• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2012

The abnormal maturation and ossification of articular chondrocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Inhibiting the enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix and maintaining the cellular phenotype are two of the major goals of interest in managing OA. Ginseng is frequently taken orally, as a crude substance, as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a major component of ginseng that contains an aglycone with a dammarane skeleton, has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, a chondroprotective effect of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ related to OA has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the chondroprotective effect of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ on the regulation of pro-inflammatory factors and chondrogenic genes. Cultured rat articular chondrocytes were treated with 100 ${\mu}M$ ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and/or 500 ${\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and assessed for viability, reactive oxygen species production, nitric oxide (NO) release, and chondrogenic gene expression. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ treatment resulted in reductions in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and NO in $H_2O_2$-treated chondrocytes. The expression levels of chondrogenic genes, such as type II collagen and SOX9, were increased in the presence of ginsenoside $Rb_1$, whereas the expression levels of inflammatory genes related to chondrocytes, such as MMP1 and MMP13, were reduced by approximately 50%. These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rb_1$ has potential for use as a therapeutic agent in OA patients.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.265-286
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• 1997

Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) are a group of transforming growth factor beta(TGF-${\beta}$)-related factors and multifunctional proteins, especially the only known biologic factors capable of inducing endochondral bone formation at an extraskeletal site. This study was performed to investigate the effect of the partially purified porcine BMP(pBMP) at an ectopic site. PBMP was partially purified from porcine bone matrix and its activity was monitored by an in vivo bioassay. The purification method utilized extraction of the bone-inducing activity with 4M guanidine, followed by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Active fractions were assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. And the fractions were reconstituted with inactive insoluble collagenous bone matrix from rats, acid soluble type I collagen from rat tail and chondroitin-6-sulfate sodium salt and implanted into the pectroralis muscle pouches of Sprague-Dawley rats. And the carrier complex was implanted on the opposite side as control. The rats were sacrificed at the day of 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 21st after implantation and examined histologically, radiologically and biochemically. And alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content were used as indices of bone formation. The results were as follows ; 1. Active fractions were localized in a zone between 31 and 40 KDa on SDS-PAGE. 2. The implanted 3.0mg of the partially purified pBMP induced cartilage and bone in the muscle tissue of rats through an endochondral ossification process. 3. Inactive insoluble bone matrix, type I collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate have functioned as carriers for pBMP, but revealed some foreign body reactions. 4. Soft X-ray didn't reveal significant change between the experimental and the control group. 5. The alkaline phosphatase activities in the experimental group of 5th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 21st were increased significantly compared with control (p<0.01) with the peak in the group of 11th day. 6. With time, the calcium content of the experimental group increased. And the calcium contents in the experimental group of 11th, 14th and 21st were increased significantly compared with control (p<0.01).

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.126-130
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• 2006

지방경화성 점액섬유종은 섬유골을 형성하는 양성 골질환으로 대퇴골 원위부의 전자간 부위에서 주로 발생한다. 이 질환은 지방종, 지방황색종, 점액종, 지방섬유종, 섬유형성이상 유사 병변, 낭의 형성, 지방괴사, 허혈성 골화 또는 연골 형성 등 다양한 조직학적 소견이 뒤섞여 있는 특징을 보인다. 비록 일부에서는 지방경화성 점액섬유종을 섬유형성이상이나 골내 지방종 또는 기타 다른 양성 병변의 한 변형으로 생각하기도 하지만, 최근에는 지방경화성 점액섬유종을 하나의 독립된 질환으로 인식하려는 경향이 강하다. 저자들은 48세 여자 환자의 대퇴골 전자간 부위에서 지방경화성 점액섬유종의 전형적인 방사선학적 그리고 조직학적 소견을 보이는 증례를 경험하였다. 방사선학적으로 이 병변은 방사선 투과성 및 젖빛 유리와 같은 특성을 보였고 주변은 경화성 골조직으로 싸여 있었다. 조직학적으로는 점액조직, 지방종 그리고 섬유형성이상 유사 조직이 주류를 이루었다.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2006

