• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.183-190
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• 1986

Identification of fruit sucking moths, their larval host plant, and degree of damages to fruits were investigated in $1982{\sim}'83$ at two orchards in Cheonnam province. In this study, 4 families 30 species were collected as fruit sucking moths and among them 10 species are newly recorded in Korea as fruit sucking moth: Catocala electa(B.), Spirama helicina(H.), Erebus ephesperis(H.), Parallelia stuposa(F.), Simplicia niphona(B.), Marumba gaschkewitschii(B. et G.), Agrius convolvuli(L.), Thyatira batis (L.), and Spilosoma niveum(M.). Larval host plants of fruit sucking moths in the vicinity of the fruit orchard include Cocculus trilobus D., Albizzia julibrissin D., Pterocarya rhoifolia S., Jaglans mandshurica M., Solanum melongena L., Brassia campestris S., Rubus idaeus C., Thalictrum aquilegifol L., and Rhus succedanea L. As the damage on different varieties of the main fruit trees, plum was orderly Santa Rosa>Beauty, Apple was Chook>Hong Og, Peach was Choseng Baeg Do>Hwang Do>Baeg Do, and Grape was Campbell Early>Neo Mascat>Golden Queen. Seasonal occurrence of main fruit sucking moth Spirama retorta(C.) showed peak 3 times in early-July, late-July, early-September. Oraesia emerginata(F.) showed peak 3 times in late-July, early-August, early- September and Lagoptera juno(D.) showed peak only in late-July and Adrias tyrannus amurensis(S.) showed peak only in mid-July. Fruit sucking moths were immigrated from p.m. 6 to a.m. 2, with peak in p.m. 10 to p.m. 12.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.434-451
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• 2017

For this study, groundwater samples for 3 years from 2011 through 2013 were collected at 106 groundwater monitoring site in Korea. These groundwater samples were analyzed for 13 pesticides such as cabofuran, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, simazine, atrazine, lindane (gamma-HCH), alachlor, heptachlor, chlordane (total), endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, 4,4-DDT. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection frequency and their concentrations of 13 pesticides and evaluate the health risk level considering ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact using concentrations of 13 pesticides in groundwater samples. An analysis was used for the simultaneous determination for 13 pesticides using GC-MS. GC-MS was performed on HP-5ms, using helium ($1ml\;min^{-1}$) as carrier gas. The average recoveries of the pesticides were from 92.8% to 120.8%. The limits of detection (LODs) were between $0.004{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.118{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were between $0.012{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.354{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. 106 groundwater wells were selected. 54 wells were from well to monitor background groundwater quality and 52 wells were from well to monitor groundwater quality in industrial or contamination source area. Eight pesticides including pentachlorobenzene, lindane (Gamma-HCH), heptachlor, chlordane (total), Endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, and 4,4-DDT were not detected in groundwater samples. The detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran and simazine was 23.4%, 11.4%, 7.3%, and 1.0%, respectively. Atrazine was detected once in 2011. The average concentrations were $0.00423{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for carbofuran, $0.000243{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for alachlor, $0.00015{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for simazine, and $0.00001{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for hexachlorobenzene. The detection frequency of hexachlorobenzene was high, but the average concentration was low. In the contaminated groundwater, the detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran, simazine and atrazine was 26.1%, 21.3%, 7.1%, 1.9% and 0.3%, respectively. In the uncontaminated groundwater, detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, carbofuran and alachlor were 20.2%, 7.5%, and 1.9% respectively. Simazine and atrazine were not detected at uncontaminated groundwater wells. According to the purpose of groundwater use, atrazine was detected for agricultural groundwater use. Hexachlorobenzene showed high detection frequency at agricultural groundwater use area where the animal feeding area and golf course area were located. Alachlor showed more than 50% detection frequency at cropping area, pollution concern river area, and golf course area. Atrazine was detected in agricultural water use area. By land use, the maximum detection frequency of alachlor was found near an orchard. For human risk assessment, the cancer risk for the 5 pesticides was between $10^{-7}$ and $10^{-10}$, while the non-cancer risk (HQ value) was between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-6}$. For conclusion, these monitoring study needs to continue because of the possibility of groundwater contamination based on various purpose of groundwater use.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-96
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• 2000

