• 제목/요약/키워드: Orthogonal Mechanism

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Micro Cutting of Tungsten Carbides with SEM Direct Observation Method

  • jung, Heo-Sung
    • Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.770-779
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    • 2004
  • This paper describes the micro cutting of wear resistant tungsten carbides using PCD (Poly-Crystalline Diamond) cutting tools in performance with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) direct observation method. Turning experiments were also carried out on this alloy (V50) using a PCD cutting tool. One of the purposes of this study is to describe clearly the cutting mechanism of tungsten carbides and the behavior of WC particles in the deformation zone in orthogonal micro cutting. Other purposes are to achieve a systematic understanding of machining characteristics and the effects of machining parameters on cutting force, machined surface and tool wear rates by the outer turning of this alloy carried out using the PCD cutting tool during these various cutting conditions. A summary of the results are as follows: (1) From the SEM direct observation in cutting the tungsten carbide, WC particles are broken and come into contact with the tool edge directly. This causes tool wear in which portions scrape the tool in a strong manner. (2) There are two chip formation types. One is where the shear angle is comparatively small and the crack of the shear plane becomes wide. The other is a type where the shear angle is above 45 degrees and the crack of the shear plane does not widen. These differences are caused by the stress condition which gives rise to the friction at the shear plane. (3) The thrust cutting forces tend to increase more rapidly than the principal forces, as the depth of cut and the cutting speed are increased preferably in the orthogonal micro cutting. (4) The tool wear on the flank face was larger than that on the rake face in the orthogonal micro cutting. (5) Three components of cutting force in the conventional turning experiments were different in balance from ordinary cutting such as the cutting of steel or cast iron. Those expressed a large value of thrust force, principal force, and feed force. (6) From the viewpoint of high efficient cutting found within this research, a proper cutting speed was 15 m/min and a proper feed rate was 0.1 mm/rev. In this case, it was found that the tool life of a PCD tool was limited to a distance of approximately 230 m. (7) When the depth of cut was 0.1 mm, there was no influence of the feed rate on the feed force. The feed force tended to decrease, as the cutting distance was long, because the tool was worn and the tool edge retreated. (8) The main tool wear of a PCD tool in this research was due to the flank wear within the maximum value of $V_{max}$ being about 260 $\mu\textrm{m}$.

極性有機物質이 切削機構에 미치는 影響 (Effect of Polar Organic Substance on Cutting Mechanism)

  • 서남섭;양균의
    • 대한기계학회논문집
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.131-137
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    • 1986
  • 본 논문에서는 도포하기가 용이한 극성유기물질인 magic ink( $C_{6}$ $H_{5-}$ CH/13+ $C_{6}$ $H_{4}$(C $H_{3}$)$_{2}$+ $C_{4}$ $H_{9}$OH+ $C_{6}$ $H_{12}$ $O_{2}$) 를 Rehbinper 효과가 큰 동에 도포하고, 공구경사각을 변화시켜 매 절삭깊이마다 반복 2차원절삭을 실시하여 절삭기구, 절삭저항의 변화, 전단면의 전단변형율, 전단에너지 및 마찰에너지등의 변화를 상호관련시켜 분석하므로서 절삭성의 향상원인을 규명코저 한다.다.

티타늄의 절삭성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Machinabilty of Tianium)

  • 홍환표;오석형;서남섭
    • 한국정밀공학회지
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.45-51
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    • 1989
  • In metal cutting various types of chips are produced in consequence of cutting conditions. According to the type of chips the cutting mechanism is to be changed. Most of the cutting theory is based on the continuous chip because of its convenient analysis, but the occurrence of the saw-toothed chip depends upon the workpiece and/or the cutting conditions, one of which is titanium alloy used widely. Nowadays titanium alloys are used widely with the rapid development of aerospace structural engineering application, whereas the theory of cutting mechanism has not been established yet, and the formatting process has not been understood satisfactorily, either. Unfortunately several misconceptions, conflicting statements and statements needing further clarifi- cation are also found. In this paper an attempt is made to clarify the formation process of saw-toothed chips which are to be produced during the orthogonal cutting process of titanium alloys. They were machined at low speed to avoid the rapid tool wear. We observed the SEM-photographs of chips taken at the quick-st- opping device. It is hoped that a rational model of the mechanics of cyclic chip formation can be developed. The results obtained are as follows. 1. When a saw- toothed chip is formed, the shear band begins at the primary shear zone and trans- fers to the free surface, so that a segment is produced and it is completed by upsetting between the formatting segment and the formatted segment. 2. As the rake angle or the clearance angle increases in the machining of the titanium alloy, the chip approaches to that of the continous type. 3. When the rake angle and the clearance angle are increased the shear energy and the unit friction energy decrease, which shows the same aspect as that of the continuous chip.

