• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.270-279
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• 2011

This study investigates the antioxidant activities of wild grape seed (Vitis coignetiea seed) extracts by solvents. Organic extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained from the ethanol extracts of wild grape seed (Vitis coignetiea seed). Total phenolic compound contents of extracts from wild grape seed (Vitis coignetiea seed) by solvents were the highest in ethyl acetate extract, 64.9 mg/100 g. Electron donating abilities of organic solvent fraction obtained from 80% ethanol extracts of wild grape seed were proportionally increased with concentration, and the ethyl acetate extract(90.0%) showed stronger activities than BHT and Ascorbic acid at concentration of $100\;{\mu}L$/mL. Reducing power of organic solvent fraction obtained from 80% ethanol extracts of wild grape seed was the highest in the ethyl acetate extract(2.83) at concentration of $1,000\;{\mu}L$/mL. TBARS of the ethyl acetate extract was highest. Nitrite scavenging ability of organic solvent fraction obtained from 80% ethanol extracts of wild grape seed(pH 1.2, $1,000\;{\mu}L$/mL) was the highest in ethyl acetate extract(76.9%).

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2017

Recently, coffee is the most popular beverage for modern people. A great number of substances are found in coffee beans and have been studied for many years such as aliphatic and aromatic compounds. However, studies on the physiological activity of coffee extracts are insufficient. This study was performed to determine the contents of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in coffee extracts according to the solvent and to investigate the physiological activity of coffee extracts. Coffee extracts were extracted by ultrasonication method with various types of solvents including distilled water, ethanol, and other organic solvents under $50^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$. The contents of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in coffee extracts were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Also, cytotoxic and antioxidative effects of coffee extracts were evaluated with MTT and DPPH assays to analyze the physiological activity. As a result, it was confirmed that caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents were extracted in distilled water with the highest rate. Antioxidative activity was observed below 10-fold dilute of coffee extracts, however cytotoxicity was not observed. In conclusion, distilled water was the best solvent for extracting caffeine and chlorogenic acids from coffee bean with ultrasonication and these coffee extracts are less cytotoxic in human skin cell lines and have antioxidant effect.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.48-60
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study is to optimize the extraction of beneficial substance from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves grown at Jirisan Mountain in South Korea by three different solvents depending on extraction time and at different temperature. Methods: The total phenolic contents were determined by the method reported by $S{\acute{a}}nchez$-Moreno et al. The total flavonoid contents were analyzed by Slinkard and Singleton. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined according to the method reported by Blois Results: The extraction yield for each solvent is 9.05-14.1%, 2.17-5.67%, and 2.3-3.9% for D.W., ethanol, and hexane, respectively. The overall results were maximized for the extract obtained with D.W. for 5 min at $100^{\circ}C$. The average phenol contents were 77.11, 45.64, and 0.343 mg/g at $100^{\circ}C$ in water, $78^{\circ}C$ in ethanol, and $68^{\circ}C$ in hexane, respectively. The flavonoid contents were the highest in the materials extracted with D.W., and were increased with increasing temperature, regardless of the extraction solvents, whether water (green), polar organic ethanol, or nonpolar organic hexane. In the ethanol extract, the flavonoid contents are increased gradually from 5.66 mg/g to 7.73 mg/g. The total flavonoid contents were proportional to the concentrations of the water extracts, ranging from 4.14 mg/g to 48.89 mg/g. The antioxidative activities of the water-extracted compounds are generally increased with increasing temperature from 42.5% to 85.5%. Those of the hexane extracts are increased slowly from 3.79% to 8.8%, while those of ethanol extracts are increased from 29.8% to 47.4%. Conclusion: The extraction yields were dependent upon solvents for extraction as well as extraction time and the temperature. The optimal extraction time was 5 min and the extraction yields were increased with increasing temperature excepted hexane. Of the three tested extraction solvents, the greenest solvent of water shows excellent results, suggesting that water is among the most effective solvents for natural sample extractions for general medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food applications.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.27 no.B
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• pp.161-167
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• 2007

The objetives of this study are to set up optimum extraction temperature, time and organic solvent for propolis extraction, to investigate chemical properties, and to develop health foods from propolis preparation. In this study, ethanol and ultrasonic extracts method performed to optimum extraction temperature was at 60, $20^{\circ}C$, optimum extraction time was at 12, 4 hours and optimum extraction amount of solvent was at 20, 15 times of propolis weight. When various ethanol solutions were used, whereas flavonoid content was highest in 70, 80% aqueous ethanol, respectively. So the ultrasonic extracts method used gave better results than the ethanol extracts method in this work. Extraction of propolis with etanol and ultrasonic extracts method was performed by using the water and various concentrations of aqueous ethanol as solvent. Sensitivity of propolis samples to Staphylococcus aureus was investigated and the results were shown. Samples of water extract did not inhibit microbial growth, where as 50% aqueous ethanol extract the largest inhibitory zone for Staphylococcus aureus, then decreased inhibition with increasing ethanol concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.244-248
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• 2002

