• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.188-200
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• 2019

Rubber articles contain various organic additives such as antidegradants, curing agents, and processing aids. It is important to extract and analyze these organic additives. In this paper, various extraction methods of organic additives present in rubber composites were introduced (solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, headspace extraction, and solid-phase microextraction), and the extracts were characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Solvent and Soxhlet extractions are easy-to-perform and commonly used methods. Efficiency of solvent extraction varies according to the type of solvent used and the extraction conditions. Soxhlet extraction requires a large volume of solvent. Headspace sampling is suitable for extracting volatile organic compounds, while solid-phase extraction is suitable for extracting specific chemicals. GC/MS is generally used for characterizing the extract of a rubber composite because most components of the extract are volatile and have low molecular weights. Identification methods of chemical structures of the components separated by GC column were also introduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.189-194
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• 1999

The antiwear performance of several organic phosphates ,such as tricrecylphosphate(TCP), tributylphosphate(TBP), diphenylhydrogenphosphate(DPHP) ,dissolved in polyol ester based oils is studied. These organic phosphates are well known for antiwear additive for lubricating oil that produce reacted surface protective film. These antiwear additives can drastically reduce wear with their concentration increasing, because the amount of additive adsorbed on metal sur(ace increases. But in the higher concentration region, the wear is increased by excessive and corrosive reaction of the metal surface with these additives. That is to say, there is an optimum concentration for minimum wear. The optimum concentration was different with the kinds of base oils and additives. Different polyolesters showed different optimum concentrations of the additive. The order of optimum concentration among the polyolesters was different with different phosphates. The order of the optimum concentration is shown that the effect of the concentration of additives on the antiwear performance. It can be explained by the interaction between additives and base oils using the solubility parameter.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2003

This research for replacement of chlorine or sulfur based EP(extreme pressure) -additives which is restricted materials by environmental regulation. The subject of this study is as follows, 4-ball test and friction coefficient test were experimented in accordance with temperature and velocity, compounding with several organic or inorganic metallic elements. After 4-ball test, wear area of steel ball was analysed by SEM-EDX. As the analysis, organic and inorganic elements make a effect for extreme pressure lubricity. It is shown that the friction coefficient of lubricant which includes chlorine or sulfur additives, the scoring phenomenon is found accord-ing to temperature and the scuffing phenomenon at 200$^{\circ}C$. Applying to Na, P, S, Zn, Ca based on inorganic and organic elements, the result showed that friction coefficient is decreased more and more, as increasing temperature of lubricant. The additive based on S, Cl, P elements is effect far extreme pressure in the sample#1 and Na, P, S, Zn, Ca in sample #2. These elements are environmental contaminants and S, Cl based on EP additives which are very popular in domestic industry, when they are properly composed with non-chlorine based on additives and Na, P, S, Zn, Ca organic or inorganic elements. It is showed that lubricity and excellent anti-wear properties.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.90-92
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• 2003

Effects of organic additives on YBCO coated conductor prepared by MOD-TFA method were investigated. YBCO thin films were deposited on (100)-oriented single crystalline LaAlO$_3$substrates by conventional MOD-TFA process. The microstructures of YBCO thin films show labyrinth-like patterns. The origin of this microstructure was delineated by compositional inhomogeneity during the pyrolysis process of MOD process and it was shown that organic additives changes the microstructure and texture development of grown YBCO films

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.734-740
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• 2016

