• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.78-96
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• 1973

This study of 855 clinical nurses was conducted using a questionnaire that include tour different scales; the motives of determining their profession, the attitudes toward their profession, the general items, and desire and expectation to their profession and society. The data were analyzed by Chi-Square Test and Percentage. The results of this study included Hypothesis are as follows; The respondents were 855 (78.6%) among 1088 clinical nurses who were employed by General of Educational hospitals through the city of Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Daejun, Kwangju, and Wonju. 1) a. In the Age Distribution, the majority of respondents were under the age of 30yrs(88.2%) and the minority were above 31yrs(11.2%), and the preponderance of the majority to minority(9:1) was noted. In compared with area, a group above 31yrs old in Seoul (6.9%) was lower than other area (16.3%). b. The types of Educational background were 16.3% in Voc.Tr. School, 66.5% in Diploma and 17.1% in Degree.146 clinical nurses were from the Degree course, and 142 (97.3%) CN among those of them were occupied around Seoul and 4(2.7%) around other area. c. In the Marital Status,71,5% were the unmarried and 28.5% were the married. And compared with the area was 20.4% in Seoul and 41.4% in other area. d. Most common Length of Clinical Experience after graduation was under tile 2yrs (55.4%), 3yrs(14.2%, and 4yrs (6.2%). In compared with area, Seoul (15.3%) was lower than other area (38.1%) above 5yrs of clinical experience, and the preponderance of tile other area to Seoul as 2.5: I was noted. 2) a. Hypothesis 1 was significant relation between the types of Educational Background of the CN and their motives for selection of Nursing, P-value was below 0.01. b. There was a significance on hypothesis 2 (P＜0.01): that was relation between their motives for selection of clinical nursing field after their graduation and the area which they were employed. c. Hypothesis 4 was accepted as significant relation between the level of satisfaction of their clinical experience after their graduation and the types of educational back ground, P-value was below 0.01. d. There was a significance on hypothesis 5(P＜0.01) that was relation between the CN's response about the orientation program and the area which they were employed. e. Hypothesis 6 was retained as significant relation between the area and inservice educational programme of their employed hospital was practising or not. P-value was 0.01. f. Hypothesis 7 was retained as significant relation between the area and the CN's response about the inservice educational programme of their employed. P-value was below 0.01. g. There was a significance on hypothesis 8 (P<0.0l) that was relation between the CN's experience on attending the professional meeting and the area. h. Hypothesis 10 was accepted as significant relation between the response about the present licence system and their educational background. p-value was below 0.01. i. There was a significance on hypothesis 11 (P fO.01) that was relation between the carrying out the regular and delivery vacation and the area. J. Hypothesis 12 was accepted as significant relation between the CN's consideration of the lack of leisure and their marital status. p-value was below 0.01' k. There was a significance on hypothesis 13 (P <0.01) that was relation between the CN's response about their salary and their marital status. l. Hypothesis 14 was significant relation between the most difficulties of CN during their working and the hospital which they were employed. p-value was below 0.01.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.61-79
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• 1995

When children are admitted to hospital, they have to adapt to new and unfamiliar stimuli. Children may respond with fear to stimuli such as pain or unfamiliar experiences. One goal of nursing is to help hospitalized children to adapt effectively to their hospital experience. Accordingly, nurses need to assess childrens' fears of their hospital experience to contribute to the planning of care to alleviate these fears. The problem addressed by this study was to identify and measure hospital-related fears(hereafter called HRF) in hospitalized school-aged children. The study was conceptualized with Roy's model. A descriptive qualitative approach was used first, followed by a quantitative approach. This study was conducted from November 30, 1989 to January 12, 1991. The sample consisted of 395 hospitalized school-aged children selected through an allocated sampling technique in nine general hospitals. The HRF questionnaire (three point likert scale ) was developed by a delphi technique. The data were analyzed by an SAS program. Factor analysis was used for the examination of component factors. Differences in the HRF related to demographic variables were examined by t-test, analysis of variance and the Scheffe test. The crude scores of the HRF scale were transformed into T- scores to calculate the standard scores. The results included the following : 1. Forty-four items were derived from 188 statements identifying the childrens' hospital-re-lated fears. These items clustered into 14 factors, fear of injections, operations, bodily harm others' pain, medical rounds, physical examinations, medical staff, disease process, blood and X-rays, drugs and cockroaches, tests, harsh discipline from parents or staff, being absent from school, and separation from family. The 14 factors was classified into four categories,'pain','the unfamiliar','the un-known' and 'separation'. 