• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 2006

Nowadays, it has been changed in medical environments which are the increase of the aged and chronic disease, development of medical system and technology, the open of medical markets according to negotiation of DDA(Doha Development Agenda) and FTA(Free Trade Agreement) and so on. The changes of medical system and function are caused by changes of medical environments. This study is to analyze the spatial changes of general hospital O. P. D. in Korea based on changes of the medical system and function. In conclusion, the O. P. D. in general hospital has been changed by stages as follows; First, subdivision and specialization of medical organization systems. Second, diversification of specialized centers based on medical cooperated systems. At last, integration of E&T faculties and specialized centers which have similar functions. According to the spatial changes of outpatient department, the types of E&T faculties and specialized centers has been changed by diverse forms as follows; E&T faculties and specialized centers focused on disease, organs, classes and so on.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

Various changes in medical environments including growing elderly population, chronic diseases, deepening competition among hospitals since opening to foreign medical service, economic strategy for improvement of profit system have caused hospitals to be specialized. In this backgrounds, the purpose of this study is to receive basic data for architectural planning on the spatial organization of outpatient department in general hospital. The results of this study were as follows; First, major changes of outpatient department in general hospital are composed of 'co-work in medical examination and treatment', 'decentralization of diagnosis and treatment(D/T)' and 'patient-oriented medical service'. Changes by co-work system include appearance of medical offices for co-work, activation of specialized clinics, grouping of E/T section for outpatient and various types of specialized centers. Second, the grouping of E/T sections means the modification of E/T system and organization in general hospitals, and a new spatial organization will be needed. Third, the types of specialized centers are getting varied. they are classified into several types including disease-resource, social stratum-resource, human organ-resource, health-resource, rehabilitation-resource, alternative medical center and so on.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2006

Much has changed in the healthcare field since the beginning of the industrial age. In the healthcare field changes are occurring so rapidly and dramatically that yesterday's paradigm will not be tomorrow's paradigm, creating the need above all else to stay fluid and flexible as strategies(included healthcare architecture planning) for the future are developed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the latest architectural trends of general hospital outpatient department based on the healthcare environment changes in Korea. The major healthcare environment change is to change the object of hospital's healthcare services from inpatient to outpatient. In conclusion, the first, medical faculties of outpatient department are subdivided specialized small faculty. The second, clinic systems for medical examination and treatment of specific disease are activated in the most outpatient department. The third, specialized medical centers for chronical disease(Cancer, Cardiac etc.) control are arranged in existed outpatient department or freestanding facility. Specialized medical center for preventive medicine is regionally decentralized for corresponding with the healthcare paradigm shifts.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2007

Recently, hospital patients experience anxiety, confusion, and stress about wayfinding as the spacial layout and treatment circulatory system of hospitals have become complicated due to their oversized and complex structure. As part of finding a solution to the problem, this study seeks to examine what are the essential elements of the wayfinding planning of O.P.D. in general hospitals, to develop the model of wayfinding, and to suggest the methods of improving the wayfinding system. The research methods of this study adopted were literature review in wayfinding cognition, plan analysis of ten general hospitals, space analysis of these hospitals through space syntax, analysis of the system of visual-perceptual information through a field study, and analysis of surveys and follow-up surveys conducted to support the results. Based on these results, the proposals for finding decision points, providing the information, and developing a model planning are listed as follows. 1) The comprehensive understanding of O.P.D. spacial layout and the visual-perceptual information system is necessary to find the essential elements of wayfinding. 2) The decision points are found through the full understanding of spacial functions, circulation systems, and facility configuration, considering the spacial layout, the bound of the visual-perceptual information system, and the circulatory system. Furthermore, the information decision points could be confined by space syntax. 3) The checklist and color compound & color codes, developed through the planning of signage system and color system could be applied to the methods of providing the information. 4) The planning of wayfinding system according to the whole process of practices for outpatients was mentioned above. The system of visual-perceptual information developed through the process of this study should be integrated in the spacial layout of the whole O.P.D.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2010

This study analyzes the present condition of the elements of a healing environment of the waiting rooms in outpatient clinics of children' hospitals (3 hospitals in Seoul) so as to propose a design to build a healing environment within the children' hospital. And analyzing the importance, satisfaction and preference of the healing environment in the waiting rooms, this paper has come to the following conclusions: 1)The study shows that the space structure of outpatient clinics in children' hospitals are composed of 1 story or 2 stories and designed in a duplication design or a dispersed alcove design. 2)The waiting room of the SC Hospital, with an area of 66.56$m^2$, and the waiting room of the SU Hospital, with an area of 38.78$m^2$ received the highest score for its space. 3)As most patients visit the hospital with their guardian, the waiting room should also be someplace families can rest and share information with others. 4)It is essential to build an environment that eliminates stress elements that patients may come to face by minimizing noise and elements that obstruct the view for mental stability. 5)The results show that those who took part in the survey preferred the following, respectively, healing environment design for the waiting room in the outpatient clinic at children' hospital: Pleasantness>Easiness in finding one' destination>Artificial materials>Natural materials>Environment like that at home>Co-promotion spaces>Space that supports the patients'activities>Openness>Sociality>Safety/Security>Approachability and Privacy. The results also show that healing conditions respect these preferences.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.5 s.58
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• pp.183-192
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• 2006