목적: 흉골늑골 쇄골간 과골증은 흉골, 쇄골, 상부 늑골 및 주변 연부조직의 골화와 골막반응이 특징적으로 나타나는 질환으로 골종양과의 감별이 요구되고 있다. 이질환은 비교적 잘 알려져 있으나 병인이 불분명하고 흔하게 나타나지는 않기 때문에 장기관찰에 대한 보고는 거의 없다. 저자들은 이 질환을 가진 환자들의 장기간 추적관찰을 통해 이질환의 치료 경과를 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 1986년 6월부터 2000년 6월까지 본원 정형외과에서 흉골늑골 쇄골간 과골증으로 진단되어 치료 받은 환자 중 2년 이상 추시관찰이 가능하였던 17명의 환자에 대해서 이학적 검사, 방사선 소견, 조직학적 소견, 치료에 대한 반응 등을 분석하였다. 결과: 성별분포는 남자가 4례, 여자가 13례로 여자가 더 많았다. 이환된 시기의 환자의 나이는 17세부터 60까지로 평균나이는 48.7세였다. 전례에서 흉쇄골 관절 및 흉골, 늑골 주위의 흉골, 쇄골, 상부 늑골에 과골화 소견을 보였고 이것은 시간 경과후에도 변화 없거나 증가되는 양상을 보였다. 피부과 질환을 동반한 경우가 5례가 있었다. 치료에 대한 반응은 대부분의 환자에서 소염진통제에 반응을 하였지만 2년 이상의 소염진통제 및 항상제의 치료에도 반응하지 않은 경우가 3례가 있었다. 결론: 흉골 늑골 쇄골간 과골증은 골주사와 전산화 단층촬영으로 진단이 되어질 수 있는 비교적 드문 양성 질환으로 비교적 항염증 약물, 항생제, 항류마치스약물등의 보존적인 치료에 잘 반응하나 동통이 지속되는 경우에서 비스포스포네이트 같은 약제의 사용이 추천되어진다. 장기간 추시관찰시 동통은 대부분 소실되나 방사선학적 검사에서 골화부분은 변화 없거나 더욱 커지는 양상을 보였다. 대부분의 경우 수술적 치료가 필요하지 않으나 연부조직의 침범이 있거나 악성종양과의 감별이 어려운 경우 조직검사가 필요할 수 있고 외형상문제로 수술적 치료가 요하는 경우가 있다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2018

Background: Autogenous bone grafts have several limitations including donor-site problems and insufficient bone volume. To address these limitations, research on bone regeneration is being conducted actively. In this study, we investigate the effects of a three-dimensionally (3D) printed polycaprolactone (PCL)/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffold on the osteogenic differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: We investigated the extent of osteogenic differentiation on the first and tenth day and fourth week after cell culture. Cytotoxicity of the 3D printed $PCL/{\beta}-TCP$ scaffold was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay, prior to osteogenic differentiation analysis. ADSCs and BMSCs were divided into three groups: C, only cultured cells; M, cells cultured in the 3D printed $PCL/{\beta}-TCP$ scaffold; D, cells cultured in the 3D printed $PCL/{\beta}-TCP$ scaffold with a bone differentiation medium. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, von Kossa staining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting were performed for comparative analysis. Results: ALP assay and von Kossa staining revealed that group M had higher levels of osteogenic differentiation compared to group C. RT-PCR showed that gene expression was higher in group M than in group C, indicating that, compared to group C, osteogenic differentiation was more extensive in group M. Expression levels of proteins involved in ossification were higher in group M, as per the Western blotting results. Conclusion: Osteogenic differentiation was increased in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) cultured in the 3D printed PCL/TCP scaffold compared to the control group. Osteogenic differentiation activity of MSCs cultured in the 3D printed PCL/TCP scaffold was lower than that of cells cultured on the scaffold in bone differentiation medium. Collectively, these results indicate that the 3D printed PCL/TCP scaffold promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and may be widely used for bone tissue engineering.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2014

