agent to enhance the transduction of therapeutic PEP-1-fusion proteins into cells and tissues, thereby promoting their neuroprotective effects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.633-644
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate effect of dried powders and ethanol extracts of garlic flesh and peel on antioxidative capacity in 16-month- old rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 618.1$\pm$6.5g were blocked into five groups according to body weight and raised for 3 months with experimental diets containing 5% (w/w) of dried powders of garlic flesh or peel, or ethanol extracts from equal amount of each dried powder. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, /3 -carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were determined in garlic preparations. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in plasma, liver and VLDL + LDL fraction, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine, 80HdG) in kidney, xanthine oxidase (XO) activities in plasma and liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocyte and liver, and carotenoid concentration, and total antioxidant status (TAS) in plasma were measured. Total polyphenols and flavonoids contents in garlic preparations were highest in peel ethanol extract. Vitamin C content was not different significantly among preparations, but peel powder contains slightly more vitamin C. The content of $\beta$-carotene was highest in peel ethanol extract and vitmain E content was highest in flesh ethanol extract. The highest level of TAS was observed in peel ethanol extract. Plasma TBARS levels in all the experimental groups were found to be significantly lower than control group, and TBARS concentration in VLDL + LDL fraction was decreased in all the experimental groups in comparison to control group. Also levels of 80HdG in kidney in experimental groups were lower than that of control group. Plasma and liver XO activities were. decreased in all experimental groups, and erythrocyte and liver SOD activities were higher in experimental groups compared to control group. All experimental groups also showed higher plasma TAS levels than control group. Especially, garlic flesh powder group was significantly lower in plasma and liver XO activities, and significantly higher in erythrocyte and liver SOD activities than control group. Moreover, plasma TBARS level and kidney 8OHdG level were decreased in flesh powder group. In conclusion, garlic diets showed effect of improving antioxidative capacity in 16-month old rats, especially, garlic flesh powder was prominent in inhibiting XO activity, promoting SOD activity and decreasing kidney 8OHdG level among experimental groups.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.441-447
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• 2011

The study aim is to investigate the free radicals scavenging and spermatogenic potentials, as well as to analyze any reproductive toxicity of ethanolic extract of Mucuna prureins (M. pruriens) Linn. in spermatozoa, under different dosages in normal male rat. Normal rats were randomly selected and suspension of the extract was administered orally at the dosages of 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg body weight of the different groups of male rats (n=6) once in a day for 60 days and grouped as group II, III and IV respectively. Saline treated rats served as control -group I. On the $60^{th}$ day the animals were sacrificed and the epididymal sperm were subjected to various analyses like level of ROS production, LPO, enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant, morphology, morphometry, chromosomal integrity and DNA damage. Results showed significant reduction in ROS production and peroxidation and significant increase in both enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in all concentration treated groups when compared with control. Results from all the drug treated groups showed good sperm morphology, increased sperm count and motility. There was no DNA damage and showed normal chromosomal integrity even in 250 mg/kg dose. When compared with control all the three extract treated groups showed increased ROS scavenging activity. However, group II (200 mg/kg) showed significant changes in all the parameters. From the present study it was confirmed that the M. pruriens has potential to improve the sperm qualitatively and quantitatively through scavenging the excess ROS with any adverse side effects. These observations suggest that ethanolic seed extract of M. pruriens may serve as anti-oxidant that can exploit to treat the oxidative stress mediated male factor infertility.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2011

비생물학적 스트레스로 $H_2O_2$를 이용하여 산화적 스트레스와 고염분 스트레스를 처리한 후 ROS의 생성을 확인한 결과 스트레스 처리 후 30분에 일시적으로 1차 peak를 형성하였다가 거의 basal level까지 감소하고 다시 증가하여 3시간에 매우 다량의 2차 peak를 형성한 후 거의 basal level로 다시 낮아지는 biphasic 양상을 나타내게 된다. 따라서 ROS의 생성은 초기 30분 내에 일시적으로 발생한 Phase I의 ROS와 Phase II의 좀 더 장기적으로 다량의 고농도로 발생된 ROS의 생리적 역할이 다를 것으로 여겨진다. 본 논문에서는 스트레스 처리 시 생성되는 ROS를 확인한 후 ROS 생성 유전자인 RbohD와 RbohF 유전자 발현이 억제된 RbohD-AS, RbohF-AS 형질전환 식물체를 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 스트레스에 의해 생성되는 ROS의 생성을 억제시킴으로써 스트레스에 대한 ethylene 생성이 더 적은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 이들 형질전환 식물체에서 ethylene 생성과 $H_2O_2$ 억제 효과를 확인하였으며 고염분 등의 스트레스에 대한 저항성은 ROS와 ethylene의 생성이 저하되어 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 산화적 스트레스와 고염분 스트레스에서 후기 ethylene이 다량으로 생성되는 시기, 즉 세포손상이 초래되는 후기에서 DNA fragmentation 분석을 통해서 ROS와 ethylene의 생성이 높은 식물체일수록 PCD가 높게 나타난 것으로 여겨지며, 이 과정에서 작용하는 유전자는 RbohD와 RbohF인 것으로 보이며, RbohD가 더 효과적으로 작용하는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 스트레스에 반응하는 신호전달과정에서 초기에 ROS가 생성이 되고 후기에 ethylene이 다량으로 생성되어 결국 세포죽음에 이르게 하는 상호 synergism을 일으켜 반응을 나타내며, 이러한 반응 과정에서 RbohD와 RbohF 유전자 발현의 억제가 스트레스에 대한 식물체의 저항성을 높이는 것으로 사료된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2001

