• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2021

본 연구는 정보보안의 연구 중 인간 요소를 다루는 분야의 필요성이 제기되어 융합연구 설계방안을 구성하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 정보보안의 측면이 보안 정책과 연관되는 인지과정에 미치는 효과성을 검정하는 것이다. 연구 방법은 가용성 차원과 문화 차원의 교차설계로 구성되었고, 정보보안 과정은 정보보안 의식, 대처 효능감, 준수의향, 정보보안 행동의 네 가지 변인으로 측정되었다. 연구 결과, 가용성 차원은 대처 효능감에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 사례 중심 조건의 영향력이 통계중심 조건보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 문화 차원은 정보보안 의식, 대처 효능감, 준수의향, 정보보안 행동에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 동질성 조건의 영향력이 다양성 조건보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 제시한 연구 모형은 측정변인으로 재구성된 다원적 매개모형으로 검증되었다. 아울러, 논의는 개인 요소와 조직 특성을 고려한 정보보안 전략의 필요성에 대하여 기술하고 있다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2012

본 논문은 거배비용분석 이론의 포괄적 이해를 돕기 위한 하나의 방법으로 거래비용분석법의 구성요소 중의 하나인 "거래비용"에 대한 개념검토를 목적으로 하고 있다. 유통경로 지배구조 현상을 규명하기 위한 하나의 방법으로 거래비용 분석의 개념적 틀을 적용한 지도 벌써 수십 년이 경과되었다. 본 연구의 출발점은 Williamson(1975)이 개념적 틀에서 제시한 자산특유성(asset specificity)을 어떠한 형태로 정의하고 있는지?, 기존의 선행연구들에서는 어떠한 형태로 자산특유성을 설명하고 있으며, 선행연구들에서는 자산특유성 개념의 조작적 정의를 어떠한 형태로 정의하고 있는지? 에 대한 물음에서 출발하고 있다. 본 연구를 통해 거래비용 이론이 완전 자유 경쟁체제가 아닌 통제 경제체제에서도 적용 가능한 것이냐 하는 것이다. 거래비용 이론은 Williamson(1975)이 제시한 개념적 틀을 그대로 적용할 것이 아니라 해당 산업내지는 국가 체제에 따라 수정 보완하여 적용하는 것이 바람직하다는 결론이다. 기존의 거래비용(자산특유성)에 대한 연구방향을 종합하여 요약하면 크게 네 가지 방향으로 나누어진다고 볼 수 있다. 첫째는 기업이 제품의 유통과 관련하여 기업이 특유자산을 보유하고 있는 판매 대리인을 이용할 것인지, 아니면 자사의 고용인을 이용할 것인지에 대한 연구의 흐름이다. 둘째, 원료의 공급에 있어 기업이 특유자산을 보유하고 불확실성이 큰 경우 기업이 직접 제조할 것인지 아니면 외부 공급자로 부터 구매할 것인지에 대한 의사결정의 문제를 다루고 연구의 흐름이다. 셋째는 기업이 해외 시장 또는 서비스 시장 진출 시 지사의 사용 할 것인지 아니면 현지 대리인의 이용에 관한 문제를 다루는 연구의 흐름이다. 넷째는 거래비용이론이 가지는 기본 가정의 한계를 지적하고 거래비용이론의 확장을 시도하는 연구의 흐름이다. 거래비용분석이 갖는 한계점으로는 첫째, 기존의 연구들은 Williamson(1975)이 제시한 개념들을 이용하여 단순히 유통경로 현상을 규명하는데 만 치중하고 있다는 것이다. 둘째, 유통경로 구성원들이 거래비용(자산특유성)때문에 다양한 거래구조를 형성했다면 그에 따른 명확한 성과가 있어야 하는데, Heide와 John(1988)의 지적에서 처럼 거래비용분석의 기본 가정에 관한 실증적 연구가 매우 애매 한다는 것이다. 셋째, 기업이 특유자산(불확실성)을 보유하고 있는 거래를 내부화한다고 가정하고 있으나 내부화에 대한 명확한 설명이 제시되어 있지 않다는 것이다. 다섯째, 거래비용 이론은 완전자유경쟁체제에 적합한 이론이라 할 수 있으며 통제경제 내지는 계획경제 체제하에서는 적용하기가 부적절한다. 향후 연구를 위한 제언으로는 경제구조와 산업구조의 차이에서 발생하는 현상으로 분석할 수 있으며, 다양한 산업구조에 거래비용분석을 적용할 필요성이 존재한다. 따라서 거래비용분석에서 제시하고 있는 거래비용에 대한 명확한 정의가 필요하다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

