• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2021

[Purpose] Sex hormones deficiency leads to dramatically bone loss in particular postmenopausal women. Royal jelly has anti-osteoporosis effect due to maintain bone volume in that condition. We hypothesized that royal jelly protein (RJP, a latent residue after extracting royal jelly) also prevents bone deficient in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, the animal model of postmenopausal women. [Methods] Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30, 6 weeks age old) were sham operated (Sham; sham operated group, n = 7), OVX control group (OC, n = 7), OVX with low RJP intake group (ORL, n = 8), and OVX with high RJP intake group (ORH, n = 8) during 8 weeks experimental periods. In the end point of this experiment, the bone samples (lumbar spine, tibia, and femur) were surgically removed under anesthesia. These bone samples were evaluated bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength. [Results] BMD of lumbar spine in RJP intake groups (ORL, ORH) were higher than that in OC group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in RJP intake volume dependent manner. BMD of tibial proximal metaphysis and diaphysis in RJP intake groups were also higher than these in OC group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01 / p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). In addition, breaking force of femur in RJP intake groups were significantly increase compared with that in OC group (p < 0.001 respectively). [Conclusion] These findings indicate that RJP contribute to prevent sex hormone related bone abnormality.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2011

Opuntia humifusa contains high levels of antioxidants including vitamin C, flavonoids and polyphenols, which may provide beneficial effects such as hypolipidemic activity and the reduction of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. This study was conducted to determine if the intake of O. humifusa seeds powder (OHS) regulates lipid concentrations, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the serum of ovariectomized rats. Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to either a sham-operated group (Sham) or one of the following four ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups: OVX with vehicle (OVX), OVX with 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg/day OHS (OHS100, OHS200, OHS500). Daily oral administration of OHS was initiated one week after ovariectomy and continued for seven weeks. Upon completion of treatments, organs were weighed and GOT, GPT, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were determined enzymatically. No significant differences in feed intake and organ index were observed among the groups. Significant decreases in GPT, TC and LDL-C (p<0.05) were observed in all of the OHS groups (OHS100, 200 and 500), while no significant changes in HDL-C were observed. In addition, the OHS200 and OHS500 treatment groups exhibited a lower level of serum GOT compared to the OVX group. These results indicate that supplementation with O. humifusa seeds could induce favorable changes in serum lipoprotein and lipid profiles, which frequently worsen with inadequate estrogen availability.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of red-yeast-rice on bone metabolism in overiectomized (OVX) rats. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight 210 $\pm$ 5 g, 9 weeks old age) were divided into two groups. One group were OVX, and the other group received sham operation (SHAM), and received either control diet (20％ casein) or a red-yeast-rice power supplemented diet (0.1％) for 9 weeks. And then each rat group was further divided into control diet (casein 20％) and red-yeast-rice powder supplemented (0.1％) diet group. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin, USA) in spine and femur on 5, 9 weeks after feeding. The serum and urine concentrations of Ca and P were determined. Bone formation was measured by serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. And bone resorption rate was measured by deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslinks immunoassay and corrected for creatinine. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, IGF-l and calcitonin were analyzed using radioimmunoassay kits. Urinary Ca and P excretion were not significantly different among the groups. Within the OVX group, the red-yeast-rice group had a lower crosslinks value than the casein group. Therefore the red-yeast-rice supplemented groups had a lower bone resorption ratio than the casein group in the ovariectomized rats. And, the red-yeast-rice group had significantly higher IGF-l hormone than casein group in ovariectomized rats. The red-yeast-rice group had higher spine bone mineral content than those of control group within the OVX groups. This study was an important first step in establishing that the observed beneficial effects of red-yeast-rice on bone, and this study also established the need for a study on the long-term effect of this supplement in a human.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.283-289
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• 2010

Ssanghwa-tang (SHT) is a traditional Korean herbal medicine widely prescribed to decrease fatigue following an illness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of SHT on osteoclast differentiation in vitro, and on bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats in vivo. SHT significantly reduced the receptor activator for the nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) ligand (RANKL)-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and multinucleated osteoclast formation in RAW264.7 cells without affecting cell viability. In addition, SHT significantly attenuated RANKL-induced mRNA expression levels of c-Src and cathepsin K. To examine the in vivo effect of SHT on OVX-induced bone loss in OVX rats, we administered SHT (0.6 g/kg BID) orally to OVX rats for 12 weeks. SHT administration significantly blocked OVX-induced decrease of femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and femoral trabeculae in OVX rats. In conclusion, these results suggest that SHT treatment effectively prevents OVX-induced bone loss, and this effect may result from its inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 2008