2. The reliability of the HRF instruments was .92(Cronbach's alpha). In the factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the 14 factors ranged from .84 to .86 and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the four categories ranged from .70 to .84. Pearson correlation coefficient scores for relationships among the 14 factors ranged from ,11 to .50, and among the four categories, from ,44 to ,63, indicating their relative independence. 3. The total group HRF score ranged from 45 to 130 in a possible range of H to 132, with a mean of 74.51. The fears identified by the children were, in order, injections, harsh discipline by parents or staff, bodily harm, operations, medical staff, disease process, and medical rounds ; the least feared was others' pain. The fear item with the highest mean score was surgery and the lowest was examination by a doctor. HRF scores were higher for girls than for boys, and for grade 1 students than for grade 6 students. HRF scores were lower for children whose fathers were over 40 than for those whose fathers were in the 30 to 39 age group, and whose mothers were over 35 than for those whose mothers were in the 20 to 34 age group. HRF scores were lower when the mother rather than any other person stayed with the child. The expressed fear of pain, the unfamiliar, the un-known and of separation directs nurses' concern to the threat felt by hospitalized children to their concept of self. This study contributes to the assessment of fears of hospitalized children and of stimuli impinging on those fears. Accordingly, nursing practice will be directed to the alleviation of pain, pre-admission orientation to the hospital setting and routines, initiation of information about procedures and experiences and arrangments for mothers to stay with their children. Recommendations were made for further research in different settings and for development and testing of the instrument.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.502-517
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• 1998

This research intends to survey family environment, health behavior and health status of the students in urban-rural elementary schools and analyze those factors comparatively, and use the result as basic material for school health teacher to teach health education in connection with family and regional areas. It also intends to improve a pupil's self-abilitiy in health care. The subjects involve 2,774 students of urban elementary schools and 583 student in rural ones, who were selected by means of a multi -stage probability sampling. Using the questionnaire and school documents, we collected data on family environment, health behavior and health status for 19 days. Feb. 2nd 1998 through Feb. 20th 1998. The R -form of Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974) was used in the analysis of family environment(Cronbach's Alpha =0.80). Questionnaires of Health Behavior in School-aged children used by the WHO in Europe(Aaro et al., 1986) and the ones developed by the Health Promotion Committee of the Western Pacific(WHO, 1995)(adapted by long Young-suk and Moon Young-hee(1996)) were used in the analysis of health behavior, as well documents on absences due to sickness, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, height, weight and degree of obesity were used to determine health status. In next step, We used them with an $X^2$-test, t-test, Odds Ratio, and a 95% Confidence Interval. 1. In two dimensions of three, family-relationship (t=3.41, p=0.001) and system -maintenances(t= 2.41, p=0.0l6) the mean score of urban children were significantly higher than those of rural ones. In the personal development dimension however, there was little significant difference. Assorting family environment into 10 sub-fields and analyzing them, we recognized that urban children were superior to rural children in the sub-fields of expressiveness (t =3.47, p=0.001), conflict (t=0.48, p=0.001), active-recreational orientation (t = 1.97, p=0.049) and organization (t=4.33, p=0.000). 2. Referring to the Odds Ratios of urban-rural children's health behaviors, urban children set up more desirable behavior than rural children wear ing safety belts (Odds Ratio =0.32, p=0.000), washing hands after meals(Odds Ratio = 0.43, p= 0.000), washing hands after excreting (Odds Ratio = 0.39, p=O.OOO), washing hands after coming - home ( Odds Ratio = 0.75, p = 0.003), brushing teeth before sleeping(Odds Ratio =0.45, p=0.000), brushing teeth more than once a day (Odds Ratio =0.73, p=0.0l2), drinking boiled water (Odds Ratio = 0.49, p=0.000), collecting garbage at home(Odds Ratio=0.31, p=0.000) and in the school(Odds Ratio =0. 67, p=0.000). All these led to significant differences. As to taking milk(Odds Ratio = 1.50, p=0.000), taking care of eyesight(Odds Ratio=1.41, p=0.001) and getting physical exercise in(Odds Ratio = 1.33, p=0.0l9) and outside the school(Odds Ratio = 1.32, p=0.005), rural children had more desirable behavior which also revealed a significant difference. There was little significant difference in smoking, but the smoking rate of rural children(5.5%) was larger than that of urban children(3.9%). 