Erosional basins formed in middle and upper reaches of Korean great rivers have been main life space of local small and middle cities, but previous studies on erosional basins are widely apart from residents' life and are in shortage with the endeavor to elucidate the man and environment relationship. This paper analyzes the factors and the modes of land-use changes of hills in the erosional basin. In this paper four erosional basins with different geological conditions are selected to elucidate the effect of geological factor(Geochang: granite, Chogye: metamorphic rock, Angye: gravelly sedimentary rock, Maseong: limestone). And the distribution of land use on the transverse and longitudinal cross-section map of the hill is described. The landscape of erosional basin is consisted of surrounding mountains, hills, dissected valleys, and incoming river's floodplain. Dissected valleys and incoming river's floodplain were reclaimed early as paddy field and hills have been used as woodland up to recently. Residents have a new appreciation of hills as a productive hill out of a traditional holy space[mountain] by influence of capitalistic thought that 'natural environment is a sort of productive resource'. Population increase is the another pressure of hill reclamation. The modes of landscape changes due to natural conditions are as follow: (1) In Geochang basin with dense tectolineament spacing, the gentle part of hill is used as field, orchard and agricultural-industrial complex site and the steep part is as woodland. (2) Hills in Angye basin with sparse tectolineament spacing are relatively flat because of maintaining a part of original denudational surface, and are used as orchids, field, paddy fields and agricultural-industrial complex site. The dissection valleys between hills are gentle concave and are used as paddy fields. (3) Hills in Maseong basin are wide and flat, and are used as fields, orchards, and agricultural-industrial complex site. (4) Because hills in Chogye basin, a closed type, are weared by affluents and are narrow and short. Hills are used as woodland and wide dissected valleys are reclaimed as paddy fields.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-234
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• 1974

A series of experiments was conducted to study the behavior of the phosphorus added to the soils having the high phorphorus fixing capacity derived from volcanic ash in Cheju Island. Soil samples were taken from different depths of 0-10, 10-30, and 30-50cm in six citrus orchards where heavy application of phosphate fertilizer has been practised. Various forms of phosphorus were determined and phosphorus adsorption experiments were performed. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The content of inorganic phosphorus fractions determined by the method of Chang and Jackson was: water soluble P

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.127-138
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• 2000

To enable rapid and convenient soil test, new soil analytical methods, which require only one instrument, UV/Vis spectrophotometer, were developed and named "Soiltek KA-P spectrophotometric methods". The Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P spectrophotometric method was compared with standard method of RDA in analytical capability for soil chemical properties. Using the 78 soils collected from upland, paddy, orchard, and vinyl house soils, soil organic matter, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg. CEC, available $SiO_2$, and nitrate were analyzed by the two methods. The color stability(ratio of the absorbance at elapsed time t to the absorbance at time t=0) of organic matter. Ca, Mg, and available $SiO_2$ decreased to about 2% within one hour. However, that of exchangeable K, CEC, and nitrate remained constant. The results obtained with Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P spectrophotometric method showed highly significant correlation with those measured by the standard method of RDA($R^2$ >0.9501), in which the slopes were near unity of $1.0{\pm}0.05$. The standard deviation values of organic matter, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, CEC, available $SiO_2$, and nitrate were apparently lower than ${\pm}1.8gkg^{-1}$, ${\pm}0.05cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}0.18cmol^+kg^{-1}$, and ${\pm}0.13cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}1.0cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}5.0mgkg^{-1}$, and ${\pm}10.0mgkg^{-1}$, respectively. All the measurements showed coefficients of variation of less than 7~17% and were within the confidence level of 95%, which means both the methods are precise. Considering the relative simplicity, low cost, precision and accuracy, the proposed Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P spectrophotometric methods could be recommended as an alternative to standard method.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