In former times the protection of our environment didn't play an important role due to the fact that emissions and effluents were not considered as serious impacts. However, opinions and scientific measurements meanwhile confirmed that the impacts are more serious than expected. Thus measures to protect our earth has to be taken into consideration. A part of these measures in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). One of the most important parts of the EIA is the collection of basic datas and the following evaluation. Experience out of the daily business of Gerling Consulting Group shows that the content of the EIA has to be revised and enlarged in certain fields. The historical development demonstrated that in areas in which the population and the industrial activities reached high concentration there is a high necessity to develop strict environmental laws and regulations. Maximum values of the concentration of hazardous materials were fixed concerning the emission into and water. Companies not following these regulations were punished. The total amount of environmental offences increased rapidly during the last decade, at least in Germany. During this development the public consciousness concerning environmental affairs increased as well in the industrialized countries. But it could clearly be seen that the development in the field of environmental protection went into the wrong direction. The technologies to protect the environment became more and more sophisticated and terms as: "state of the art" guided more and more to lower emissions, Filtertechnologies and wastewater treatment for example reached a high technical level-but all these sophisticated technologies has one and the same characteristic: they were end-of-the pipe solutions. A second effect was that this kind of environmental protection costs a lot of money. High investments are necessary to reduce the dust emission by another ppm! Could this be the correct way? In Germany the discussion started that the environmental laws reduce the attractivity to invest or to enlarge existing investments within the country. Other countries seem to be not so strict with controlling the environmental laws which means it's simply cheaper to produce in Portugal or Greece. Everybody however knows that this is not the correct way and does not solve the environmental problems. Meanwhile the general picture changes a little bit and we think it changes into the correct direction "End-of-the-pipe" solutions are still necessary but this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word especially in connection with environmental management and safety. Modern actual environmental management starts in a different way. Thoughts about emissions start in the very beginning of the production, they start with the design of the product and modification of traditional modes of production. Basis of these ideas are detailed analyses of products and processes. Due to the above mentioned facts that the public environmental consciousness changed dramatically a continous environmental improvement of each single production plant has to be guarantied. This question is already an important question of the EIA. But it was never really checked in a wholistic approach. Environmental risks have to be taken into considerations during the execution of an EIA. This means that the environmental risks have to be reduced down to a capable risk-level. Environmental risks have to be considered within the phase of planning, during the operation of a plant and after shut down. The experience shows that most of the environmental relevant accidents were and caused by human fault. Even in highly protected plants the human risk-factor can not be excluded during evaluation of the risk-potential. Thus the approach of an EIA has to regard technical evaluations as well as organizational thoughts and the human factor. An environmental risk is a threat to the environment. An analysis of the risk concerning the organizational and human aspect however never was properly executed during an EIA. A possible solution could be to use an instrument as the actual EMAS (Environmental Management System) of the EC for more accurate evaluation of the impact to the environment during an EIA. Organizations or investors could demonstrate by an approved EMAS or even by showing their installment of EMAS that not only the technical level of the planned investment meets the requested standards but as well the actual or planned management is able to reduce the environmental impact down to a bearable level.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2018