3. Health status was analyzed in terms of absences, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, and the degree of obesity, height and weight. Considering Odds Ratios of the health status of urban-rural children, the health status of rural children was significantly better than that of the urban ones in the level of physical strength(t=1.51, p=0.000) and the degree of obesity(t=1.84, p=0.000). The mean height of urban children ($150.4{\pm}7.5cm$) is taller than that of their counterparts($149.5{\pm}7.9$), which revealed a significant difference (t =2.47, p=0.0l4). The mean weight of urban children($42.9{\pm}8.6kg$) is larger than that of their counterparts($41.8{\pm}9.0kg$), which was also a significant difference(t=2.81, p=0.005). Considering the results above, we can recognize that there are significant differences in family environment, health behavior, and health status in urban-rural children. These results also suggestion ideas for health education. What we would suggest for the health program of elementary schools is that school health teachers should play an active role in promoting the need and importance of health education, develop the appropriate programs which correspond to the regional characteristics, and incorporate them into schools to improve children's ability to manage their own health management.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.65-92
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to conduct survey analyses of the role perception and performance of homeroom teachers in elementary schools in Seoul as well as their students' expectations for teachers' role as counsellors. The study also aims to analyze the causes behind the lackluster performance, to provide assistance in teachers' counselling and guidance activities and collect basic data for providing a plausible orientation for elementary school counselling. Research topics for achieving these study objectives are as follows. First, what is the status quo of counselling between elementary school students and teachers? Second, what is the role perception of elementary school homeroom teachers as counsellors and their current level of performance? Third, what are the differences in students' expectations for homeroom teachers' role as counsellors according to students' environmental variables such as gender and grade? Fourth, what are the discrepancies between the roles perception and performance of elementary school homeroom teachers and role expectation of students for homeroom teachers' role as counsellors? In order to answer these questions, surveys were conducted for 229 teachers and 385 students in grades 4, 5 and 6 in 11 elementary schools in Seoul, and the results were analyzed. The questionnaires used for this study were modified and supplemented according to the research objectives based on survey questions released by Gyung-Beom Lee(1989), Hak-Soo Lee(2001) and Gi-Nam Gwon(2005). Statistical analyses were peformed using the SPSS for Windows 10.0 program. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, most elementary school homeroom teachers were involved in counselling activities, and about half of them were providing counselling once a month or less. The classroom was the primary location of counselling, and more than half of the surveyed teachers were dissatisfied with their counselling activities. The teachers cited overwhelming teaching hours and excessive work as the factors that made counselling difficult. Second, it was revealed that most elementary school students have had experiences of anguish and most have had some form of counselling. They mostly sought counselling from their parents and friends, and the reasons behind such choices were that they were very understanding. Third, most students responded that they have had no experience of receiving counselling from their homeroom teachers. Among those with counselling experience with their homeroom teachers, most said that the counselling was helpful. The most significant reason for not receiving counselling from their homeroom teachers was that the students had no worries to talk about with their teachers. Fourth, as a result of categorizing the role of elementary school homeroom teachers as counsellors according to the areas of counselling, role perception for each area turned out to be generally high, while performance was substantially lacking. Fifth, in terms of the causes for the lackluster counselling performance, overwhelming teaching hours and excessive work were indicated for counselling areas of academic and personality issues. Sixth, the analysis of students' expectations for elementary school homeroom teachers as counsellors for counselling areas according to gender and grade revealed that there was no overall statistical significance. Seventh, from the general perspective, the level of role perception of the homeroom teachers were higher than the level of students' expectations. In conclusion, in order to enhance the teacher's role as a counsellor, there has to be a concrete perception of roles as a primary premise, calling for training sessions and programs dedicated to counseling for the teachers to take part in. Moreover, in order to alleviate the most significant causes for undermining teachers' counselling activities - overwhelming teaching hours and excessive work - there must be administrative consideration as well as provisions for effective counselling centers and dedicated school counsellors.