To designate rural landscape spatially, land use and topographic features for 383 of "Ri"s or "Dong", which is a basic administrative unit in Korea, were analyzed using GIS application. We have categorized rural landscape into three types such as agricultural, natural and urban landscape by land use. On the basis of spatial landscape pattern, rural area could be classified into 6 groups of Mountainous area (MA), Mountainous village area (MV), Developing mountainous village area (DM), Plain agricultural area (PA), Developing plain village area (DP) and Urbanized area (UA) according to the ratios of land for agricultural and urban use as the criteria. In MA, the ratio of upland area including orchard was slightly larger than that of paddy, while that of paddy was about 1.5 times larger than upland in other groups. Forested area was distributed more than two-thirds among natural landscape area in MA, MV and DM. In plain types (PA and DP), the ratio of irrigated paddy was extremely larger than partially irrigated paddy and the ratio of water body area among the natural landscape area was two times as large as that of forested area. The ratio of land for industrial and livestock facilities among urban landscape area were 20% or more in MV, DM and DP, and it means that these facilities are mainly distributed in the developing ru ral area where residents and industry are closely related each other. According to the relative ratio of sloped land of 6 categorized areas, the MA area have lots of land with E and F slopes and MV and DM have all grades of sloped land evenly distributed in relative to other types of rural landscape. It has been showed that PA, DP and UA occupied more than two-thirds of land with A or B slope. In case of the analysis of topological distribution in 6 types of rural landscape, there were overwhelmingly lager highland areas in MA. Conclusively, we have confirmed that 6 types of rural landscape classified by land use pattern in 3 categorized areas such as agricultural, natural and urban landscape area would be useful for the management of rural area. For development of sustainable agriculture and the preservation of rural amenity, proper management ways should be properly applied according to rural landscape patterns.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.374-380
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• 2010

Well-feathered (5.2 feathers, stem diameter 13 mm) trees of 'Fuji' apple/ M.9 EMLA were planted at $4.0{\tiems}1.5$ m and whip trees (stem diameter 10 mm) of 'Fuji'/M.26 at $4.0{\times}2.0$ m were trained to the slender spindle. The productivity and yield efficiency of two orchard systems were compared for 6 years. The canopy volume of the tree/M.9 EMLA reached $2.07m^3$ in 2nd year and increased slowly to almost the targeted tree volume of $2.9m^3$ in 4th year. Trees/M.26 grew slowly at the begin but from 3rd year the tree volume expanded quickly to reach $5.6m^3$ in 5th year, covering over the allowed space. Yield of M.9 EMLA per 10a increased from 0.3 ton in 2nd year to 4.6 ton in 5th year, and 5.0 ton in 6th year, but yield of M.26 per 10a increased from 0.5 ton in 3rd to 2.9 ton in 6th year. Cumulative yield per 10a up to 6th year was 13.9 ton for M.9 EMLA but only 9.8 ton for M.26. Fruit weight for M.9 EMLA was heavier than that for M.26. In conclusion, the high density planting system with well-feathered trees/M.9 EMLA was better than the conventional wide planting system with whip trees/M.26.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.98-107
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• 1983