Purpose - Journals of Korea Distribution Science Association (KODISA) made great efforts in responding to the constant shifts in academic paradigms and in producing synergetic effects among KODISA journals to achieve the goal of maintaining their status in the world's reputable scholarly journals. The aim of this study is to analyze the current practice and performance of KODISA journals and develop strategies that will continuously meet and respond to the changes and success in the future. Research design, data, and methodology - This is a case study, an analytical approach, which focuses on analyzing current and previous strategies, practices, and performances of the four major journals of KODISA and the association. The organizational structure, including election and terms of KODISA officers, new membership, and members of editorial board, is discussed and analyzed. The citation, submission, publication, and rejection rates of all four journals are examined, and the progress, including the status of indexing of each journal, is discussed. Results - The analysis indicates that KODISA has significantly invested its resources into improving its journals and attracting new members. The analysis also shows the strategy of the organizational structure, which includes election and terms of officers and editorial board members that implemented over the years, was successful. Both Journal of Distribution Science (JDS) and Journal of Finance, Economics, and Business (JAFEB) are indexed in SCOPUS, with East Asian Journal of Business Management (EAJBM) in the final stage of the SCOPUS indexing evaluation, and International Journal of Industrial Distribution and Business (IJIDB) will complete and submit their indexing evaluation materials to SCOPUS this summer. Conclusions - The success and progress of KODISA and its journals clearly support the need for continuous development, analysis, revision, and implementation of strategies. Based on the analysis, conducting the annual performance reviews of the association and its journals and planning and strategizing based on the reviews since 2011 have greatly contributed to the overall success. In terms of meeting the short term strategy, KODISA has to continue developing relationships with relevant and appropriate scholarly/academic associations to expand the scope of its business, establishing independence of each journal and its respective procedures and practices and improving the quality of the journals and their publications through KODISA's international conferences.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the moderating effects of social capital on antecedents factors path of export performance in the materials and components SMEs(Small and Medium-sized Enterprises) of Busan and Kyungnam region. In case of materials and components SMEs, they are always trying to achieve business performance including export sales and market share, but it is difficult for them to increase performance due to the limitation of inner & tangible resources. Therefore intangible asset such as technology capability and its antecedents factors which are technology innovation and learning orientation are getting more important to SMEs. In addition, it is supposed that social capital such as local network including distribution channel in overseas market plays an essential role to enhance export performance. Accordingly, the main goal of this study is to find out the relationship between export performance and antecedents factors and the validity of social capital as a moderating valuable. Research design, data, and methodology - Technology innovation, learning orientation and technology capability have been used as antecedents factors for export performance and social capital such as network diversity and intensity has been used for moderating effects analysis. In order to select these valuables mentioned above, this study examined the existing researches on a basis of Resources Based View, Organizational Learning Theory and Social Capital theory. To achieve the objective of this paper, 7 hypotheses including the moderating effects have been proposed with 6 potential variables measured by 24 questions. The survey was carried out from December 2014 to March 2015 and 137 samples out of total 175 were selected for the analysis. PLS(Partial Least Squares) has been used for the methodology of empirical analysis for both antecedents factors path and moderating effects. Results - Research findings are as follows. First, technology innovation has a significant impact on learning orientation, learning orientation has a positive effect on the technology capability and technology capability also has a significant impact on export performance. Therefore 3 valuables are proved as antecedents factors of export performance. Second, the social capital(both network diversity and intensity) plays a moderating role with learning orientation to technology capability. However, there is no moderating effects between both of social capital and technology capability regarding export performance. Conclusions - According to path analysis results, it is suggested that the materials and components SMEs should raise technology innovation and learning orientation in order to improve technology capability and export performance. Meantime, the moderating effect analysis shows that SMEs should consider local network diversity and intensity along with learning orientation to add up technology capability. But local network diversity and intensity does not work systematically with technology capability for export performance and it means that SMEs should find the appropriate local partners for the purpose of establishing concrete distribution channels based on marketing perspective, not for improving technology capability.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2016

Purpose - Although various studies have been conducted on the stress of service employees, there are still lack of studies regarding job stress and job satisfaction of call center workers. Especially there are quite few studies on the job stress according to employment type. This study focused on job stress and job satisfaction for call center employees and the correlation between the two factors and aimed to provide basic materials for seeking for the plans to reduce job stress and improve job satisfaction. Research design, data, and methodology - Frequency, percentage, and mean value were calculated through descriptive statistics in order to find out demographic characteristics, level of job stress, and job satisfaction. Differences in job stress according to employment type were calculated by using one-way ANOVA. Correlation between job stress and job satisfaction were identified through empirical analysis with Pearson's correlation coefficient. 150 materials were used for final analysis. The collected materials were analyzed to get statistics by using SPSS 20. Results - First, as for the job stress of call center workers, overall mean value was 2.54 in 4-point scales. Among the six sub-factors, job demands had the highest score, which was 2.67. Second, as for the job stress according to employment type, others showed higher score than mean value followed by contract job and full-time job in that order, in terms of job insecurity and organizational system. In terms of inappropriate remuneration, contract job showed higher score than mean value followed by others and full-time job. Third, as for the satisfaction with job, the mean value was 2.37 in 4-point scale and "very much satisfied" was only 3.3%. Lastly, in terms of job stress and job satisfaction, all sub-factors except for job demands showed significant correlation. The more job stress increased, the more job satisfaction decreased. Conclusions - First, as a result of analyzing job stress according to the employment type of call center workers, job stress increased more when the employment type was not full-time. Therefore, it was assumed that self-rescue efforts should be followed for effective employment management of call center business where contract employment takes most part as well as efforts to transfer them to full-time job. Second, decrease in job satisfaction of call center workers may affect the performance of an organization as well as service quality of the company providing the service. Therefore, various supports are required to decrease job stress and increase job satisfaction for call center workers through the expansion of rest area or break time. Third, I could recognize that there were lack of academic research on call center business in the whole service industry. Therefore, further research should be conducted more actively in the future. In particular, this study has special significance in the aspect that there were few studies on the job stress of call center workers according to employment type.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2013

