• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.253-273
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• 2004

Coastal cargo shipping is regarded as environmentally friendly and less costly compared to other transport modes: therefore, many developed countries endeavor to activate coastal cargo shipping. In Korea, a couple of policies are suggested for coastal cargo shipping; however, shippers' aspects seem to be neglected or not analyzed. In this regard, this study aims to identify barriers in the coastal cargo shipping, in respect to shippers' aspects. To find out the reasons shippers hesitate to use coastal cargo shipping, we made a questionnaire and surveyed. We found out some meaningful points in this study as the followings. First, the proportion of using the coastal cargo shipping is very low. Second, the shippers give weights on time and costs factor, and their preference for punctuality and stability of the transportation services is extremely high. Third, the shippers believe that improvement of the services of the coastal cargo shipping is very important in national logistics system although most do not use currently. They also believe that the success of coastal cargo shipping lies in whether it can transport the huge amount of cargos with lowest costs. Finally, the most important factor, when they choose the transport mode, is the punctuality and stability of the transportation services.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.252-258
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• 2021

Given the cyclicality, seasonality, and capital-intensiveness, the development of the shipping industry has long been contingent on corporate financing activities. As such, there have been a growing number of cities in East Asia pursuing a global maritime financial center in order to support their domestic shipping industry. However, it is widely accepted that financial services relevant to shipping in East Asia are quite under-developed compared to those of other leading maritime financial centers in Europe and North America. In this regard, this paper aimed to construct an evaluation index of maritime financial centers in terms of financial ecological environment for the purpose of highlighting the current status of development and suggesting future directions. Furthermore, this paper examined the development of shipping finance in Qingdao as a numerical example using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and compared results with those of Shanghai.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.45-79
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• 1980

The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanics of price formation in the tramp shipping. For the purpose of this study, the main characteristics of tramp freight rates and the market is examined, and a brief examination of the nature ofthe costs of operation is given which are essential for the understanding of the functioning of shipping firms as well as for the understanding of developments in the tramp freight market. The demand and supply relationships in the market is also analysed in detail. Tramp shipping is an industry that has a market which functions under conditions that are not dissimilar to the theoretical model of perfect competition. However, it does notmean that tramp shipping market is a perfectly competitive market. It is apparent that this realworld competitive system has its imperfections, which means that the market for tramp shipping is near to being a perfectly competitive market on an internaitonal scale and it is freight are therefore subjext to the laws of supply and demand. In theory, the minimum freight rate in the short term is that at which the lowest cost vessels will lay-up in preference to operating, and is equal to the variable costs minus lay-up costs; and this would imply that in all times except those of full employment for ships there is a tendency for newer low-cost, and, probably, faster vessels to be driving the older high-cost vessels in the breaker's yards. In this case, shipowners may be reluctant to lay-up their ships becasue of obligations to crews, or because they would lose credibility with shippers or financiers, or simply because of lost prestige. Mainly, however, the decision is made on strictly economic grounds. When, for example, the total operating costs minus the likely freight earnings are greater than the cost of taking the ship out of service, maintaining it, and recommissioning it, then a ship may be considered for laying-up; shipowners will, in other words, run the ships at freight earnings below operating costs by as much as the cost of laying them up. As described above, the freight rates fixed on the tramp shipping market are subject to the laws of supply and demand. In other words, the basic properties of supply and demand are of significance so far as price or rate fluctuations in the tramp freight market are concerned. In connection with the same of the demand for tramp shipping services, the following points should be brone in mind: (a) That the magnitude of demand for sea transport of dry cargoes in general and for tramp shipping services in particular is increasing in the long run. (b) That owning to external factors, the demand for tramp shipping services is capable of varying sharphy at a given going of time. (c) The demad for the industry's services tends to be price inelastic in the short run. On the other hand the demand for the services offered by the individual shipping firm tends as a rule to be infinitely price elastic. In the meantime, the properties of the supply of the tramp shipping facilities are that it cannot expand or contract in the short run. Also, that in the long run there is a time-lag between entrepreneurs' decision to expand their fleets and the actual time of delivery of the new vessels. Thus, supply is inelastic and not capable of responding to demand and price changes at a given period of time. In conclusion, it can be safely stated that short-run changes in freight rates are a direct result of variations in the magnitude of demand for tramp shipping facilities, whilest the average level of freight rates is brought down to relatively low levels over prolonged periods of time.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.91-105
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• 2024