Background: Recently, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been accepted as a main treatment option in irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with cuff arthropathy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early complication incidence and the preliminary clinical results of RTSAs performed in single institute. Methods: Fifty-seven RTSAs (56 patients) were performed between April 2011 and March 2013. The indications for RTSA were cuff tear arthropathy and irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with or without pseudoparalysis. Exclusion criteria were revision, preoperative infections and fractures. At final follow-up, 45 shoulders were enrolled. Mean follow-up duration was 12.5 months (range, 6-27 months). The mean age at the time of surgery was 73.6 years (range, 58-87 years). All the patients were functionally accessed via Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, pain and functional visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and active range of motion. Complications were documented as major and minor. Major complications include fractures, infections, dislocations, nerve palsies, aseptic loosening of humeral or glenoid components, or glenoid screw problems. Minor complications include radiographic scapular notching, hematomas, heterotopic ossification, algodystrophy, intraoperative dislocations, intraoperative cement extravasation, or radiographic lucent lines of the glenoid. Results: The mean Constant score increased from 31.4 to 53.8 (p < 0.001). The pain and functional VAS scores improved (5.2 to 2.7, p < 0.001, 4.0 to 6.7, p < 0.001) and active forward flexion improved from $96.9^{\circ}$ to $125.6^{\circ}$ (p = 0.011). One or more complications occurred in 16 (35.6%) of 45 shoulders, with one failure (2.2%) resulting in the removal of implants by late infection. The single most common complication was scapular notching (9 [20%]). There were 4 (8.9%) axillary nerve palsies postoperatively (n=3: transient n. palsy, n=1: Symptom existed at 11 months postoperatively but improving). Conclusions: In a sort term follow-up, RTSA provided substantial gain in overall function. Most common early complications were scapular notching and postoperative neuropathy. Although overall early complication rate was as high as reported by several authors, most of the complications can be observable without compromise to patients' clinical outcome. Long term follow-up is required to clarify the clinical result and overall complication rate.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2017

Objective : Laminoplasty is an effective surgical method for treating cervical degenerative disease. However, postoperative complications such as kyphosis, restriction of neck motion, and instability are often reported. Despite sufficient preoperative lordosis, this procedure often aggravates the lordotic curve of the cervical spine and straightens cervical alignment. Hence, it is important to examine preoperative risk factors associated with postoperative kyphotic alignment changes. Our study aimed to investigate preoperative radiologic parameters associated with kyphotic deformity post laminoplasty. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 49 patients who underwent open door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital between January 2011 and December 2015. Inclusion criteria were as follows : 1) preoperative diagnosis of OPLL or CSM, 2) no previous history of cervical spinal surgery, cervical trauma, tumor, or infection, 3) minimum of one-year follow-up post laminoplasty with proper radiologic examinations performed in outpatient clinics, and 4) cases showing C7 and T1 vertebral body in the preoperative cervical sagittal plane. The radiologic parameters examined included C2-C7 Cobb angles, T1 slope, C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), range of motion (ROM) from C2-C7, segmental instability, and T2 signal change observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical factors examined included preoperative modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scores, disease classification, duration of symptoms, and the range of operation levels. Results : Mean preoperative sagittal alignment was $13.01^{\circ}$ lordotic; $6.94^{\circ}$ lordotic postoperatively. Percentage of postoperative kyphosis was 80%. Patients were subdivided into two groups according to postoperative Cobb angle change; a control group (n=22) and kyphotic group (n=27). The kyphotic group consisted of patients with more than $5^{\circ}$ kyphotic angle change postoperatively. There were no differences in age, sex, C2-C7 Cobb angle, T1 slope, C2-C7 SVA, ROM from C2-C7, segmental instability, or T2 signal change. Multiple regression analysis revealed T1 slope had a strong relationship with postoperative cervical kyphosis. Likewise, correlation analysis revealed there was a statistical significance between T1 slope and postoperative Cobb angle change (p=0.035), and that there was a statistically significant relationship between T1 slope and C2-C7 SVA (p=0.001). Patients with higher preoperative T1 slope demonstrated loss of lordotic curvature postoperatively. Conclusion : Laminoplasty has a high probability of aggravating sagittal balance of the cervical spine. T1 slope is a good predictor of postoperative kyphotic changes of the cervical spine. Similarly, T1 slope is strongly correlated with C2-C7 SVA.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2019

