• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2015

We conducted intensive observations of ozone, CO, $NO_x$ (=NO and $NO_2$), $NO_y$ (total odd nitrogen species including particulate nitrate) and total nitrate (the sum of gaseous $HNO_3$ and particulate nitrate) at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan, from 19 March to 3 April, 2009, to investigate ozone production during long-range transport from the Asian continent. Ozone production efficiency (OPE) was used to evaluate photochemical ozone production. OPE is defined as the number of molecules of ozone produced photochemically during the lifetime of a $NO_x$ molecule. OPE is calculated by the ratio of the concentration increase of ozone to that of $NO_z$ ($=NO_y-NO_x$). Average OPE during observation was estimated to be $12.6{\pm}0.5$, but concentrations of ozone increased nonlinearly with those of $NO_z$. This non-linearity suggests that OPE depends on air mass origin and $NO_z$ concentrations. There were very different values of OPE for the same air mass origin, so that only the air mass origin alone does not control OPE. OPE was low when $NO_z$ concentration was high. We examined the correlation between $NO_z$ and $CO/NO_y$ ratios, which we used instead of the ratio of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) to $NO_x$. The $CO/NO_y$ ratios decreased with increasing $NO_z$ concentrations. These results indicate that competition reactions of OH with NMHCs and $NO_2$ are the rate determining steps of photochemical ozone production during long-range transport from the Asian continent to Cape Hedo, for high concentrations of nitrogen oxides.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2013

Purpose - The objective of this paper is to explain the successful methods for the revitalization of distribution and logistics of the least developed FEZs (Saemangum, Yellow-sea, and Deagu-Kyengbuk) in Korea. With the recent changes in the economic terrain of Northeast Asia as with the rise of China, Korea has developed a logistics hub concept for improving the efficiency of logistics and distribution industry and its distribution and logistics policy has received positive worldwide evaluation. Therefore, we face severe competition and must always look for ways to address these problems. Research design, Data, Methodology - This study adopts two methods to propose successful revitalization of distribution and logistics in the least developed FEZ. The first method investigates the limitation of these FEZs by analyzing the statutes, and the second one follows comparable cases. Thus, we first reviewed the efficient strategic political alternatives for the least developed FEZ, Yellow-sea, Seamangum-Gunsan, and Deagu-Kyeongbuk, through the relative institution system, law, and future plans. Next, we studied the Bin-hai Economic Free Section (Zone) in China as a comparable example. In order to analyze the competitiveness of logistics in the three FEZs (Yellow-sea, Seamangum-Gunsan, and Deagu-Kyeongbuk), the total factor productivity growth of regional manufacturing industries is divided into three sources: the external trade effect, scale effect, and technical change effect. However, this paper does not test for a positive contribution of external trade, which is a reason of non-building on these FEZs. A FEZ that shows a larger external trade effect than the others will have a comparative advantage in the logistics infrastructure and policy support. This study presented the newly applied Bin-hai FEZ in China, in order to make the studied FEZ as successful by applying the strategy of its distribution and logistics center. Results - In Korea, there is an increased focus on the benefit of the regional development of regions such as the Free Economic Zones (FEZ). We have six FEZs, Inchon, Busan-Jinhae, Guangyang, Yellow-sea, Seamangum-Gunsan, and Deagu-Kyeongbuk. However, our FEZs do not have various supporting factors needed for the logistics and distribution industry. Korea designated the above six places as FEZ and has operated to enhance national competitiveness and ensure a balanced regional development since 2003. However, most FEZs did not receive favorable feedback in the first business performance evaluation and it is necessary to take action for substantial improvements. Conclusions - Especially, over the past 10 years, even though the FEZ policy has been implemented in an effort to promote success in distribution and logistics, there are still many underdeveloped industries in logistics. The main problem is the absence of revitalization of the high value added performance in the distribution and logistics industry. However, there is a limitation to this study. We have used non-empirical method based on a case study to arrive at our findings. Future studies should use appropriate statistical methods to supplement our results and provide a solution to this problem.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2018