본 연구의 목적은 국내 해운업을 대상으로 이윤효율을 측정하고 그 이윤효율을 결정하는 요인들을 살펴보고자 함이다. 실증결과에 의하면 해운업은 단기이윤이 물적 투입요소인 자본스톡에 크게 의존하는 형태를 보여 주었다. 특히 자본스톡의 1% 증가는 0.84%의 단기이윤을 증가시킨다. 2차결정요인에서 안정성, 수익성, 성장성을 대표하는 재무지표를 잘 관리할 경우 이윤비효율을 낮출 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 규모가 클수록 이윤효율이 높으므로 수상운송기업의 규모확대가 필요하다. 2020년 이후 외항운송업의 이윤효율이 빠르게 증가하므로 이에 대한 맞춤형지원과 투자가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.237-256
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• 2011

A Liner Conference can be defined as "a group of two or more vessel operating carriers which provide international liner services for the carriage of cargo on a particular route or routes within specific geographical limits and which has an agreement or arrangement within the framework of which they operate under uniform or common freight rates and any other agreed conditions with respect to the provisions of the liner services". This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any special EC antitrust regime for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far th the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historic changes. The abolition of Regulation 4056/86 and of the EU commitment to the UN Code of Conduct marks an historical evolution in international maritime policy, which will have an influence far beyond the EU.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.32-43
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• 2020

본 연구는 침체된 해운물류 산업의 대안으로 제시되고 있는 해운물류 플랫폼의 품질향상을 위한 요인을 도출하고 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 선행연구 및 전문가 인터뷰를 통해 요인을 선정하고, 해운물류 플랫폼 사용 경험이 있는 선사, 포워더, 화주기업 및 플랫폼 사업자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석방법으로는 IPA(Importance-Performance Analysis)를 활용하여 해운물류 플랫폼의 품질평가를 수행하였다. 연구결과, 사용자들이 중요하게 인식하고 있으나 만족도가 낮은 요인으로 "제공되는 서비스 경쟁력", "타 운송수단과의 연결성", "운임 경쟁력", "운임 투명성", "선복 제공의 안정성"이 도출되었다. 향후 해운물류 플랫폼이 활성화되기 위해선 이러한 요소들에 역량을 집중하여 우선적으로 개선이 필요하다. 본 연구는 해운물류 플랫폼의 구성기능을 제시하고 평가요인을 도출한 것에 학문적 시사점이 있다. 또 해운물류 플랫폼에 대한 사용자의 참여를 향상시키기 위한 방안을 제시한 것은 산업적 시사점이다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2024

The objective of this paper is to investigate digital transformation in logistics within the shipping and logistics industry. This paper examines the case of Hyundai Merchant Marine (HMM) and draws insights from its success in becoming the top company amidst the industry challenges. To achieve a more in-depth analysis, a single-case study approach was employed. Various secondary data have been analyzed to support the examination of HMM's digital transformation. HMM has emerged as a global leader in transportation services. The company's success is attributed to its development of diverse ships, robust logistics systems, and pioneering a digital logistics platform, ultimately overcoming the crisis. Especially, this paper show that the digitalization of logistics has been analyzed as the most significant transformation. The findings of this paper can offer valuable implications for other companies grappling with similar challenges in the current trade landscape.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2021