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비면허대역에서 광대역 시스템과 공존을 위한 협대역 Listen-Before-Talk 기법 연구 (Narrowband Listen-Before-Talk under Coexistence with Wideband Systems in Unlicensed Spectrum)

  • 무르티위스누;윤지훈
    • 전기전자학회논문지
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.91-98
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    • 2019
  • 3GPP LTE의 비면허대역 솔루션인 Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) 기술은 Listen-Before-Talk (LBT)을 수행한다. 이는 Wi-Fi와의 공존을 위해 Wi-Fi의 백오프 기법과 매우 유사하게 설계되었다. 하지만, Wi-Fi의 백오프 기법은 기존 장치와의 호환 및 공존을 위해 오래된 설계에 기반하고 있어, LAA의 LBT 또한 스펙트럼 이용에 있어 비효율성을 보인다. 만약 근처에 Wi-Fi 시스템이 없는 환경이라면 LAA는 보다 효율적인 LBT를 수행할 수 있다. 이 논문은 협대역 전송을 위한 Narrowband Clear Channel Assessment (NCCA)를 제안한다. NCCA에서 LAA 기지국은 광대역 또는 각 협대역 밴드에서 LBT를 수행한다. 이를 통해, 복수의 LAA 노드가 서로 다른 협대역에서 동시에 전송할 수 있게 한다. NCCA 구현을 위해 네 가지의 설계안을 제시하고, 성능 예측을 위한 수학 모델을 제시한다. 기존 광대역 시스템과 공존하는 시나리오에서 시뮬레이션을 통해 NCCA의 공존 성능과 제시한 성능 모델의 정확성을 보인다.

환경 위성관측자료의 통계분석을 통한 동아시아 대기오염특성 연구 (Analysis of Characteristics of Air Pollution Over Asia with Satellite-derived $NO_2$ and HCHO using Statistical Methods)

  • 백강현;김재환
    • 대기
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.495-503
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    • 2010
  • Satellite data have an intrinsic problem due to a number of various physical parameters, which can have a similar effect on measured radiance. Most evaluations of satellite performance have relied on comparisons with limited spatial and temporal resolution of ground-based measurements such as soundings and in-situ measurements. In order to overcome this problem, a new way of satellite data evaluation is suggested with statistical tools such as empirical orthogonal function(EOF), and singular value decomposition(SVD). The EOF analyses with OMI and OMI HCHO over northeast Asia show that the spatial pattern show high correlation with population density. This suggests that human activity is a major source of as well as HCHO over this region. However, this analysis is contradictory to the previous finding with GOME HCHO that biogenic activity is the main driving mechanism(Fu et al., 2007). To verify the source of HCHO over this region, we performed the EOF analyses with vegetation and HCHO distribution. The results showed no coherence in the spatial and temporal pattern between two factors. Rather, the additional SVD analysis between $NO_2$ and HCHO shows consistency in spatial and temporal coherence. This outcome suggests that the anthropogenic emission is the main source of HCHO over the region. We speculate that the previous study appears to be due to low temporal and spatial resolution of GOME measurements or uncertainty in model input data.

Shear strength model for reinforced concrete corbels based on panel response

  • Massone, Leonardo M.;Alvarez, Julio E.
    • Earthquakes and Structures
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    • 제11권4호
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    • pp.723-740
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    • 2016
  • Reinforced concrete corbels are generally used to transfer loads within a structural system, such as buildings, bridges, and facilities in general. They commonly present low aspect ratio, requiring an accurate model for shear strength prediction in order to promote flexural behavior. The model described here, originally developed for walls, was adapted for corbels. The model is based on a reinforced concrete panel, described by constitutive laws for concrete and steel and applied in a fixed direction. Equilibrium in the orthogonal direction to the shearing force allows for the estimation of the shear stress versus strain response. The original model yielded conservative results with important scatter, thus various modifications were implemented in order to improve strength predictions: 1) recalibration of the strut (crack) direction, capturing the absence of transverse reinforcement and axial load in most corbels, 2) inclusion of main (boundary) reinforcement in the equilibrium equation, capturing its participation in the mechanism, and 3) decrease in aspect ratio by considering the width of the loading plate in the formulation. To analyze the behavior of the theoretical model, a database of 109 specimens available in the literature was collected. The model yielded an average model-to-test shear strength ratio of 0.98 and a coefficient of variation of 0.16, showing also that most test variables are well captured with the model, and providing better results than the original model. The model strength prediction is compared with other models in the literature, resulting in one of the most accurate estimates.