Purpose - As more low cost carriers are introduced, the competition between the low cost carriers to become the nation's leading low cost carrier is also being intensified. The purpose of this study is to select various choice attributes for low cost carrier and figure out important factors that customers take into account for low cost carrier selection. The study also involves in establishing the relationship between perceived value, customer satisfaction, and customer behavior Intention, in an effort to identify choice attributes that are important to customers' low cost carrier. Research design, data, and methodology - To examine these research models, samples were collected from 247 peoples who visited In-Cheon international Airport during June, 2017. Results - The results of the study showed that, 'reservation service', 'airport service', 'in-flight service', and 'price' services have a significant effect on the perceived value of the choice attributes. While 'reservation service', 'airport service', 'in-flight service', and 'flight operation service' have a significant effect on the customer satisfaction of the choice attributes, perceived value has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. Perceived value has a significant effect on customer behavior intention. Finally, customer satisfaction has a significant effect on customer behavior intention. Conclusions - Flight operation service has no significant effect on perceived value of the choice attributes of low cost carriers, which indicates that the low cost carriers have not yet been well-established in the flight operation service sector. It seems likely that low cost carrier will be able to gain a competitive advantage over other companies if they expand their routes and improve the convenience of flight connections. In addition, the results show that the price service does not have a significant effect on customer satisfaction of the choice attributes of low cost carriers. From this, we may assume that the airline ticket prices of low cost carriers are already low, and the price cannot be a deciding factor in the competitive advantage of low cost carriers. To achieve higher customer satisfaction of the choice attributes, companies should strengthen the competitiveness of 'reservation service', 'airport service', 'in-flight service', and 'flight operation service'.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1997

쿠마류 Bodotria biplicata의 조하대 대상분포를 돌산도 모래해안의 쇄파대에서 조사했다. 1993년 1월 소조와 대조때 수심 1m의 표층과 저층, 그리고 바닷가에서 쿠마류를 1조석주기 동안 한 시간마다 썰매 네트로 3회 반복 채집했다(시료수=225개). 조하대에서 가장 우점한 B. biplicata는 저층에서 밀도가 가장 높았고 표층에서는 전체 생물량의 약 $0.6\%$가 채집되었다. 소조때 평균 밀도는 대조때보다 조금 높았다. 채집 생물량은 조하대 수심의 영향을 받았다. 밀도 변화는 주야주기나 밀물-썰물보다 조하대 수심과 더 관련이 있었다. 조사기간에 주야 수직 이동은 뚜렷하지 않았다. 소조와 대조때 모두 B. biplicata 개체군은 낮은 저조 (LLW) 아래 약 90cm 되는 곳에서 밀도가 가장 높았다. 그러므로 이 종은 2주 주기로 해안쪽과 바다쪽으로 수평이동하는 듯하다. B. biplicata가 조하대 모래바닥을 이동하는 속도와 거리는 모래해안의 기울기와 조차에 따라 달라질 것이다. 개체발생 단계별로 분포양상이 달랐고 미성체와 만카유생이 성체보다 깊은 곳에 분포했다. 이것은 먹이를 둘러싼 종내경쟁을 줄이는데 기여할 것 같다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권6호
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• pp.7-22
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• 2002

Animation constitutes the core of the media industry, which in turn lies at the center of the cultural industry. It is considered one of the industries where South Korea has the competitive edge over other countries. With the pool of customers getting wider, the genre of animation has become more and more diverse, forming a great market for it. Aware of this trend, this study focused on animation as a part of the pop culture, and on providing corresponding various viewpoints for future cultural studies. This researcher measured the practicality and persuasiveness of this study through Shreck, a three-dimensional C.G. animation which is acclaimed for its success in dismantling the old grammar of animation movies that represent the anti-Disney ideas. This researcher felt it imperative to heed the unique language of Shreck, which contains discourses on various cultural ideologies such as paradoxical structure that pits entertainment that is shown through dismantling of the canon, feminism and antifeminism against each other. This study analyzed the entertaining element of the animation genre by means of the Semiotics of Keith Moxey, thereby attempting to establish a legitimate social status of the genre, whose artfulness has been depreciated in the art society. In chapter II, this researcher examines the chronological development of three-dimensional C.G. animation that has shown a rapid advancement. Chapter III defines the cultural ideology of Shreck by exploring basic theories and texts employed in analysis of art works. This study started with the assumption that defines, from the viewpoint of symbology, the animation text as an aggregate of discourses on entertainment, and competitive and paradoxical ideologies. Then, this researcher analyzed the text and the generation process of meanings in Shreck. Consequently, this study has come to the following conclusions: First, Shreck induces changes of concepts about the canon by means of distorting and reversing the existing animation movies, which seems to reflect in the contemporary tendency of seeking new interpretations of entertainment. Second, Shreck shows up the cognitive changes of our age as to feminism by competing feminism against antifeminism. Although Shreck serves as a venue of competition between the two opposing ideas, it stops short of brushing off women as outsiders in society. Rather, it represents the resistance to the male chauvinism existing in the structures of animation and culture. As shown in the text analysis, Shreck presents an advent of a new ideology critical of the previous animation films. In addition, it reflects in the struggle between the pro-feminism on the part of the viewers and the anti-feminism that lies in the social and culture structure. This study, however, is limited in its scope and selection of subject. First, although this researcher has stressed the importance of understanding the animation as part of the pop culture and conducting researches within the historic paradigm, this study fails to provide an in-depth insight in the impacts that the changes in the C.G. industry and the systematic conditions may have on the three-dimensional C.G. animation genre. Furthermore, this study runs the risk of being understood as pro-American due to its selection of Shreck as its research subject.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2018