구기자와 구기엽이 난소를 적출한 흰쥐의 간에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 체중, 혈청 콜레스테롤, 간세포의 미세구조 변화를 관찰하였다. 실험군은 가장수술군 (Sham), 난소적출군 (OVX), 난소적출 후 구기자 투여군(LCF)과 구기엽 투여군(LCL), 에스트로겐 투여군 ($E_2$)의 5개 군으로 분류하였다. 난소를 적출한 다음날부터 Sham군은 음용수로 물을 투여하였으며, LCF군과 LCL군은 음용수에 건조분말 100 mg/kg을 희석하여 매일 공급하였다. $E_2$군은 에스트로겐 0.01 mg/kg을 1일 1회 8주간 복강 주사하였다. 체중은 OVX군이 가장 높았으며, $E_2$군이 가장 낮았다. 총 cholesterol의 농도는 OVX군 ($105{\pm}4.2\;mg/dL$)이 Sham군 ($91{\pm}4.5\;mg/dL$)에 비하여 유의성 있게 증가하였으며, LCF군 ($86{\pm}3.9\;mg/dL$)과 LCL군 ($94{\pm}4.3\;mg/dL$)이 OVX군에 비해 낮게 나타났다. HDL cholesterol 함량은 OVX군 ($63.3{\pm}5.21\;mg/dL$)에 비하여 LCF군($64.9{\pm}4.04\;mg/dL$)과 LCL군($70.4{\pm}4.90\;mg/dL$)이 다소 높았으며, LDL cholesterol 농도는 OVX군 ($12.6{\pm}0.89\;mg/dL$)에 비하여 LCF군 ($8.8{\pm}0.45\;mg/dL$)과 LCL군 ($9.7{\pm}0.52\;mg/dL$)이 낮았다. 간세포의 미세구조를 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 OVX군에서는세포질에서 다양한 크기의 지방적들이 다수 관찰되었으나 LCF군에서는 지방적들이 거의 관찰되지 않았으며, LCL군은 세포질 전반에 걸쳐 지방적들이 관찰되었는데 크기는 OVX군에 비하여 작았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 구기자와 구기엽의 투여가 난소를 적출한 흰쥐의 혈청 콜레스테롤 함량을 낮출 뿐만 아니라 간세포의 손상과 지방적 생성을 억제하는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2002

노화과정에 산소라디칼이 관여할 가능성을 노화유도된 쥐를 동물모델로 하여 알아보았다. 난소를 절제한 rat와 난소를 절제하지 않은 정상의 rat에서의 생리활성에 미치는 인삼 추출물의 효과를 연구하였다. 난소를 절제한 rat에 각각 GTS (Ovx+GTS 군)와 GW (Ovx+GW 군)를 투여하고, 이것과 비교하기 위해 난소를 절제한 대조군(Ovx군)과 마지막으로 난소를 절제하지 않은 정상군(Sham군)으로 하여 항산화효과에 관한 실험방법으로 진행하였다. 노화유도된 쥐의 각 조직에서 lipid peroxidation이 증가되었고 free radical반응이 더 심하게 일어난 간 조직에서 노화진행이 그만큼 촉진되었음을 알 수 있었다. 간소라디칼반응이 항진된 원인을 규명코자 간 조직에서 미토콘드리아와 세포질분획에서 항산화효소의 활성을 조사한 결과, SOD와 glutathion reductase활성이 감소되었으며 노화나 지질과산화가 심하게 진행되었던 간 조직에서 이들 항산화효소의 활성감소가 심한 경향을 나타내었다. 생체는 free radical을 조절할 수 있는 다양한 항산화계가 존재하여 free radical을 효율적으로 제거함으로써 생체의 항상성을 유지할 수 있다. 이러한 항산화계에는 superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, GSH S-transferase, catalase등의 항산화효소가 있다. SOD는 반응성을 가진 산소species인 superoxide anion을 macrophage와 polymorphonuclear leucocyte의 항균작용같은 세포방어기구에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 원칙상 눈, 피부등의 byaus이 공기중의 산소에 노출되면 oxidative stress가 커짐으로서 조직이 훼손되나 SOD같은 효소에 의해 보호되고 손상이 방지되는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 실제로 신체부위에 적용해 보면 쉽게 활성상실이 일어나므로 fatty arid와 공유결합시켜 효과적으로 superoxide radical을 제거할 수 있다. AST의 활성은 Ovx군이 Sham군에 비해 2.11배 높게 나타났으며, ALT 활성은 변화가 나타나지 않았다. AST 활성에서는 각각의 물질을 투여한 군에서는 유의적인 감소 경향을 보였다. 과산화지질함량은 Ovx군이 Sham군에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 각각의 인삼추출물을 투여한 군에서는 62%∼72%의 저해률을 보였다. 항산화 효소들은 Sham군에 비해 Ovx군에서 낮게 나타났는데, 각 물질의 투여 군에서는 유의성있는 증가를 보였다. 이러한 결과에서 보듯이, 난소 절제로 생성된 많은 free radical은 항산화효소에 의해서 감소되었으며, 그리고 인삼 추출물이 항산화 효소 대신에 노화를 저해하는 작용을 하는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.295-305
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• 1996