The oxidative stress causes the cell damage and death and thereby, stimulates membrane lipid peroxidation. In this study, the correlation between the lipid peroxidation product and the parameter of liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) was investigated in cholestasis induced rats. The Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups (sham: sham operation, BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II : bile duct ligation/scission) and were observed for 2 or 4 weeks. After observation period, the organs were weighed and the ratio of organ weight/body weight was calculated. Sera and liver tissue were used for the measurement of malondealdehyde (MDA), parameter of clinical biochemistry, total collagen content and the staining. The ratio of organ weight/body weight in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II was significantly increased compared to sham operated group. Serological parameters (Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase and Total bilirubin) in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II group were significantly higher than those in sham operated group. Concentration of MDA in BDL/S-I (261%) and BDL/S-II(790%) was significantly increased compared to MDA in sham operated group. And the content of hydroxyproline (hyp) in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II group was significantly increased 2~4 times than in sham operated group. The good correlations between hyp in liver tissue and MDA in sera of sham operated group and all operated group were found (r=0.825). The significantly higher value of MDA, hyp and serological parameters in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II group suggests the stimulation of lipid peroxidation and chronic liver damage. Especially the activation of lipid peroxidation and the stimulation of liver fibrosis was stronger in BDL/S-II group than in BDL/S-I group. The stronger fibrosis, portal-portal septum formation, the more massive bile duct proliferation in portal triads and stroma, and hepatocytes swelling were observed in liver tissue of and BDL/S-II group compared to BDL/S-I group. Conclusively, a good correlation between MDA as a lipid peroxidation marker and hyp as a liver fibrotic parameter could be connected with the process of liver fibrosis. Moreover, cholestasis condition may cause jaundice, activation of lipid peroxidation, and collagen accumulation in liver. Additionally, optimal observation period of bile duct obstruction for the screening of antioxidant and antifibrotic effect in rats would be four weeks.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2007

환경스트레스에 강한 내성을 지닌 신품종 톨페스큐를 개발할 목적으로 산화스트레스에 의해 강하게 유도되는 SWPA2 promoter 하류에 CuZnSOD와 APX 유전자가 엽록체에 동시에 발현하도록 제작한 벡터를 Agrobacterium법을 이용하여 톨 페스큐에 도입하였다. Hygromycin이 첨가된 선발배지에서 내성을 가지며 재분화된 형질전환 식물체를 pot로 이식하여 기내 순화시킨 후, Southern 분석을 실시하여 본 결과, 발현벡터의 T-DNA 영역이 형질전환 식물체의 genome에 성공적으로 도입되었음을 확인하였다. 형질전환 식물체 잎 절편을 산화스트레스와 중금속을 포함하고 있는 용액에 처리하여 엽록체의 손상정도를 조사한 결과, 비형질 전환체에 비해 형질전환체는 강한 내성을 나타내었다. 또한 유식물체 수준에서 MV를 처리하여 내성을 비교한 결과, 비형질전환체에 비해 형질전환체는 손상을 덜 받았다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 CuZnSOD와 APX 유전자를 엽록체에 동시발현시키는 기술이 다양한 환경스트레스에 대해 복합재해내성을 가지는 다양한 작물을 개발하는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있음을 나타낸 결과이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권2호통권82호
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• pp.230-234
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• 2007