Last March, the world Go competition between AlphaGo, AI Go program developed by Google Deep Mind and professional Go player Lee Sedol has shown us that the 4th industrial revolution using AI has come close. Especially, there ar many system combined with AI hae been developing including program for researching legal information, system for expecting jurisdiction, and processing big data, there is saying that even AI legal person is ready for its appearance. As legal field is mostly based on text-based document, such characteristic makes it easier to adopt artificial intelligence technology. When a legal person receives a case, the first thing to do is searching for legal information and judical precedent, which is the one of the strength of AI. It is very difficult for a human being to utilize a flow of legal knowledge and figures by analyzing them but for AI, this is nothing but a simple job. The ability of AI searching for regulation, precedent, and literature related to legal issue is way over our expectation. AI is evaluated to be able to review 1 billion pages of legal document per second and many people agree that lot of legal job will be replaced by AI. Along with development of AI service, legal service is becoming more advanced and if it devotes to ethical solving of legal issues, which is the final goal, not only the legal field but also it will help to gain nation's trust. If nations start to trust the legal service, it would never be completely replaced by AI. What is more, if it keeps offering advanced, ethical, and quick legal service, value of law devoting to the society will increase and finally, will make contribution to the nation. In this time where we have to compete with AI, we should try hard to increase value of traditional legal service provided by human. In the future, priority of good legal person will be his/her ability to use AI. The only field left to human will be understanding and recovering emotion of human caused by legal problem, which cannot be done by AI's controlling function. Then, what would be the attitude of legal people in this period? It would be to learn the new technology and applying in the field rather than going against it, this will be the way to survive in this new AI period.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.139-150
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• 1998

과학과 정보통신의 발달로 그리고 컴퓨터의 폭넓은 보급으로 지금까지 인력에 의해 이루어지던 제반 서류전달 및 서류결재가 컴퓨터에 의해 자동으로 처리하거나 수행할 수있도록 하는 공장자동화(Factory Automaton : FA), 그리고 사무자동화(Office Automation : OA)로 발전하였으며 이러한 기술을 무역업무에 적용시키는 무역의 사무자동화(Trade Automation : TA)에 무역업계와 무역관련기관이 관심을 가지고 있다. 본 논문은 한국의 무역자동화에 관한 현황을 고찰함으로서 EDI의 효용성과 가치, 필요성을 강조하고자 한다.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2020

3차 남북 정상회담과 평양 남북정상회담, 싱가폴과 하노이에서 열린 북미 정상회담 이후, 한반도의 운명을 좌우할 비핵화 협상이 진행되고 있다. 하지만 비핵화 조건을 둘러싸고 북미간 입장이 충돌하며 협상은 교착국면에 빠져있으며 다소 회의적인 전망이 예견되고 있는 상황이다. 북한의 완전한 비핵화 실현이 어려운 이유는 동북아의 전통적인 안보딜레마와 미중간 패권경쟁, 신냉전체제의 형성 등 다양한 변수들이 상존하기 때문이다. 지난 2018년 평창 동계올림픽을 계기로 3차례의 남북 정상회담과 3차례의 북미 정상회담이 개최된 전환기적 시점에 북한의 완전한 비핵화는 한반도를 넘어 동북아와 세계평화를 위해 반드시 이루어내야 할 역사적 과제가 되었다. 그런 의미에서 평양 남북정상회담은 '9.19 평양공동선언'과 '군사분야 합의서'를 통해 북한비핵화와 남북관계 발전을 위한 새로운 이정표를 제시해 준 역사적 계기로 평가된다. 한편 국제정치이론의 주요 패러다임으로 자리잡은 구성주의(Constructivism)는 이념과 역사, 문화 등의 관념적 변수가 물질적 요인, 국가행위자의 정체성과 이익을 규정하며 국제관계의 구조가 상호작용을 통해 변화될 수 있다는 관점을 제시한다. 본 연구에서는 이제 1주년을 넘긴 9.19 평양공동선언의 역사적 의미를 구성주의적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 이를 위해 구성주의 이론의 발전과정과 분석모델, 남북관계의 발전과정을 간략히 살펴보았고, 9.19 군사합의서의 군사적 함의를 제시하였다.