This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary calcium level(a diet which met 100% or twice the calcium level in AIN-76 diet) on preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Forty female Sprauge-Dawley rats(body weight 200$\pm$5g) were divided into two groups. One group were ovariectomized(Ovx) while the others received sham operation(Sham). Thereafter, each rat group was further divided into normal calcium diet(NCD, 0.52%) and high calcium diet(HCD, 1.04%) sub-groups. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Urinary pyridinoline & creatinine and serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone, calcium, phosphate, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were determined. There were no significant differences in serum calcium. total protein and albumin in the two groups(Ovx vs Sham) of rats. Ovariectomized rats had significantly lower estradiol than sham operated rats. There was a highly significant correlation between total bone mineral density(TBMD) and overall level of esteradiol(r=0.59, p<0.05). Total bone mineral density did not correlate significantly with ALP or osteocalcin, although a negative trend was evident. However, the rats fed high calcium diet had a lower crosslinks value and osteocalcine than the rats fed normal calcium diet. An increased rate of bone turnover is usually associated with a decrease in bone mass bexause bone formation at each remodeling site is never as great as resorption. Ovariectomized rats fed high calcium diet had a lower crosslink value and osteocalcin; it means high cacium diet decreased bone turnover rate. The findings from the present study demonstrated that bone loss due to ovarian hormonal deficiency can be partially prevented by a high calcium diet. Futhermore, these findings support the strategy of the use of a high calcium diet in the prevention of estrogen depletion bone loss (postmenopausal osteoporosis).

• 생약학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.332-339
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• 2020

Lentinus edodes (LE) is the first medicinal macrofungus to enter the realm of modern biotechnology. Lentinus edodes is well-known to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomy in female rats, and the prevention and treatment efficacy of the climacteric disease the postmenopausal type I pattern was examined using the experimental substance. Female rats were either sham-operated (sham; n = 5) or surgically ovariectomized (OVX; five animals per group) and then administered to OVX control, raloxifene hydrochloride 1 mg/kg/day, or LE (20 and 200 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. LE treatment suppressed the ovariectomy-induced reduction of bone mineral density in the entire tibia as well as its metaphysis with a decrease of serum osteocalcin and interleukin-6 levels. In addition, LE is suggested to elevate the serum levels of progesterone hormones and prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats. In conclusion, LE 200 mg/kg/day may have inhibitory effects on osteoporosis in OVX rats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.245-248
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• 2003

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the Ginseng radix in osteoporosis of the oophorectomized rats. In this experiment, the rats were oophorectomized and administered the water extracts of the Ginseng radix. The spinal bone mineral density, calcium, phosphorus and ash weight of the bones were measured. The spinal bone mineral density was significantly increased in the ovariectomized (OVX)-Ginseng radix group at 8 weeks as compared to the OVX-saline group. Furthermore, the calcium and phosphorus contents of the femoral and fibula-tibia were significantly increased in the OVX-Ginseng radix group as compared to the OVX-saline group. The ash weights of the femoral and fibula-tibial bones were increases in the OVX-Ginseng Radix group, although it was not statistically significant. On reviewing these experiments, it appears that the Ginseng radix possess efficacy for the prevention of osteoporosis. Further study would be of value to confirm the efficacy of the Ginseng radix for the treatment and/or prevention of osteoporosis in humans.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2007

본 연구는 숙지황과 가시오가피 복합추출물 (OPB)이 난소절제 흰쥐의 골밀도 및 골대사 변화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 수행하였다. 13주된 20마리의 Sprague-Dawley 암컷 흰쥐를 대조군과 실험군으로 나누었고, OPB의 골밀도 및 골대사 변화에 대한 효과를 관찰하기 위하여 난소절제 후 3일 후부터 OPB를 100 mg/kg씩 8주 동안 경구투여 하였다. pQCT 방식으로 골밀도, 골함유량, 골강도를 측정하였고, 혈청 중 CTx (C-telopeptide of type I collagen)의 변화를 관찰하였다. 난소절제 후 대조군의 골밀도는 $-29.8{\pm}3.0%$로 현저히 감소하였으며, 이러한 감소는 OPB의 투여에 의해 $-21.4{\pm}2.3%$로 억제되었다. 골강도의 변화에서는 anti-fracture 값과 anti-twisting 값이 대조군에 비해 OPB 처리군에서 유의성 있는 차이를 나타냈다. 또한 혈청 중 골흡수 지표인 CTx 농도는 대조군에 비해 OPB 처리군에서 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 숙지황과 가시오가피의 복합 추출물인 OPB가 난소를 절제한 흰쥐에서 골 소실을 억제하므로 임상에서 난소절제 후 또는 폐경 후 골다공증의 개선제로 이용될 수 있으리라 여겨진다.