• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 1999

No-till direct-sown rice-wheat relaying cropping system has major advantages such as labor and cost saving by eliminating tillage and preparation of seed bed and transplanting. In this system, rice sowing was done simultaneously wheat harvesting. A paddy field experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of no-till years on soil microbial changes and soil physico-chemical characteristics with rice growth and development. Chemical fertilizers and agricultrual chemicals was not applied in no-till system. As the year in no-till direct-sown system the air permeability was increased and after water submerging soluble nitrogen was released Aerobic microbial-n was highest in May and then decreased after water irrigation. The population of aerobic soil microorganisms were steeply decreased after water submerging Soil microorganisms was decreased with the increased the soil depth. A month was needed for the seedling establishment in a no-tillage rice-wheat cropping system. Increased cropping years improved leaf greenness and leaf area index(LAI). But stomatal conductance(Gc) was higher in conventional cultivation system than no-till system. Stomatal conductance at panicle initiation stage was increased higher in conventional condition of leaves but the difference between conventional and no-till system was increased at heading stage. In no-till 4 years condition rice grain yield was spikelet numbers per panicle.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 1993

The effects of paddy-upland rotation and cropping system on the mineralization of soil organic nitrigen, on the change of organic matter and available phosphorus content in the soil, and on the rice yield and nutrients absorption were studied in Seokcheon fine-sandy loam soil. 1. In the incubation test mineralzed soil nitrogen and the nitrogen extracted by pH 7 phosphate buffer solutions were higher in the soils from every and two year rotation systems than continuous rice cultivation. In terms of cropping system potato-chiness cabbage-rice increased them more than soybean-rice system. 2. The change of soil organic matter and available phosphorus contents were not much in continuous rice cultivation, while in rotation system they decreased as the paddy-upland rotation frequency decreased. In terms of cropping system they decresed more in potato-Chinese cabbage-rice system compared with soybean-rice systems. 3. The rice yield was higher in the paddy-upland rotation system than that of continuous rice cultivation. However, the effects were decreased gradually every year, as shown by 26~20, 17~5, and 5~4% yield increase for first, second, and third year, respectively, in potato-Chinese cabbage-rice and soybean-rice system compared with continuous rice cultivation. 4. All the absorbed nutrient contents increased in every and two year rotation system compared with continuous rice cultivation. In terms of cropping system potato-Chiness cabbage-rice system increased them more compared with soybean-rice system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate soil nutrient concentrations and N uptake efficiency of paddy rice as affected by nutrient sources from 2009 to 2011. The treatments included chemical fertilizer, compost, oilcake, oilcake 2X, hairy vetch, vetch+rye, and control. Nutrient applications were made at rates equivalent to approximately 90 kg of actual N per hectare. Oilcake had the lowest C:N ratio from the raw materials, but compost had the highest C:N ratio of 34:1. Soil pH and concentrations of C, N, Ca, and Mg were unaffected by nutrient source treatments. N uptake efficiency was the greatest for oilcake-treated rice compared to those treated by NPK, hairy vetch, and compost in 2009 and 2010. Composttreated rice had the greatest N uptake efficiency in 2011 when the high amount of precipitation occurred.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1292-1298
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• 2022

Soil autotrophic bacterial communities play a significant role in the soil carbon (C) cycle in paddy fields, but little is known about how rhizosphere soil microorganisms respond to different long-term (35 years) fertilization practices under double rice cropping ecosystems in southern China. Here, we investigated the variation characteristics of rhizosphere soil RubisCO gene cbbL in the double rice ecosystems of in southern China where such fertilization practices are used. For this experiment we set up the following fertilizer regime: without any fertilizer input as a control (CK), inorganic fertilizer (MF), straw returning (RF), and organic and inorganic fertilizer (OM). We found that abundances of cbbL, 16S rRNA genes and RubisCO activity in rhizosphere soil with OM, RF and MF treatments were significantly higher than that of CK treatment. The abundances of cbbL and 16S rRNA genes in rhizosphere soil with OM treatment were 5.46 and 3.64 times higher than that of CK treatment, respectively. Rhizosphere soil RubisCO activity with OM and RF treatments increased by 50.56 and 45.22%, compared to CK treatment. Shannon and Chao1 indices for rhizosphere soil cbbL libraries with RF and OM treatments increased by 44.28, 28.56, 29.60, and 23.13% compared to CK treatment. Rhizosphere soil cbbL sequences with MF, RF and OM treatments mainly belonged to Variovorax paradoxus, uncultured proteobacterium, Ralstonia pickettii, Thermononospora curvata, and Azoarcus sp.KH33C. Meanwhile, cbbL-carrying bacterial composition was obviously influenced by soil bulk density, rhizosphere soil dissolved organic C, soil organic C, and microbial biomass C contents. Fertilizer practices were the principal factor influencing rhizosphere soil cbbL-carrying bacterial communities. These results showed that rhizosphere soil autotrophic bacterial communities were significantly changed under conditions of different long-term fertilization practices Therefore, increasing rhizosphere soil autotrophic bacteria community with crop residue and organic manure practices was found to be beneficial for management of double rice ecosystems in southern China.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.369-369
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• 2017