• 기업가정신과 벤처연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

한국 정부는 효과적인 경기대응 수단으로 공적보증을 이용해 왔다. 그러나 공적보증과 같은 중소기업에 대한 정책금융의 효과성에 대해서는 아직 논란이 해소되지 않았다. 비판적인 견지에서 보면 정책금융이 오히려 중소기업의 정부에 대한 의존도만 증가시켜 기업 스스로의 경쟁과 혁신을 방해하고 한계기업의 퇴출을 지연시킨다는 논리이다. 따라서 이 논문은 공적보증시스템의 운영은 어떻게 자리 잡아야 하며, 동시에 시장기반 중소기업 금융시스템과 어떻게 공존해 나가야 하는지에 대해 구체적 의견을 제시하고 있다. 첫째, 공적보증은 민간금융시장의 경기 순응적 행태가 초래하는 시장실패를 보완하기 위한 경기대응수단으로 이용되어야 하며, 정부, 국회, 납세자를 포함하는 이해관계자들과 이에 대한 인식을 공유해야 한다. 공적보증기관의 목적은 이윤추구가 아니라 성장 가능성이 높은 중소기업을 선별하여 지원하는 공공성의 확보에 있음을 명확히 할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 공적보증은 자금을 필요로 하는 중소기업에게 직접적으로 유동성을 공급해 줌으로써 단기간에 경기를 회복시킬 수 있는 대증적 처방이라는 점에서 한국은행의 이자율정책의 효과가 낮을 때 사용할 수 있는 중요한 정책대안이다. 특히 공적보증은 자본금에 근거한 운용배수 범위 내에서 공급이 이루어지므로 정부재정 정책 시 우려되는 재정적자의 위험으로부터 상대적으로 자유롭다는 장점을 지닌다. 셋째, 공적보증의 존재는 창업기업, 성장기업, 생산성 향상, 수출향상, 장기시설투자, 고용창출 사업, 그리고 혁신기업 지원과 같이 민간은행으로부터 기대하기 어려운 서비스의 제공에서 찾아야 한다.

• 임산에너지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2001

중부지방 낙엽송 조림지에 대하여 식재후 적정한 1차 간벌 시기를 추정하기 위하여 충북대학교 부속 연습림(월악산)을 대상으로 연구한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 충북대학교 부속 연습림내에 조림된 낙엽송의 수고곡선식은 H=4.25783+0.80024D(H=수고, D=흉고직경)이었다. (2) 본 연구대상지의 재적식을 구하기 위해 최소제곱법으로 회귀분석을 한 결과, 수고와 흉고 직경을 모두 독립변수로 하는 경우 재적식은 V=0.001474-0.002095D-0.000211H+0.000150D·H+0.000744D²+0.000008H²(V=재적(㎥), H=수고(m), D=흉고직경(cm)) 이었다. 한편, 재적에 대하여 흉고직경만을 독립변수로 한 경우는 V=0.000079-0.000512D+0.000826D²이었다. (3) 간벌시기 추정을 위한 기준으로는 수고 MAI의 극대점을 이루는 연령과 고사목에서 총 흉고직경 생장량의 평균치 이하로 떨어지는 시점의 연령이 적절한 것으로 판단된다. (4) 수고 MAI의 극대점에 도달하는 연령은 임분밀도와 유의성 있는 상관을 보이지 않아 정확한 간벌시기의 판단기준으로 삼을 수 없었다 (5) 간벌시기를 결정하는 추정식은 고사목의 흉고직경생장량의 경년변화를 토대로 계산하였으며, 그 결과식은 Y=0.2825+0.01752X 이었다. (6) 관행적인 1.8m×l.8m의 식재밀도가 적용된 낙엽송 조림지에서 간벌 개시 임령은 12∼14년이 적당한 것으로 나타났다.