생체는 산소를 소비하는 대사 과정 중에 초산화물(superoxide, $O_{2}$), 과산화수소($H_2O_2$), 수산 라디칼(OH)과 같은 다양한 활성산소(reactive oxygen)들을 생성하게 되며, 그 중에서도 hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)는 biological membrane을 자유롭게 통과하며, 세포내에서 hydroxyl radical 등의 반응성이 큰 활성 산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)을 발생시키는 작용을 하는 강력한 산화제이다. 세포를 계대 배양 (5, 15, 25, 35 passage)하여 $H_2O_2$를 농도별(100 ${\mu}M$, 500 ${\mu}M$, 1 mM, 5 mM)로 처리하고, 또한 $H_2O_2$의 처리 시간(30 분, 1 시간)을 변화시킴으로써, Hepatoma 세포주에서 $H_2O_2$ 처리에 의한 Cu/Zn SOD의 발현을 Northern blot을 통하여 다음과 같이 분석하였다. 1)Hepatoma 세포주에서 시간별, 농도별로 산화제를 처리 했을 때 각각의 경우에서 발현양의 차이는 적었지만, 오랜 시간동안 고농도의 산화제에 노출시켰을 때 항산화 능력이 증가한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 2)계대배양을 증가시키는 것은 노화가 진행된다는 것을 의미하므로, 산화제를 처리했을 때 25 passage에서 35 passage 단계에서 항산화 효소의 발현 정도가 급격히 감소되는 것으로 미루어 보아 이 단계에서 노화가 진행되었음을 추측할 수 있었다. 3)동일한 시간과 농도로 처리했을 때 각각의 passage의 발현 level에서 보이는 양상과는 다르게 35 passage에서는 500${\mu}M$이상의 농도를 1 시간동안 노출시켰을 경우에 Cu/Zn SOD가 거의 발현되지 않았으며, 30 분 동안 노출시켰을 때에는 500 ${\mu}M$의 농도까지 방어할 수 있는 능력을 가진 것으로 보인다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.801-808
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• 2017

본 연구는 장내세균 Bifidobacterium bifidum 배양액과 추출액을 사용하여 자외선B를 조사한 인간 진피섬유아세포에서 세포생존율과 세포 노화 및 세포주기의 변화를 살펴봄으로써 자외선B에 의한 세포 보호 효능을 평가하였다. 우선 자외선B를 조사한 결과 광량에 비례하여 HDFs의 생존율이 감소하였으며 $100mJ/cm^2$ 조사 시 67.3%로 떨어졌으나 B. bifidum 배양액과 추출액 처리 후 세포생존율을 증가시켜 자외선B에 대한 보호 효능이 있었다. 그리고 $SA-{\beta}-gal$ activity 변화를 측정한 결과에서 세포 노화율을 감소시켰음을 확인하였다. 또한, propidium iodide staining을 통하여 세포주기상 Sub-G1기 세포 수가 감소하였으므로 apoptosis를 억제하였고 이는 세포주기를 정상화하는 데 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. B. bifidum 배양액과 추출액 처리한 결과 세포 내 활성산소종이 감소함에 따라 p53과 p21의 발현을 감소시켰으며, 따라서 이에 본 연구에서 B. bifidum 배양액과 추출액은 UV-B로 인한 손상을 보호하는 효과가 있음을 규명하였다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate of hepatoprotective effect of dandelion water extract (DWE) according to repeated administration of thioacetamide (TAA) induced hepatotoxicity in Spraque-Dawley rats. Thirty rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups; normal control, DWE-control, TAA-control (TAA injection during the feeding of normal diet), TAA&DWE600 (TAA repeated injection during the feeding of DWE 600 mg/kg BW), TAA&DWE1200 (TAA repeated injection during the feeding of DWE 1,200 mg/kg BW). Rats in DWE-control and TAA&DWE groups were treated with DWE (600 or 1,200 mg/kg BW daily) by gavage for 20 days (twice a day). All the rats in the TAA-control and TAA&DWE groups were repeated injection of TAA (100 mg/kg BW) into the abdominal cavity 3 days interval and 12 hrs later, all rats were sacrificed. At the same time, normal control and DWE-control groups were injected normal saline. In TAA&DWE groups, serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST) were significantly decreased and triglyceride (TG) synthesis was significantly increased compared to TAA group. As well as total billilubin and GGT were slightly decreased by the treatment of DWE. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) concentration was significantly decreased and hepatic GSH content was slightly or significantly increased in the TAA&DWE groups compared to TAA group. Hepatic anti-oxidative enzyme activities, such as GSH, GST, SOD and catalase were slightly or significantly elevated by the treatment of DWE. According to these results, When dandelion extract was long term supplied, it could be used as a potential protective material for a longer time liver damage by repeated adminstration of the TAA.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1132-1138
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• 2009

해양세균 Pseudoalteromonas psicida TA20의 ethanol 색소 추출물에 대한 안정성과 기능성을 검토한 결과, 본 해양세균 색소는 pH 4.0에서 pH 8.0의 조건과 $40^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 매우 안정하였으며, $25^{\circ}C$ 14일간 90% 이상의 잔존율을 나타내어 빛에 대한 안정성이 매우 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 금속이온의 경우 $Al^{3+}$과 $Cu^{2+}$를 제외한 실험된 모든 금속이온에 대하여 매우 안정하였으며 특히, 다른 색소추출물들에 비해 $Fe^{2+}$에 대한 안정성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 해양세균 색소추출물에 대한 생리활성 실험 결과, free radical 소거 활성 (3495 ${\mu}g/ml$)이 나타났으며, 색소농도 10 ${\mu}g/ml$일 때 44%의 인체세포 DNA 손상 회복능이 있음을 보여 항산화능이 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 주요 식품유해세균에 대하여 항균활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 해양세균 색소는 항산화능과 항균활성을 갖는 식품 색소로의 적용을 검토할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.