• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2017

Osteoblasts, originating from mesenchymal cells, make the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in order to control differentiation of activated osteoclasts, originating from hematopoietic stem cells. When the RANKL binds to the RANK of the pre-osteoclasts or mature osteoclasts, bone resorption increases. On the contrary, when OPG binds to the RANK, bone resorption decreases. Denosumab (AMG 162), like OPG (a decoy receptor), binds to the RANKL, and reduces binding between the RANK and the RANKL resulting in inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and reduction of bone resorption. Bisphosphonates (BPs), which bind to the bone mineral and occupy the site of resorption performed by activated osteoclasts, are still the drugs of choice to prevent and treat osteoporosis. The merits of denosumab are reversibility targeting the RANKL, lack of adverse gastrointestinal events, improved adherence due to convenient biannual subcutaneous administration, and potential use with impaired renal function. The known adverse reactions are musculoskeletal pain, increased infections with adverse dermatologic reactions, osteonecrosis of the jaw, hypersensitivity reaction, and hypocalcemia. Treatment with 60 mg of denosumab reduces the bone resorption marker, serum type 1 C-telopeptide, by 3 days, with maximum reduction occurring by 1 month. The mean time to maximum denosumab concentration is 10 days with a mean half-life of 25.4 days. In conclusion, the convenient biannual subcutaneous administration of 60 mg of denosumab can be considered as a first-line treatment for osteoporosis in cases of low compliance with BPs due to gastrointestinal trouble and impaired renal function.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2014

In this study, joint angles of the lower extremity and inertial sensor data such as accelerations and angular velocities were measured during a ski simulator exercise in order to evaluate the skill of skiers. Twenty experts and twenty unskilled skiers were recruited for the study. All expert skiers held the certificates issued by the Korea Ski Instructors Association. A three-dimensional motion capture system and two inertial sensors were used to acquire joint movements, heel acceleration and heel angular velocity during ski simulator exercises. Pattern variation values were calculated to assess the variations in ski simulator motion of expert and unskilled skiers. Integral ratio of roll angular velocity was calculated to determine the parallel alignment of the two feet. Results showed that ski experts showed greater range of motion of joint angle, peak-to-peak amplitude(PPA) of heel acceleration and PPA of heel angular velocity than unskilled skiers. Ski experts showed smaller pattern variations than unskilled skiers. In addition, the integral ratio of roll angular velocity in ski experts was closer to 1. Inertial sensor data measurements during the ski simulator exercises could be useful to evaluate the skill of the skier.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.24-26
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• 2009

A 20-year-old patient who got injured on his right big toe and complained pain visited to our hospital 9 months ago. Before the patient transferred to our hospital, plain radiographs were obtained at a private hospital and the patient underwent conservative treatment with uncertain diagnosis. However, the symptom was not improved, and he continued to complain intra-articular pain on his interphalangeal joint of big toe during plantarflexion or dorsiflexion. On plain radiographs of our hospital, we observed small bone fragment in his interphalangeal joint of the big toe. On the ultrasonographic images, two loose bodies in the interphalangeal joint were found. Then, we removed the loose bodies as surgical treatment, and the symptom was subsided completely. The purpose of this study is to report the ultrasonographic finding of the loose bodies of interphalangeal joint of the big toe.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

Musculoskeletal ultrasonography has been used as a convenient and simple tool for diagnosis of various conditions of orthopaedic diseases for many years. Generally magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is thought to be the best method to search for anatomical structures or variations. However, for dynamic conditions such as dislocation or subluxation of tendons and nerves, MRI is not superior to ultrasonography, especially dynamic ultrasonography. So we present such a patient with an ulnar nerve subluxation at the elbow who has symtoms mimicking cubital tunnel syndrome diagnosed by dynamic ultrasonography and treated successfully by ulnar nerve anterior transposition and think that dynamic ultrasonography is a useful method for diagnosing dynamic condition such as ulnar nerve subluxation mimicking cubital tunnel syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 2008