• 천문학회지
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• 제29권spc1호
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• pp.63-64
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• 1996

The nature of distant faint blue field galaxies remains a mystery, despite the fact that much attention has been devoted to this subject in the last decade. Galaxy counts, particularly those in the optical and near ultraviolet bandpasses, have been demonstrated to be well in excess of those expected in the 'no-evolution' scenario. This has usually been taken to imply that galaxies were brighter in the past, presumably due to a higher rate of star formation. More recently, redshift surveys of galaxies as faint as B$\~$24 have shown that the mean redshift of faint blue galaxies is lower than that predicted by standard evolutionary models (de-signed to fit the galaxy counts). The galaxy number count data and redshift data suggest that evolutionary effects are most prominent at the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function. While these data constrain the form of evolution of the overall luminosity function, they do not constrain evolution in individual galaxies. We are carrying out a series of observations as part of a long-term program aimed at a better understanding of the nature and amount of luminosity evolution in individual galaxies. Our study uses the luminosity-linewidth relation (Tully-Fisher relation) for disk galaxies as a tool to study luminosity evolution. Several studies of a related nature are being carried out by other groups. A specific experiment to test a 'no-evolution' hypothesis is presented here. We have used the AUTOFIB multifibre spectro-graph on the 4-metre Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) and the Rutgers Fabry-Perot imager on the Cerro Tolalo lnteramerican Observatory (CTIO) 4-metre tele-scope to measure the internal kinematics of a representative sample of faint blue field galaxies in the red-shift range z = 0.15-0.4. The emission line profiles of [OII] and [OIII] in a typical sample galaxy are significantly broader than the instrumental resolution (100-120 km $s^{-l}$), and it is possible to make a reliable de-termination of the linewidth. Detailed and realistic simulations based on the properties of nearby, low-luminosity spirals are used to convert the measured linewidth into an estimate of the characteristic rotation speed, making statistical corrections for the effects of inclination, non-uniform distribution of ionized gas, rotation curve shape, finite fibre aperture, etc.. The (corrected) mean characteristic rotation speed for our distant galaxy sample is compared to the mean rotation speed of local galaxies of comparable blue luminosity and colour. The typical galaxy in our distant sample has a B-band luminosity of about 0.25 L$\ast$ and a colour that corresponds to the Sb-Sd/Im range of Hub-ble types. Details of the AUTOFIB fibre spectroscopic study are described by Rix et al. (1996). Follow-up deep near infrared imaging with the 10-metre Keck tele-scope+ NIRC combination and high angular resolution imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope's WFPC2 are being used to determine the structural and orientation parameters of galaxies on an individual basis. This information is