To improve the reclaimed land soil, we put organic materials (Chopped kenaf, decomposed rice hull, rice straw, pellet type manure compost) into reclaimed land for 3,000 kg per 10a. As a result, EC of reclaimed soil was lowered by 58% ($1.2dS/m{\rightarrow}0.5$), content of soil organic material was risen from 6.7 g/kg to 16.0 (1.4 fold ${\uparrow}$), porosity of soil was elevated from 1.57 % to 1.31 (16.6% ${\downarrow}$), soil hardness was reduced from 20.2 mm to 17.9 (11.4% ${\downarrow}$) and plow layer soil was deepen from 19.8 cm to 26.8 (35% ${\uparrow}$). In the wake of physiochemical improvement of reclaimed soil, the growth phase of crops became better contrast to non-treatment. For example the plant height of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) cultivated in reclaimed land containing organic materials was lengthen by 18.8%. Especially, the improvment effect of pellet type manure compost and rice straw was more preferable. When the kenaf was cultivated in reclaimed land containing organic materials, the yield was become higher. The average yield of organic materials treatment was 9,218 kg/10a, and it was 2.1 times higher than non-treatment (4,368kg/10a). And the effective treatments to increase yields were pellet type manure compost (10,848 kg/10a, 148% ${\uparrow}$), rice straw (120% ${\uparrow}$) and chopped kenaf (95% ${\uparrow}$). To intensify the effect of physicochemical enhancement of reclaimed land soil and improving yields, we put into various physical types of organic materials (pellet type, liquid type, powdered type). The most effective organic materials type for enhancement of physicochemical properties (EC of reclaimed soil was lowered, content of soil organic material was risen, porosity of soil was elevated, soil hardness was reduced, plow layer soil was deepen) was pellet. And source to maintain better growth phase and get more yield were liquid and pellet types. When we used pellet type organic material, the plant height of kenaf was lengthen by 41% in comparison with non-treatment and yield was more than 122% more. And also liquid type could get more yield (by 127%) and growth phase (by 38%)

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2013

In an experiment of organic manure to substitute for chemical fertilizers in rice-cropping, the amount of applied fertilizer tended to increase pH and organic matters, depending on chemical characteristics of soil with organic fertilizers. At first, that tendency about growth characteristics was shown in treatment group, which was applied organic manure and chemical fertilizers, comparing with control group. However, after growing period, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight in seventh treatment group applied 12 kg / 10 a of organic manure was higher than in other groups. There was no significant difference of the number of glumous flowers or percent ripened grain in terms of yield component, and control group and treatment group yielded above 500 kg per 10a. Especially, the highest figure was from seventh treatment group, 538 kg / 10 a. Furthermore, quality of rice grain showed not much difference, depending on whether or not applying organic fertilizers. As a result of the experiment, applying organic manure improves the physical property of soil. It is clear that organic fertilizers can be substituted for chemical ones since there is no difference from yield component and quality of brown rice, comparing with chemical fertilizers which have been used conventionally. The proper amount of organic manure is 267 kg per 10a; it makes good quality of yield.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1998