Purpose: To compare the time intervals to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical treatment in patients having traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) with and without bony lesions. Methods: Retrospectively analyzed adult patients visited Kyungpook National University Hospital and underwent surgical treatment for cervical SCI within 24 hours. The patients who were suspected of having cervical SCI underwent plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) upon arrival. After the initial evaluation, we evaluated the MRI findings to determine surgical treatment. Waiting times for MRI and surgery were evaluated. Results: Thirty-four patients were included. Patients' mean age was 57 (range, 23-80) years. Patients with definite bony lesions were classified into group A, and 10 cases were identified (fracture-dislocation, seven; fracture alone, three). Patients without bony lesions were classified into group B, and 24 cases were identified (ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, 16; cervical spondylotic myelopathy, eight). Mean intervals between emergency room arrival and start of MRI were 93.60 (${\pm}60.08$) minutes in group A and 313.75 (${\pm}264.89$) minutes in group B, and the interval was significantly shorter in group A than in group B (p=0.01). The mean times to surgery were 248.4 (${\pm}76.03$) minutes in group A and 560.5 (${\pm}372.56$) minutes in group B, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). The American Spinal Injury Association scale at the time of arrival showed that group A had a relatively severe neurologic deficit compared with group B (p=0.046). There was no statistical significance, but it seems to be good neurological recovery, if we start treatment sooner among patients treated within 24 hours (p=0.198). Conclusions: If fracture or dislocation is detected by CT, cervical SCI can be easily predicted resulting in MRI and surgical treatment being performed more rapidly. Additionally, fracture or dislocation tends to cause more severe neurological damage, so it is assumed that rapid diagnosis and treatment are possible.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2023

전어는 부화 후 5일째 평균전장 5.96 mm로 부설골, 전액골, 전상악골, 치골이 먼저 골화하였다. 부화 후 16일째 평균전장 9.96 mm로 전이골, 후이골, 외익상골, 상설골이 골화하였다. 부화 후 25일째 평균전장 11.03 mm로 상쇄골, 후측두골이 골화하기 시작하였으며, 4개의 사출골이 골화하였다. 부화 후 28일째 평균전장 12.34 mm로 액골, 익이골, 상이골, 외후두골, 기저후두골, 안전골, 주상악골, 설악골, 전새개골, 주새개골, 하설골이 골화하였다. 부화 후 36일째 평균전장 16.11 mm로 견갑골이 골화하였고, 부화 후 37일째 평균전장 16.25 mm로 사골, 비골, 노정골, 상후두골, 안하골이 골화하였다. 부화 후 45일째 평균전장 21.14 mm로 오혜골이 골화하여 견대부의 골화가 완성되었다. 부화 후 48일째 평균전장 23.20 mm로 관절골, 하새개골이 골화하였다. 부화 후 53일째 평균전장 30.11 mm로 서골, 구개골, 내익상골, 각골, 방골, 접속골, 인설골이 골화하면서 모든 골격의 골화가 완료되었다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.30-39
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• 2024

이 연구는 양태 자치어의 골격 발달을 관찰하여 분류학적 연구에 활용하기 위해 두개부, 척추 및 미부, 요대부와 견대부로 나누어 관찰하였다. 여수 연안에서 채집한 양태를 인공 수정하여 그 자치어를 18.5~21.8℃(평균 20.0℃)에서 사육하였다. 부화 후 3일째 평균 전장 3.49±0.32 mm에 부설골과 쇄골이 처음으로 골화하기 시작하여 부화 후 14일째 평균 전장 6.34±0.24 mm에 두개골의 노정골과 외후두골, 설궁부의 6개의 새조골, 미부의 미부봉상골, 견대의 사출골이 골화하였다. 부화 후 39일 평균 전장 11.39±0.86 mm에 두개골의 안전골과 안하골이 골화하고, 척추골이 26개가 되었으며 요대골의 골화가 시작되었고 견대부의 모든 골격이 완성되었다. 부화 후 45일째 평균 전장 12.63±0.62 mm에서 비골과 안상골이 골화되며 자치어의 모든 골격이 완성되었다.