being combined with the spatially resolved CTIO Fabry-Perot data to study the internal kinematics of distant galaxies (Ing et al. 1996). The two main questions addressed by these (preliminary studies) are: 1. Do galaxies of a given luminosity and colour have the same characteristic rotation speed in the distant and local Universe? The distant galaxies in our AUTOFIB sample have a mean characteristic rotation speed of $\~$70 km $s^{-l}$ after correction for measurement bias (Fig. 1); this is inconsistent with the characteristic rotation speed of local galaxies of comparable photometric proper-ties (105 km $s^{-l}$) at the > $99\%$ significance level (Fig. 2). A straightforward explanation for this discrepancy is that faint blue galaxies were about 1-1.5 mag brighter (in the B band) at z $\~$ 0.25 than their present-day counterparts. 2. What is the nature of the internal kinematics of faint field galaxies? The linewidths of these faint galaxies appear to be dominated by the global disk rotation. The larger galaxies in our sample are about 2"-.5" in diameter so one can get direct insight into the nature of their internal velocity field from the $\~$ I" seeing CTIO Fabry-Perot data. A montage of Fabry-Perot data is shown in Fig. 3. The linewidths are too large (by. $5\sigma$) to be caused by turbulence in giant HII regions.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.217-244
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• 2008

전자정보기술의 발달로 인해 도서관 서비스제공은 정보화시스템에 대한 의존 비중이 커져가고 있다. 이러한 상황의 변화에 따라 본 연구는 이용자의 도서관 정보화에 대한 성과지각과 정보화를 통한 이용 만족은 전반적 만족에 중요한 선행요인이 될 것으로 추론하였다. 뿐만 아니라 기존 연구는 대체로 도서관의 서비스제공측면에서 이용자의 인식이나 만족을 조사하였으나 본 연구는 시각을 달리하여 이용자측면에서 단순 열람목적의 일반적 이용과, 전문정보구득 목적의 전문적 이용패턴이 정보화 성과지각에 어떻게 다르게 영향을 미치는지에 대해서 조사하였다. 또한 서비스품질차원이 정보화성과지각과 이용만족에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 마지막으로 서비스품질차원이 정보화성과지각과 이용만족에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과는 첫째, 도서관 이용자의 열람 등 일반적 목적 이용이 정보화성과지각에 영향을 미치는지 검증하고자 하였으나 유의한 수준에 미치지 못했다. 둘째, 도서관 이용자의 특정 정보구득 등 전문적 목적의 이용이 정보화성과지각에 유의한 정의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 일반적 서비스품질인 상호작용품질, 결과품질, 물리적환경품질 차원은 정보화성과지각에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으나 정보화이용만족에는 유의하지 않았다. 마지막으로, 도서관 이용자의 정보화성과지각과 정보화이용만족이 전반적인 만족을 선행하고 있음을 밝혔다. 이를 통해 도서관의 정보화시스템을 어떻게 이용자중심으로 체계화하여 발전시킬 것인지에 대해 심층적인 고찰이 필요함을 확인하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.17-31
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• 1974

Today, over seventy five percent of nursing in Korea provide a psychiatric experience in the basic curriculum. The psychiatric affiliation presents numerous major problems of adjustment to the student. The Importance of positive attitude toward the nursing care of psychiatric patients is recognized by the nursing profession. I have fined out the unfavorable attitude of non collegiate nursing students toward psychiatric nursing affiliation by previous research. This study was undertaken in response to a felt need to explore the use of several devices which might yield information about attitudes toward psychiatric nursing as a basis for future planning of the program offered at a selected hospital. This study is designed to meet the following objectives; (1) In order to find out the expressed attitudes of fifty·three collegiate nursing