Cow feces excreted in cold season should be managed and composted properly, because the composted feces is distributed to pasture or cultivated land as a fertilizer in spring. Generally it is admitted that the effect of composting is suppressed by low temperature in cold season. In this study, composting piles were warmed by hot air until temperature of compost piles were reached at 35∼40$^{\circ}C$, to compare composting effect of experimental compost pile to control pile exposed in cold air. Some results obtained from the experiment during composting of cow feces mixed with bulking agent provide a possibility of active composting of organic matters in cold season. The biodegradation ratios of organic matter during composting in four types of composts were 10.2% for the rice straw, 7.7% for the rice hull, 6.4% for the sawdust and 4.3% for the control. The highest temperatures of compost piles during composting period were 76$^{\circ}C$ in sawdust, 80$^{\circ}C$ in rice hull, 68$^{\circ}C$ in rice straw, 45$^{\circ}C$ in control. Moisture content, pH, C/N, volume of compost were decreased during composting period, but EC value was increased with ionization of organic molecular by fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 1995

An experiment was conducted to study the comparative performance of cattle fed young or mature guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. ecotype A) and urea supplemented rice straw. Evaluation was based on intake and digestibility parameters. Twelve crossbred bulls calves weighing $90{\pm}15$ kg were offered young (4 weeks regrowth) or mature (9 weeks regrowth) grass in the long or chopped (10-15 cm) form, and rice straw supplemented with urea. The diets were offered 30-60% in excess of voluntary intake, and the experiment consisted of two periods. The crude protein content of the young grass, mature grass and the straw offered were 12.2, 5.4 and 7.7%, respectively, and the refusal was 10.1, 3.9 and 7.0%, respectively. The organic matter digestibility of the young grass (69%) was significantly higher than the mature grass (62.5%) and straw (55.8%) diets. The organic matter intake (kg/100 kg LW/day) of the unchopped and chopped grass diets were 2.6 and 3.3 respectively, and these values were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the young grass (2.3) and straw (2.1) diets. The digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of the mature grass diet offered in the chopped form (2.1 kg/100 kg LW/day) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the other three diets. The DOMI of the young and mature grass offered in the long form was similar (1.6 kg/100 kg LW/day), but were significantly better (p < 0.01) than the urea supplemented straw diet.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.34-41
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the physical properties of powders made from agricultural byproducts, including rice straw, peanut husks, and garlic stems, to manufacture a new organic filler used for making paperboard. These materials were collected individually, and then we measured their chemical compositions. The byproducts were ground with a laboratory grinder and fractionated with 60-, 100-, and 200-mesh sieves to make many grades of organic fillers. After the grinding and fractionation, the yield, mean particle size, and particle size distribution of each grade were measured. Particle shapes were also investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The organic filler made from rice straw had the highest yield of the largest particle size group and higher contents of cellulose and hemicellulose than those made from peanut husks and garlic stems. The rice straw also showed more regular particle shapes and a lower aspect ratio than the other agricultural byproducts.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.383-395
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• 2014

When we investigated seed infestation by fungal pathogens from 51 varieties in 9 crops, the contamination rate of rice and sesame seeds was high. Therefore, to control seed-borne diseases, we obtained extracts from commercial products of Kimchi, Gochujang, Doenjang, Ganjang, Makgeolli and Tohajut and their suppressive effects against seed-borne diseases were studied. In addition, bacterial strains were screened to control rice seed-borne diseases in vitro and in vivo. Among forty food extracts, eleven food-extracts suppressed incidence of seedling rots in vitro and five food extracts increased 8-33% of healthy seedling in the greenhouse. Among 218 isolates from 40 fermented foods, 43 isolates showed high antifungal activity against seven fungal pathogens. When we tested 43 isolates for the reduction of rice seed borne disease, 32 isolates were able to reduce the rice seed borne disease. Among 32 isolates, 17 isolates reduced significantly seedling rot and increased healthy seedlings, the other isolates except for Kc4-2 and Mkl 2-2 increased shoot emergence and the percentage of healthy plants. Thirty isolates with high antifungal activity and suppressive effect against rice seedling rots were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Twenty one of thirty isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. Three isolates from Makgeolli were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. B. amyloliquifaciens were isolated from six Korean traditional fermented foods except for Ganjang. B. amyloliquifaciens were majority in the effective bacterial population of Gochujang and Jutgal. Relatively diverse Bacillus species including B. subtilis, B. pumilus, and B. amyloliquificiens were isolated from Kimchi. The selected effective microorganisms from Korean fermented foods founded to be effective for controlling seed-borne diseases of rice in vitro and in the greenhouse. We think that Korean fermented foods and their useful microorganisms can be used as biocontrol agents for suppressing rice seed-borne diseases based on above described results.