This study analyzes the characteristics of special configuration for wayfinding in general hospitals. To that end, the study categorizes four different hospitals, according to the type of their wayfinding systems. It aims at utilizing the result of the analysis for wayfinding system in general hospitals by applying three elements of analysis methods', perpetual access, depth, and intelligibility. The study result shows as follows: First, there is no difference in special hierarchy when hospitals are analyzed and divided by halls and streets. It means that outpatient departments are located by spatial function and characteristics rather than form of spatial configuration. Second, we found that fewer direction changes are conducive to easier circulation in terms of wayfinding, when we analyzed spatial depth from the main entrances to the outpatient departments. Third, regarding intelligibility, intelligibility of Chungang University Hospital ranked highest. Kunkook University Hospital, Dongkook University Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital ranked 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. It means that difficulty level of wayfinding is not decided by the characteristics of special configuration such as hospital hall and hospital streets but depends on location planning. The difficulty level of wayfinding mainly relies on location planning.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.216-224
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• 2010

This study aims to examine a special type of hospital known as Western Oriental medicine treatment designed to provide the best treatment by combining the advantages of Western and Oriental medicine, The actual conditions of the organizations and operations of O.P.D and how the cooperative treatment between Western and Oriental medicine is conducted at general hospitals that operate the cooperative treatment by applying a drawing analysis and an area analysis, and provide materials that help design hospitals that offers the cooperative treatment based on the information. According to the results of this study, the forms of the cooperative treatment between Western and Oriental medicine included several methods; to operate the cooperative center separately between an Oriental hospital and a general hospital, to operate the cooperative hospital, using several floors for an Oriental hospital inside a general hospital, and to operate the cooperative center in specialized centers inside a general hospital and the type of cluster that offers the cooperative treatment in specialized centers is known as the best appropriate treatment.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.195-203
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• 2014

This study selects factors affecting form type of hospital architecture by considering studies and references on hospital architecture type in korea and other countries in general. Also this study classifies general hospitals chronologically and analyzes type change of general hospitals in relation with periodic change of healthcare environment. Through this, this study aims to analyze chronological change of general hospitals' form type and provide the current of hospital architecture's general type. The form type classification of this study is classification according to the form of ward, classification according to the relationship between ward and D.T.D(Diagnostic and Treatment department), classification according to the relationship between O.P.D(Out Patient department) and D.T.D, classification according to the rate of centralization, classification according to the circulation system. The form type of ward changed from plate type to tower type, and the circulation system of ward changed from middle corridor to double corridor, the number of Team Nursing chaged from 1 to 2 in 1990. On the other hand the chage of others classifications took place from 1990' to 2010'. It is judged that this overall change is appeared by a change from an inpatien-oriented system to an outpatient-oriented system followed by an increase in number of outpatients, an increase in amenities in ground floor and adoption of healing environment for patients and visitors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and test an explanatory model of dyspnea in patients with chronic lung disease (CLD). Methods: Participants were 181 patients with CLD, recruited from the outpatient pulmonary clinic of one university hospital in Korea. Data were collected using questionnaires, as well as measurement of 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$), FEV1% predicted, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Results: The results indicated a good fit between the proposed dyspnea model and the collected data [$x^2$=91.27, p= .13, $x^2$/d.f.=1.17, Normal Fit Index= .934]. Oxygenation ($SpO_2$, = -.530), self-efficacy (= -.429), anxiety (= .253), depression (= .224), exercise endurance (6MWD, = -.211), and pulmonary function (FEV1% predicted, = -.178) had a direct effect on dyspnea (all p< .05) and these variables explained 74% of variance in dyspnea. BMI, smoking history, and social support had an indirect effect on dyspnea. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that comprehensive nursing interventions should focus on recovery of respiratory health and improvement of emotions, exercise ability, and nutritional status. From this perspective, pulmonary rehabilitation would be an effective strategy for managing dyspnea in patients with CLD.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2001

this study is aiming to obtain an index and a standard assessment which will help in forecasting circulation (critical movement-line) & behavior of pediatric out-patients for each sickness for future children's hospitals construction planning. The study above was based on the analytical results of ordinary disease types of child patients and the circulation of pediatric out-patients by each sickness, along with the comparison study on relationship between these analytical results and hospital facilities.