Ultrasonography of shoulder joint recently enlarges its utility since the knowledge of the shoulder disease is increased by numerous researches. Ultrasonography is not only noninvasive, safe, and relatively cheap, but also an unique modality that can monitor tendon movement during shoulder motion. Sonographic examination generally starts from the front side of the shoulder joint and finishes at back side in sitting position. Many structures in shoulder joint such as muscles, ligaments, glenoid labrum, bone, and especially rotator cuff tendon can be examined by ultrasonography. The rotator cuff is a motion unit consisted with subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles. It functions as fulcrum and compresses the humeral head onto the glenoid, and steers for shoulder joint.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2008

Prolotherapy can be defined as the injection of growth factors or growth factor production stimulants to grow normal cells or tissue. Even though it has been a controversal procedure for decades, it is currently gaining in popularity among many physicians. The term prolotherapy was coined by Hacket in the 1950s to imply proliferation of normal tissue at ligamentous and tendinous entheses. The procedure has been described by other terms, such as sclerotherapy, regenerative injection therapy, and stimulated ligament repair. Incomplete healing from sprains or strains is common and can lead to chronic pain, joint instability and laxity, and is a risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis. Prolotherapy is commonly used for these musculoskeletal conditions which are refractory to usual care therapies. The proliferant solution and technique varies according to physicial training and preferance. Commonly reported proliferants include 10% to 25% dextrose, P2G and sodium morrhuate. High resolution ultrasound imaging of musculoskeletal tissue is increasing in popularity because of patient tolerability, low cost, ability to visualize tissue in real time motion and superior resolution of highly organized tissue such as a tendon. This procedure can be introduced by ultrasound imaging and tissue growth and repair after this procedure in a tendon or a ligament can be documented with ultrasound.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2008

Nerve compression is caused by external force or internal pathology, which symptom develops along nerve distribution. There are median, ulnar and radial nerve compression neuropathies below elbow. Carpal tunnel syndrome at the flexor retinaculum is most common among all the entrapment neuropathies. Other causes of median nerve neuropathy include Struther's ligament, biceps aponeurosis, pronator teres, FDS aponeurosis and aberrant muscles, which induce pronator syndrome or anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. Ulnar nerve can be compressed at the elbow by arcade of Struther, medial epicondylar groove, FCU two heads, which develops cubital tunnel syndrome, at the wrist by ganglion, fracture of hamate hook and vascular problem, which develops Guyon's canal syndrome. Radial tunnel syndrome is caused by supinator muscle, which compresses its deep branch. Treatment is conservative at initial stage like NSAID, night splint or steroid injection. If symptom persists, operative treatment should be considered after electrodiagnostic or imaging studies.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.91-93
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• 2008

De Quervain's disease is a stenosing tenosynovitis that affects the synovial sheath of the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis; it can be considered a work-related disease, since it frequently is associated with highly repetitive movements in jobs using the hands. The usual sign and symptom of de Quervain's diseases are positive Finkelstein's sign and pain and tenderness around the radial styloid process. The majority of de Quervain's disease has a good results to conservative treatment, but surgery can be performed in case of recurrence or pain last more than 6 months without improvement in spite of conservative treatment. We diagnosed a patient with atypical de Quervain's disease by ultrasonography, treated by local steroid injection and pain was relieved. We report a case of atypical de Quervain's disease evaluated by ultrasonography with brief of literatures.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.60-64
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• 2013

After volar locking plating of distal radius fracture, complications arising from unrecognized dorsally prominent screws penetrating the extensor compartments are increasingly reported. However, standard radiography and fluoroscopy may not adequately visualize screw lengths, because of complex shape of dorsal cortex of the distal radius. We presented case of ultrasonography diagnosis of extensor tenosynovitis caused by dorsal screw prominence after volar plate fixation of distal radius fracture.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.563-569
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• 2016

Recently, South Korea senile patients to undergo total knee arthoplasty surgery along with the aging of the population has increased. Hence, this descriptive investigational study is to identify the correlation among the variables including the pain, depression, social support, and the degree of life satisfaction in the senile patients with total knee arthroplasty, and to analyze the factors to affect the degree of life satisfaction. The study subjects were 115 the senile patients, who had been hospital in less than one year or visited the hospital on an out patient basis after getting surgery of total knee arthroplasty at the orthopedics of S hospital located in G Metropolitan City. Data collection period was from September 25, 2015 to October 31, 2015, they were collected using structured questionnaire with the researches describing the research objectives and methods.