The effects of extracts from bean sprout (Glycine max), dropwort (Oenathe javanica) and radish (Raphanus sativus Var. hortensis for. acanthiformis) by solvent separation on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in vitro were investigated. The extracts were obtained from alcohol extracts of bean sprout, dropwort and radish, followed by solvent separation. Aqueous fractions facilitated much higher ADH activity than organic fractions. The facilitating rates of bean sprout, dropwort and radish in aqueous fractions were 125.75%, 104.94% and 87.63%, respectively. Basic fractions showed the highest facilitating rate with about 40%. Also other fractions showed below 20% facilitating rate and didn't show great difference from organic fractions. Phenolic fractions didn't show great effect on ADH activity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.164-168
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to confirm the content of total polyphenol, antioxidative and immune activities of the extracts of Cedrela sinensis leaf. The content of total polyphenol of water extracts ranged from 46.5-59.6 mg/100 g, which was higher than other extracts using organic solvents such as EtOAc, $CH_2Cl_2$ and $C_6H_{14}$. The antioxidant activity of the water and organic solvents extracts showed 6-33% in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. To analyze the immuno-stimulation activity of C. sinensis leaf extract, we investigated the effect of the extracts on NO synthesis which is important in host defense against bacterial infection. Hot water extracts significantly increased NO generation by RAW 264.7, macrophage cell line, while organic solvent extract has no significant effect on NO production. To further analyzed the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts, we investigated the effects of the extracts on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced NO generation. Organic solvent extracts of C. sinensis leaves showed strong inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that C. sinensis leaf extract may represent a useful immune stimulating agent and anti-inflammatory agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.122-133
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• 2006

Objectives : The amyloid $\beta$-protein ($A\beta$) is the principal component of the senile plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo. Many environmental factors including antioxidants and proteoglycans modify $A{\beta}toxicity$. In this study, we have investigated the protective effects of water- and organic solvent-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol on $A\beta$-induced oxidative cell death in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Methods : For this study, we used MTT reduction assay for detection of protective effects of water- and organic solvent-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells. We also used cell-based $\beta$-secretase assay system to investigate the inhibitory effect of water- and organic solvent-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root on $\beta$-secretase activity. Results : We previously reported that methanol extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root strongly attenuated cytotoxicity induced by the three $A\beta$ fragments ($A{\beta}_{25-35},\;A{\beta}_{1-42}\;A{\beta}_{1-43}$) to both SK-N-MC and PC12 cells. In the present study, we found that butanol-, ethylacetate-, chloroform-, and water-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol had strong protective effects against $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells and inhibitory potency to $\beta$-secretase activity. Conclusion : These results suggest that butanol-, ethylacetate-, chloroform-, and water-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol may contain the protective component(s) against $A\beta$-induced cell death in PC12 cells as well as inhibitory component(s) to $\beta$-secretase activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2009

The reference herbal extracts and their identification methods by Korean Pharmacopoeia IX were established based on the organic solvent extracts to detect their marker compounds. However, most of herbal medicine decoctions in the market are prepared with water as extracting solvent. As the reference herbal extracts and their identification methods are not appropriate for the practical test, new preparation of alternative reference herbal extracts and their identification test methods are essential for the correction of test methods and identification of herbal drugs. Three novel identification test methods were developed for Evodiae Fructus, Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. Total 10 reference herbal extracts and their identification methods were optimized for Ephedrae Herba, Schisandrae Fructus, Curcuma longae Rhizoma, Citri Unshius Pericarpium, Puerariae Radix, Corni Fructus, and Cinnamomi Cortex.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

Natural colorant extracts were obtained by extraction from tumeric root, gardenia seeds, mugwort and green tea using water, methanol, ethanol and acetone as extractants at room temperature for 3 hours under shaking condition(180rpm) with liquor ratio(solid:solvent; 1:100). The main pigment components of tumeric root, gardenia seeds, mugwort and green tea are known to be curcumin, crocin, chlorophyll b and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively. The effects of the kind of extractant and pH on the color characteristics of natural colorant extracts were investigated. The solubility parameters of pigment components were determined to find adequate extractant. The solubility parameters of curcumin, crocin, chlorophyll b and epigallocatechin gallate were found to be 27.85, 29.40, 19.48 and $37.97(J/cm^3)^{1/2}$. As expected, solvents that have a solubility parameter similar to that of pigment component were generally found to be effective to obtain pigment extracts having high visible absorbance(A). The extract(pigment/solvent) with high visible absorbance was generally found to have low $L^*$(lightness) and high Chroma($C^*$, purity).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2014

Styela clava tunic is generated in large amounts as a waste from S. clava processing plants and causes environmental problem. Although biological activities of S. clava were reported by many investigators, study on S. clava tunic was little. In this study, therefore, tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidative activities of extracts from S. clava tunic using different solvent were investigated for recycling of the fishery waste. Among extraction methods tested, autoclaved extraction (25.7%) and hot water extraction (18.2%) appeared to be effective for extraction. The highest total phenolic content was 46.6 mg/g in autoclaved extract while the highest flavonoid content was 23.0 mg/g in chloroform extract. All extracts possessed tyrosinase inhibition activity and the inhibition activity was concentration-dependent. Inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) against tyrosinase activity was $0.36{\times}10^4$ mg/ml in ethanol extract, $0.11{\times}10^3$ mg/ml in acetone extract and 0.27 mg/ml in n-butanol extract. Among extracts tested, hot water and autoclaved extracts displayed higher antioxidative activity than organic solvent extracts. Therefore, our data suggest that extract from S. clava tunic may potential candidate for cosmetic product with whitening effect and medicine for diseases caused by various oxidative stresses.