The micron-sized indium zinc tin oxide (IZTO) particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis from aqueous precursor solution for indium, zinc, and tin and organic additives such as citric acid (CA) and ethylene glycol (EG) were added to aqueous precursor solution for indium, zinc, and tin. The obtained IZTO particles prepared by spray pyrolysis from the aqueous solution without organic additives had spherical and filled morphologies, whereas the IZTO particles obtained with organic additives had more hollow and porous morphologies. The micron-sized IZTO particles with organic additives were changed fully to nano-sized IZTO particles, whereas the micron-sized IZTO particles without organic additives were not changed fully to nano-sized IZTO particle after post-treatment at $700^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and wet-ball milling for 24 hours. Surface resistances of micron-sized IZTO's before post-heat treatment and wet-ball milling were much higher than those of nano-sized IZTO's after post-heat treatment and wet-ball milling. From IZTO with composition of 80 wt. % $In_2O_3$, 10 wt. % ZnO, and 10 wt. % $SnO_2$ which showed a smallest surface resistance IZTO after post-heat treatment and wet-ball milling, thin films were deposited on glass substrates by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering, and the electrical and optical properties were investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.198-201
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of organic additives on the properties of nickel-copper thin films prepared by electroplating. Compared with thin films fabricated by pure electrolyte only, the films utilizing organic additives show different crystalline orientations. With no alteration of plating conditions simply adding the organic materials changed the composition of copper and nickel. The concentration of nickel could be varied to $65-95\%$ depending on the species and concentration of the additives. The change of material property has contributed to the increase or decrease of the magnetoresistance.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2009

In this study, the color value, water solubility, swelling power and sensory evaluation of Dioscorea batatas was examined with the addition of functional additives such as sugar alcohols and organic acids to investigate the browning inhibition and preference of these additives. Treatment with erythritol and citric acid were found to result in the highest hunter L-value, solubility and swelling power relative to the other functional additives. Therefore, erythritol and citric acid were selected as additives for Dioscorea batatas. The Dioscorea batatas containing the mixed additives (erythritol and citric acid) showed higher brightness, water solubility and swelling power than those containing only a single additive. In addition, the color and taste preference determined in the sensory evaluation had higher values when the mixed additives were used.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.694-702
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• 2014

The micron-sized ITO(indium tin oxide) particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis from aqueous precursor solutions for indium, and tin and organic additives solution. Organic additives solution with citric acid(CA) and ethylene glycol(EG) were added to aqueous precursor solution for Indium and Tin. The obtained ITO particles prepared by spray pyrolysis from the aqueous solution without organic additives solution had spherical and filled morphologies whereas the obtained ITO particles with organic additives solution had more hollow and porous morphologies with increasing mole of organic additives. The micron-sized ITO particle with organic additives was changed fully to nano-sized ITO particle whereas the micron-sized ITO particle without organic additives was not changed fully to nano-sized ITO particle after post-treatment at $700^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and wet-ball milling for 24 hours. The size of primary ITO particle by Debye-Scherrer formula and surface resistance of ITO pellet were measured.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

The effect of organic additives, 1-(3-sulfoproyl)-2-vinylpyridineium hydroxide (SVH) and thiourea (TU), on the precision copper electrodeposition was investigated with optical, electrochemical and x-ray diffraction techniques. It was found that SVH played a r ole as a n accelerator and TU as an i nhibitor during the electroreduction of cupric ions in acidic Cu electroplating solution. Through electrochemical measurements, TU showed more strong interaction with cupric ions than SVH and dominated overall Cu electroplating process when both additives were present in the solution. In the case of three dimensional Cu electrodeposition on the 20 ${\mu}m$-patterned Ni substrates, SVH controlled the upright growth of Cu electrodeposits and so determined its flatness, while TU prohibited the lateral spreading of Cu in the course of pulse-reverse pulse current adaptation. With microscopic observation, we obtained the optimum organic additives composition, that is, 100 ppm SVH and 200 ppm TU during the current pulsation.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.901-908
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• 1995

In aqueous slurry processing of silicon nitride, the interaction of dispersant and binder used as polymeric processing additives on the silicon nitride particle surface was studied to identify the effect of these processing polymeric additives on the ceramic powder processing. The adsoprtion isotherm study of anionic organic molecule as dispersant and nonionic organic molecules as binder of silicon nitricde was studied to investigate the effect of these processing organic additives on the physicochemical properties of silicon nitride particles. As anionic molecule adsorbed onto silicon nitrice surface, the IEP of silicon nitride shifted toward acidic pH and changed the stability of silicon nitride particle. However, the adsorption of binder as nonionic organic molecule onto silicon nitride surface did not changed the IEP but caused the decrease of electrostatic potentials of silicon nitride. These distinctive adsorption behaviors of organic additives on silicon nitride particles can be closely correlated to the stability of silicon nitride particles suspended in aqueous media.