Purpose - Nowadays, more than ever before, fierce competition, deep market segmentation, short product life cycles, and intensifying customer needs are putting increasing pressure on franchise's organizations to satisfy their customers by creating market-oriented relationships with and enhancing their market knowledge of them. One way that this might be achieved is by establishing deep ties (i.e., job commitment and job satisfaction) with their employees. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how two important constructs of franchises' strategic efforts, LO (learning orientation) and RMO (relationship marketing orientation), affect job satisfaction, given the mediating role of job commitment. A franchise system comprises a set of contractual arrangements by which mutual obligations are performed. An organizational learning goal motivates employees to improve their abilities and master the tasks they perform. Relationship marketing, in addition, is to identify, establish, maintain, and enhance relationships with customers and other stakeholders to ensure that the objectives of all parties are met and this is done through the mutual exchange of promises. In a relationship marketing orientation, then, a firm creates, maintains, and enhances a strong relationship with its customers by sustaining long-term ties. This study was designed to examine the evolution of various theoretical approaches to franchise systems in order to determine whether theories about firms have significantly affected the franchise system. To this end, the authors developed a structural model consisting of several constructs. Previous studies have suggested that franchises' learning and relationship marketing orientations are important occupational immersion dimensions driving job satisfaction. Research design, data, methodology - We empirically tested a process of how the learning orientation and the relationship marketing orientation influence job commitment and job satisfaction using survey data drawn from 150 responding franchisees who were interviewed about their individual tendencies. Results - The results of this study provide empirical evidence that learning orientation, relationship marketing orientation, and job commitment all influence franchisees' job satisfaction. The results of this study indicate that, first, learning orientation had a significant effect on job satisfaction; second, relationship marketing orientation was positively related to job commitment; third, job commitment had a significant effect on job satisfaction. We also found that relationship marketing orientation and job satisfaction were mediated by job commitment. Conclusions - The findings of this study confirm the importance of learning orientation and relationship marketing orientation in maintaining a positive marketing relationship between franchiser and franchisee from to the perspective of the market. This indicates that franchiser support such as educational programs provided by the franchiser will help franchisees attain higher business management achievement and satisfaction. Moreover, a positive relationship between franchisees and consumers can be maintained through tie effects. Our findings also suggest that learning orientation plays a critical role in job satisfaction within the franchise system.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2015

Purpose - This study's purpose is to investigate the impact of supply chain management (SCM) factors among targeted Korean distribution firms. Antecedents are established for supply chain orientation (SCO) for the management and organization of cultural assets. The research sets up SCO corresponding to management cultural assets and to organizational factors in the results. The research model is created to examine the SCO based on a strategic perspective and the operational performance of the SC and SCM. In addition, an integrated model is constructed to analyze the moderating effect by setting partner cooperation as a relational capital factor. The main aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the supply chain structure as a source of competitive advantage for distribution service firms participating in the supply chain. In the moderating effects analysis, the role of partner cooperation as relational capital is examined in detail. Research design, data, and methodology - The study examined the existing research related to supply chains, discussing the antecedents of the performance of SCM and SCO. SCM was established with the partner's cooperation as relational capital. Including the moderating effects of the partner cooperation, the research proposed a seven hypotheses path analysis model. The samples were collected from the Korean export enterprises in the distribution service sector, with 185 samples selected for the final analysis. To try and measure the four latent variables presented in the analysis model based on existing studies, 22 measurement items were used. The empirical analysis used the appropriate PLS (partial least squares) method on the path analysis reliability and validity and for common method bias. After testing the seven hypotheses, the research tested the moderating effects to the path analysis. Using PLS as structural equation modeling, the seven hypotheses were tested including the moderating effects of the partner relational capital on the 185 samples. Results - In the results, the SCO had a positive impact on both SCM and the relational capital of partner cooperation. The SCM had a significant impact on the operational performance of the SC. Further, partner cooperation also had a significant impact on SCM and the operational performance of the SC. The moderating effect analysis of the SCM and partner cooperation found a significant impact on the operational performance of the SC. On the other hand, the moderating effect of the SCO and partner cooperation did not affect the SCM. Conclusion - The results of this research show that the existing supply chain-related research can be applied to the operational performance of the SC for a Korean distribution service firm. In view of the fact that SCO is a source of competitive advantage, it should be taken into account when a firm wants to improve the performance of the SCM of the distribution service. This is because it can be assumed that SCO plays a role in supply chain management for the distribution firm.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2013