students toward their psychiatric affiliation. (2) To compare responses given by selected group of collegiate and non collegiate nursing students to same questionnaire (3) To determine the relationship between the attitudes of nursing students toward psychiatric nursing and the type of instructions where experience was obtained. A questionnaire, a Korean translation of the "Psychiatric Nursing Attitude Questionnaire" by Moldered Elizabeth fletcher, was administered to fifty-three collegiate nursing students who had completed a four-week psychiatric affiliation in a S hospital psychiatric ward during May 7, 1973 to Dec. 16, 1973. - The questionnaire of 100 statements was administered in the following way; (1) Part Ⅰ, Preconceptions, was, given in individual conferences with each subject, during the first few days of their affiliation, and again during the final week of affiliation. The responses to Part I were oral. (2) Part Ⅱ, Expectations, Part Ⅲ, Personal Relations, Part Ⅳ, Personal Feelings, and Part V, Attitudes and Activities of Patients were given to all of the subjects in a group meeting during the second week of the affiliation, and again, during the fourth week at the termination of the affiliation. Responses to Parts Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ·, and V, were written. Each of the 100 statements of the questionnaire was considered to be either Positive or Negative. A favorable response was assigned the positive value of 1 and an unfavorable response was assigned the Negative value of O. The coefficient of correlation was computed between the two sets of scores for the fifty-three nursing students, The mean score, the standard deviation, and the differences in the means on each of the five parts of the questionnaire were computed and the relationships calculated by at-test. The results of the study were as follows; 1. There was no significant correlation between the two sets of the scores for the fifty-three nursing students during the four-week psychiatric affiliation. (r= 0.36) 2. There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the first and final tests for any of the questionnaire. 3. The Part Ⅰ, Preconceptions, data indicated collegiate nursing students have positive attitudes in preconceptions than non collegiate nursing students and preconceptions toward the psychiatric affiliation which affect their psychiatric nursing experience. 4. The Part Ⅱ, Expectations, data indicated more appropriate expectations of collegiate nursing students related to pre psychiatric affiliation orientation and sufficient theory learning than non-collegiate nursing students. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part V, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated collegiate nursing students have more positive attitudes to the psychotic behavior of certain situations due to sufficient theory learning. 8. The data indicated collegiate·nursing students have more positive attitude than non-collegiate nursing students. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part V, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated collegiate nursing students have more positive attitudes to the psychotic behavior of certain situations due to sufficient theory learning. 8. The data indicated collegiate·nursing students have more positive attitude than non-collegiate nursing students through psychiatric affiliation.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.137-148