이 연구는 일반인들이 해운업에 대해 어떻게 생각하고 얼마나 중요하게 생각하는지 알아보았다. 연구 결과, 해운산업에 대해 조금 알고 있다거나, 보통이다라는 대답이 과반 수 이상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 국적선사 파산 방지를 위한 예산투입 필요성에 대해서는 대체로 필요하다거나 보통이다라는 대답이 50% 이상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 국적선사 유지 필요성에 대해서 대체로 필요하다가 53%, 보통이다가 23%로 나타났다. 그러나, 국적선사 유지가 나와 나의 가정에 혜택을 준다고 생각하는가에 대한 질문에는 보통이다가 39%, 대체로 그렇다가 28%로 나타났다. 한진해운 파산 원인에 대해서는 오너일가의 부도덕 및 무능이 49%, 해운시황 악화가 17.4%로 나타났다. 해운업 육성 필요성에 대해서는 해상운송 서비스 수출을 통해 외화획득 및 서비스수지 개선이 43.5%, 수출입 화물의 원활한 운송이 36.5%를 차지했다. 한진해운 파산으로 나는 어떤 피해를 입었는가에 대한 질문에는 기타(별로 없음)이 54.6%, 물가 상승이 14.5%로 나타났다. 해운산업 인식제고방안에 대한 개방형 질문에 홍보, 투명의 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과를 통해 일반인들이 해운업에 대해 생각하는 중요도는 대체로 높지 않은 것으로 보인다. 또한, 한진해운 파산의 원인이 오너일가의 무능 및 부도덕을 제1 원인으로 꼽고, 해운업 인식제고 방안으로 투명을 꼽는 것으로 볼 때 한진그룹 일가의 부도덕이 국민적 공분을 산 것으로 볼 수 있고, 이것이 해운업의 이미지 악화에 영향을 준 것으로 보여진다. 따라서 우리 해운업계는 최근 각광 받고 있는 ESG 경영을 강화해야 하겠다. 홍보와 관련해서 학회 차원에서는 유튜브 채널을 운영해 대중의 눈높이에 맞는 해운과 항만지식 정보 제공이 필요하다고 할 수 있겠다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.3-26
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• 2001

Competitive and reliable maritime transport services benefit the economy as a whole, and are key efficiency factors for the production of both goods and services. Although maritime transport sector is very liberalized compared to many other service sectors, certain obstacles must be overcome before full liberalization of the maritime transport can be realized. Particularly, maritime transport services in Northeast Asia are regulated by a complicated and outdated system. To remove these barkers two approaches can be used: a regional trading arrangement approach and a multilateral approach via WTO. However, multilateral efforts are not likely to be successful in achieving any concrete progress towards maritime transport liberalization in the short- to medium-term in Northeast Asia. Consequently, it may be the best to take the following two progressive approaches and to make them work towards liberalization of the maritime transport market: a bilateral approach and a trilateral approach. A gradual process of liberalization would expand the market, help operators achieve economies of scale, promote the international division of labor and specialization, enhance the effective management of shipping services, and promote the long-term interests and welfare of the user by improving service quality and diversifying services. A liberalized and integrated maritime transport market in Northeast Asia should achieve both of these long-run policy objectives by benefiting both the transport service users and the transport service providers. In order to move the maritime transport liberalization programs as quickly as possible, it is desirable to establish a "Regional Maritime Transport Liberalization Committee." We suggest it to be a Tripartite (China, Japan and Korea) Committee initially, which can later expand its membership to include other Northeast Asian countries.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1997

From the beginning of 1990s , also in the shipping industry, especially liner shipping industry competition has been more intensive and difference of the service quality among shipping companies has been learned . On the other hand, a shipping company has some limitations to do its international mission for itself just by broadening service area. For this reason, the necessity for the global strategi alliance among the shipping companies, which is orginally aimed at sharing of facilities and organixation, has been developed. Through strategic alliance, liner shipping companies do not need to input the additional capitals to increase the material assets such as vessel capacity and spread the risk by the enlargement of the market. Also, they can secure the competitive edge through efficient utilizaton of assets. The purpose of strategic alliance of Hanjin Shipping Ltd., can be summarized as follows ; broadening of service area, cost reduction through vessel sharing, realization of rationalized shipping service by terminal and equipment or facilities sharing. Liner strategic alliances are agreement among liner companies to pol their equipment , andterminals for joint operations and services in which each alliance partner continues to serve its market using jointly operated or used inland feeders,inland terminals, port terminals, and mainline fleets of ship as well as joint pools of containers and equipment. Strategic alliances are generally more formal agreements than consortia and impose longer term and far reaching obligation on their members. It also acts as one in developing and advancing the strategic aims of the alliance members. The most important objective for liner strategic alliances is cost reduction and improvement in capital asset utilization. Main aims of strategic alliance drawn in this paper, can be enumerated follows : 1. improvements in service frequency and quality : 2. improvements in vessel and equipment utilization and thereby reductions in fixed and variable cost ; 3. improvements in market shares and high value cargo booking ; 4. reductions in intermodal storage and port terminal throughput costs ; 5. improvements in negotiating powers with ports and feeder transport providers ; 6. reduction in financial and other fixed costs such as insurance; 7. coordination and integration of MIS and EDI systems and service for greater efficiency and market penetration ; and, 8. improvements in logistic chain management and economic of scale by equipment depot, terminal, and vessel sharing.