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum fertilizer level of N-P-K for maximum yield of grasses at hill-land pasture. The pasture species tested were orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa and ladino clover. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The difference in yield of treatment 1, 2, and 4, 5 was significant at the 5% level. In other word, alfalfa yields from 6-30-30 kg/10a and 6-40-30 kg/10a (N-P-K) application were significantly increased over the yields from 4-20-20 kg/10a and 4-30-20 kg/10a (N-P-K). In observing the yield from the treatment 5 where 10 kilograms of phosphate was additionally applied over the treatment 4, it was increased in yield but failed to show statistical significance. With these results, the most optimum rates of N-P-K for alfalfa production are 6-30-30 kg/10a. 2. Ladino clover showed the highest yield at treatment 6 with statistic significance at the 1 percent level over the other treatments. Therefore, NPK rates of 6-30-40 kg/10a would be the most optimal rates for maximum production of ladino clover. 3. Orchard grass yield showed significance at the 1 percent level among other treatments except treatment 3 and 4. The highest yield was also shown at treatment 6 where NPK rates applied 40-30-40 kg/10a. 4. Tall fescue yield showed high significance at the 1 percent except treatments between 2 and 3, 5 and 6. The highest yield was observed at treatment 6 where NPK was applied 40-30-40 kilograms per 10a. 5. Nitrogen content of dry matter was 0.91-1.05% in 20 kg of N and 1.05-1.26% in 30-40 kg of N per 10a. The absorption rate of nitrogen applied was 23-31% regardless of the nitrogen level. Potash content of dry matter was increased in accordance with increasing K rates. 6. The gross income was the highest on the N-P-K application of 4-20-30 kg/10a in alfalfa and ladion clover, 40-30-40 kg/10a in orchardgrass and 30-20-20 kg/10a in tall fescus.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the process of formation of modern gardens. Based on the analysis of the process of formation and transformation of the Jemulpo in Incheon and the details of the modern garden construction. The results are as follows; First, the formation of the Incheon Residence Site began in 1876 with the signing of the Joseon-Japan Treaty. Jemulpo used to be a desolate fishing village in the past, but after its opening in 1881, the Japanese settlement, Chinese settlement, and the general foreign settlement were formed. After that, Japan reclaimed the southern mudflats and expanded the theire settlement area, and advanced to the Joseon area(currently Sinheung-dong). In Japanese colonial era, modern Japanese urban landscapes were transplanted into the settlement area, centering on the Japanese modern gardens were distributed in the area around the center of the settlement area. Second, after examining the process of creating the garden for the Rikidake villa, Japanese Rikidake purchased a site for an orchard in Uri-tang, who was a major landowner in Incheon, to create the garden. At the time of Rikidake's residence, the garden was very large, measuring about 3,000 pyeong, and after liberation, it was acquired by Incheon City and used as Yulmok Children's Library. It was known as a rich village at the time of the opening of the port, and a garden was located at the highest point in Yulmok-dong, making it easy to see the Incheon Port area. Also, a spot located about 300 meters away from Rikidake's rice mill may have affected the location selection. Third, today's Rikidake villa has a Japanese-style house on a trapezoidal site, with a garden of about 990 square meters on the south side. Currently, it is possible to enter from the south and from Yulmok Children's Park in the north, but in the past, the main direction of the house was to view the Incheon Port, settlement area, and the Rikidake Rice Mill, so the house was located in front of the garden. The garden is a multi-faceted style with stone lanterns, tombstones, garden stones, and trees placed on each side, and is surrounded by arboreal plants such as attention, strobe pine, and maple trees, as well as royal azaleas. The view from the inside of the house was secured through shrub-oriented vegetation around the house.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 1980

Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids in the terminal buds of Pinus elliottii were analyzed to understand the nutritional status of the buds during the period of female strobilus initiation. Grafted, 18-year-old slash pine trees in a seed orchard were divided into two groups, abundant-flowering (AFG) and poor-flowering group (PFG) according to their flowering history. Four types of terminal buds, with two types from each group, were examined: (1) large buds in upper crown (female-producing buds) and small buds in lower crown (male-producing) in AFG, (2) large buds in upper crown (vegetative buds) and small buds in lower crown (male-producing) in PFG. Bud samples were collected four times from late July to early September. Free sugars and free amino acids (75% ethanol-soluble) were determined by gas chromatography and automatic analysis, respectively. Sugar content in the large buds of both groups was greater than in the small buds of the same group. Fructose and glucose were major sugars found in the bud tissue. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid in all four types of buds, with the concentration increased from 23% in late July to 60% in early September. Arginine and total amino acid content in the female-producing buds of AFG was much lower than three other types of buds. When female-producing buds and male-producing buds of AFG were compared in their arginine content, the former contained about same amount as the latter in late July, but showed one-fourth of the latter in early September. The low level of argining in the female-producing buds suggested a minimal or negative role of arginine in the initiation of female flower primordia. A higher sugar to amino acid ratio was observed with female-producing buds of AFG than with vegetative or male-producing buds of either flowering group. The low amino acid content in the female­producing buds suggested that initiation of female strobilus primordia was associated with temporary reduction in the metabolic activity of the buds.