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• 2018

이어(李漁)의 "한정우기"는 명말청초(明末淸初) 상업경제의 발달로 물질문화가 성행했던 시기에 저술된 작품으로, 당대의 사회풍조를 반영하여 물질문화의 향유방법을 자세히 풀이한 저작이다. 본 연구는 "한정우기" 거실부(居室部) 와 종식부(種植部) 를 텍스트로 하여 이어의 원림조영 이론을 고찰한 것으로, 도출된 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 이어는 인지제의(因地制宜) 이론을 통해 지세에 따른 원림의 배치를 설명하였다. 그가 강조한 것은 땅의 지세를 정확히 파악하는 것이 모든 조영이론의 출발점이라는 점이다. 그는 전저후고(前低後高)의 이상적 형태를 만들기 위해 지형의 고저를 인위적으로 조절하고, 가옥, 누대, 가산, 물길 등의 성공적 배치가 지세의 정확한 판독에 의해 달성될 수 있음을 설명하였다. 둘째, 취경재차(取景在借)는 바깥 경치를 잡아두는 장치로 창을 이용한 기법을 말한다. 이것은 동관(動觀)과 정관(靜觀)이라는 색다른 이론으로 전개된다. 동관은 배의 움직임에 따라 창을 통해 바라보는 경치도 바뀌게 되며, 하루에도 수천 폭의 산수화를 창문을 통해 볼 수 있다는 뜻으로, 적극적 경관향유의 방법론으로 규정된다. 정관의 경우, 원림 또는 실내에서 외부의 경관을 끌어들이는 수단으로 창문을 이용할 때의 경관으로 설명된다. 셋째, 이어는 제체의견(制體宜堅)의 논설에서 재료와 디자인을 통해 견고함을 유지하는 것이 정교함에 앞서야 한다고 강조했다. 넷째, 창이표신(創異標新)은 다름과 새로움을 추구하는 형식적 측면을 중시하는 말로서, 이어의 조원이론을 성격을 잘 나타낸 말이다. 본 연구는 한정우기에서 '청벽(廳壁)', '활첨(活?)', '대련 편액(聯?)', '죽병부식법(竹屛扶植法)'의 네 가지를 선별하여 창이표신의 이론과 실제를 고찰하였다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2004

행태 중심적 공간디자인은 인간의 심리를 기반으로 한 행동의 시스템적 접근을 필요로 한다. 또한 인간과 환경은 상보성(相補性)을 지닌 전체로서의 인식을 필요로 하며, 인간과 공간 역시 상호작용을 전제로 하는 총체적 현상으로 파악하여야 함을 의미한다. 또한 행태 지향적 공간을 디자인하는 것은 단지 물리적 실체를 형상화하고 조정하는 행위뿐만 아니라 심리적, 행위적 현상들을 이해하고 해석하여 반영하는 것을 의미한다. 그리고 인간개인에 대한 분석뿐만 아니라 인간집단의 상호작용에 관한 이해이다. 또한 공간인식에 있어서 물질의 이동이 아닌, 에너지의 순환과 변화요인에 대한 분석이 중요하다. 이것은 이용자의 행태와 심리에 대한 파악이 단순히 편리함을 위한 합리적 목적을 지향하는 것이 아님을 뜻한다. 즉, 인간과 공간에 대한 구조를 물리적 요소로 분해하고 정형화된 데이터에 근거하여 디자인하는 것과 달리, 공간과 인간 사이에 발생하는 행동패턴과 심리적 현상을 이해하는 것에 목적이 있다. 따라서 행태가 일어나는 본질을 파악함으로써 보다 인간 중심적인 공간 디자인을 구현할 수 있다. 그리고 이용자 중심의 또 다른 관점의 디자인 프로세스를 창출할 수 있으며, 인간, 공간, 환경의 총체적 어메니티, 즉 보다 나은 환경 질을 만들 수 있다. 이를 위해서는 인간활동, 즉 행위체계에 대한 자각이 선행되어져야 하며, 디자인을 위한 접근이 예측적 관념이 아닌, 준 과학적 체계 속에서 프로세스로 구현되어야 한다. 본 연구는 이러한 관점을 기초로 인간의 행태를 기본으로 한 디자인 언어로 도출되는 프로세스를 모색한다. 즉, 이용자의 관찰을 통해 공간 행태의 본질과 행위체계를 분석하고, 이를 공간디자인 프로그램에 반영하여 조형언어로 발전된다면 인간과 환경에 대한 새로운 디자인 프로세스가 나타날 수 있다. 결론적으로, 이용자의 행위와 심리를 디자인에 반영함으로써, 물리적 데이터에 근거한 기존의 공공공간 디자인과는 달리, 인간 삶의 질적 향상을 지향하고 보다 인간 중심적인 디자인이 창출될 수 있다.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.177-206
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• 2013

우리나라는 2004년부터 정부의 재정지원 일자리사업의 하나로, 노인일자리사업을 시행하고 있다. 그러나 시행된 지 10여년이 되었고, 내년부터 본격적인 확대를 앞두고 있지만, 정책대안과 방향설정에 대한 논의가 부족하다. 이에 본 연구는 문헌연구를 중심으로 OECD 국가의 적극적 노동시장정책, 특히 직접 일자리창출 정책을 살펴보았다. 그 후 OECD 국가의 고령자 고용지원정책을 검토한 후, OECD 국가 가운데 저소득 고령자를 대상으로 고용지원정책을 실시하는 국가를 유형화한 후 이를 토대로 노인일자리사업의 발전방안을 도출하였다. 연구결과 첫째, OECD 국가의 고령자 고용정책은 연금정책을 제외하면, 노동수요 장벽제거 전략(임금보조, 사회보험료 감면 등)의 비중이 높고, 고령근로자의 고용가능성 강화전략은 상대적으로 크게 다뤄지지 않는다. 그나마도 직접 일자리창출정책은 매우 주변적인 정책으로 나타났다. 둘째, 정책목표와 사회경제적 지표를 기준으로 저소득 고령근로자를 위한 고용지원정책을 유형화하면, 저소득 노인지원형, 조기퇴직 완화형, 완전고용 지원형으로 나눌 수 있다. 우리나라는 저소득 노인지원형 가운데 직접 일자리 창출형에 속한다. 노인빈곤율이 높고, 소득보장제도가 발달하지 않아서 직접일자리사업을 수행하는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 노인일자리사업은 직접 일자리창출사업으로서의 속성을 갖추지 못했다. 사회참여와 소득보충이라는 2가지 정책목표를 추진하고 있지만 이에 적합한 체제를 구축하지 못했다. 따라서 정책목표를 더 명확히 하여, 목표달성에 적합한 사업체계를 구축해야 한다. 노인일자리사업이 일자리로서 위상을 견고히 하고자 한다면 노동시장정책 차원에서 수정해야 하고, 현재 2가지 목표를 모두 유지하고자 한다면, 소득보충과 사회참여를 위해 사업을 이원화하는 것도 고려할 필요가 있다. 혹은 미국의 SCSEP처럼 훈련을 통해 보조금을 받지 않는 일자리로 이행하도록 지원하는 고용서비스 훈련체제로 바꾸는 것도 대안이 될 것이다.