Purpose - The structure of retailing has changed as retailers develop markets in response to business environment changes. This study aims to analyze the general situation of retailers in order to predict future global strategy using case studies of overseas expansion strategy and the Metro Group's global strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - The backgrounds to the new retail business model and retailer classification are analyzed as theoretical data. In addition, the key success point of the Metro Group's "cash and carry" strategy is analyzed as is the Metro Group's global CFAR (collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment) strategy. Finally, the plan for cooperation and precise forecasting under the Metro Group's supply chain management are analyzed from the promotion environment viewpoint. Related materials analyzed included the 2012 annual report, the Metro Group's web page, and a video interview with the executive in charge of global strategy and the new market development department. Some data were revised to avoid disrupting essential aspects of the case studies. Results - The important finding was that the Metro Group could be a world-class retail company with its successful global expansion strategy. The Metro Group's global strategy's primary goal is to have a leading business position in Eastern and Western Europe. The "cash and carry" strategy is highest priority in its overseas expansion strategy. Moreover, the Metro Group has standardized product planning capacity, which could be applied in various countries with different structural and cultural backgrounds. This is the main reason that the Metro Group could rapidly become successful in the Eastern Europe and Asian markets through its structural overseas expansion strategies. In addition, the Metro Group emphasizes the importance of supply chain management. Conclusions - First, retailers should create additional value through utilizing the domestic market, market power, and economies of scale to launch a global strategy to maximize benefits from diversification. Second, the political, economic, and cultural background of the target country needs to be understood to successfully implement the overseas expansion strategy. Third, the main factor of successful cooperation with a local partner is how quickly the company gains total understanding of the business resources and core competence of its partner. All organizations should focus on the achievement of goals in order to successfully operate the partnership. Fourth, retailers should improve their business, financial and organizational structure. Moreover, the work processes and company culture should also be improved to respond strongly in the competitive global market. Fifth, the essential point of a successful retail business is the control capacity of its branding and format. The retailer could avoid forecasting errors through supply chain management by perfectly distributing the actual amount of its inventory. In addition, the risks along the supply chain are effectively shared between the supply chain partners. Finally, the central tendency of the market is to gain in strength with this taking place across all parts of the business.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2018

Purpose - This study is to investigate the relationship among emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and job stress of foreign life insurance consultants focusing on the mediating effect of self-efficacy. Regarding job security, in general foreign life insurance companies in Korea have more severe working conditions in terms of required contract performance. For foreign life insurance consultants, they are assumed to need higher level of emotional intelligence and self efficacy to meet the conditions. In this study, focus is cast on these aspects. Research design, data, and methodology - Basically the research is conducted upon questionnaires responded by foreign life insurance consultants. That is, data are collected from 255 sample of insurance consultants who work for a foreign owned life insurance company. The Questionnaire measure the level of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and job stress of insurance consultants. The data are analyzed using pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Durbin-Watson test. Results - The general characteristics of respondents are gender, age, marital status, education level, income monthly, career length, change jobs no, working day per week, call no. per week, meeting no. with client per week, contract regularity, contract no. per month and cancellation contract per year. The mean of emotional intelligence is 2.63, self-efficacy is 3.44 and job stress is 2.20. Emotional intelligence is composed with mean value of self emotion appraisal(3.93), other's emotion appraisal(3.78), regulation of emotion(3.29) and use of emotion(3.52). The mean of self efficacy is composed with mean value of self-confidence(3.41), self-regulated efficacy(3.59) and preference task difficulty(3.30). The job stress is composed with mean value of job requirement(2.61), lack of job autonomy(1.99), conflict of personal relations(1.99), job instability(2.38), organizational system(2.19) and inappropriate compensation(2.07). There is a significant positive correlation between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy. The emotional intelligence and self-efficacy are significantly negative correlation with job stress. The self-efficacy is showed a mediating variable between emotional intelligence and job stress. Conclusions - To decrease job stress level, foreign life insurance company should find the factors to improve the emotional intelligence and self-efficacy of life insurance consultants, and develop appropriate plans using a mediating role of self- efficacy between emotional intelligence and job stress.