Inter-Cell Interference Management for Next-Generation Wireless Communication Systems

  • Kwon, Ho-Joong;Ko, Soo-Min;Seo, Han-Byul;Lee, Byeong-Gi
    • Journal of Communications and Networks
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.258-267
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, we examine what changes the next-generation wireless communication systems will experience in terms of the technologies, services, and networks and, based on that, we investigate how the inter-cell interference management should evolve in various aspects. We identify that the main driving forces of the future changes involve the data-centric services, new dynamic service scenarios, all-IP core access networks, new physical-layer technologies, and heavy upload traffic. We establish that in order to cope with the changes, the next-generation inter-cell interference management should evolve to 1) set the objective of providing a maximal data rate, 2) take the form of joint management of power allocation and user scheduling, 3) operate in a fully distributed manner, 4) handle the time-varying channel conditions in mobile environment, 5) deal with the changes in interference mechanism triggered by the new physical-layer technologies, and 6) increase the spectral efficiency while avoiding centralized coordination of resource allocation of the users in the uplink channel.

POD-based representation of the alongwind Equivalent Static Force for long-span bridges

  • Fiore, Alessandra;Monaco, Pietro
    • Wind and Structures
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.239-257
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    • 2009
  • This paper develops and discusses a method by which it is possible to evaluate the Equivalent Static Force (ESF) of wind in the case of long-span bridges. Attention is focused on the alongwind direction. The study herein carried out deals with the classical problems of determining the maximum effects due to the alongwind action and the corresponding ESFs. The mean value of the maximum alongwind displacement of the deck is firstly obtained both by the spectral analysis and the Gust Response Factor (GRF) technique. Successively, in order to derive the other wind-induced effects acting on the deck, the Gust Effect Factor (GEF) technique is extended to long-span bridges. By adopting the GRF technique, it is possible to define the ESF that applied on the structure produces the maximum alongwind displacement. Nevertheless the application of the ESF so obtained does not furnish the correct maximum values of other wind-induced effects acting on the deck such as bending moments or shears. Based on this observation, a new technique is proposed which allows to define an ESF able to simultaneously reproduce the maximum alongwind effects of the bridge deck. The proposed technique is based on the GEF and the POD techniques and represents a valid instrument of research for the understanding of the wind excitation mechanism.

피로 균열 성장 지연에 대한 중성자 회절 응력 분석 (Internal Stress/Strain Analysis during Fatigue Crack Growth Retardation Using Neutron Diffraction)

  • 서석호;;우완측;이수열
    • 한국재료학회지
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    • 제28권7호
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    • pp.398-404
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    • 2018
  • Fatigue crack growth retardation of 304 L stainless steel is studied using a neutron diffraction method. Three orthogonal strain components(crack growth, crack opening, and through-thickness direction) are measured in the vicinity of the crack tip along the crack propagation direction. The residual strain profiles (1) at the mid-thickness and (2) at the 1.5 mm away from the mid-thickness of the compact tension(CT) specimen are compared. Residual lattice strains at the 1.5 mm location are slightly higher than at the mid-thickness. The CT specimen is deformed in situ under applied loads, thereby providing evolution of the internal stress fields around the crack tip. A tensile overload results in an increased magnitude of the compressive residual stress field. In the crack growth retardation, it is found that the stresses are dispersed in the crack-wake region, where the highest compressive residual stresses are measured. Our neutron diffraction mapping results reveal that the dominant mechanism is by interrupting the transfer of stress concentration at the crack tip.

Energy-Efficient Power Allocation for Cognitive Radio Networks with Joint Overlay and Underlay Spectrum Access Mechanism

  • Zuo, Jiakuo;Zhao, Li;Bao, Yongqiang;Zou, Cairong
    • ETRI Journal
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    • 제37권3호
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    • pp.471-479
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    • 2015
  • Traditional designs of cognitive radio (CR) focus on maximizing system throughput. In this paper, we study the joint overlay and underlay power allocation problem for orthogonal frequency-division multiple access-based CR. Instead of maximizing system throughput, we aim to maximize system energy efficiency (EE), measured by a "bit per Joule" metric, while maintaining the minimal rate requirement of a given CR system, under the total power constraint of a secondary user and interference constraints of primary users. The formulated energy-efficient power allocation (EEPA) problem is nonconvex; to make it solvable, we first transform the original problem into a convex optimization problem via fractional programming, and then the Lagrange dual decomposition method is used to solve the equivalent convex optimization problem. Finally, an optimal EEPA allocation scheme is proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed method can achieve better EE performance.