• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.116-117
• /
• 2002

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 1998

Vsrio vulnificus is an estuarine gram-negative human pathogen that affects people with chronic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus or other underlying diseases. V. vulnificus infection is mediated primarily by consumption of raw fish or by exposure of pre-existing wounds to seawater, causing permanent tissue damages or fatal septic shock. We have been developing a vaccine against V. vulnificus composed of whole cell Iysate of a V. vulnificus O-antigen serotype 4 strain. Oral administration of the V. vulnificus;oral vaccine;immunogenicity;protective efficacy vaccine elicited a high serum antibody response in rabbits. The induced antibodies were reactive not only to the homologous strain but also to heterologous O-antigen serotype strains, indicating cross-reactivities among serotypes. Western blot analysis revealed that the antibodies are mainly specific for outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and reacted equally well with OMPs purified from 9 O-antigen serotypes. The rabbit antisera showed opsonophagocytic killing activity against heterologous strains as well as the homologous strain. Passively transferred rabbit antisera into mice were protective against a lethal V. vulnificus infection. These data demonstrate that oral administration of the V. vulnificus vaccine induced a systemic antibody response which had a protective efficacy against V. vulnificus infections, suggesting that this vaccine preparation could be used to develop an oral vaccine against V. vulnificus.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.165-175
• /
• 2012

Vaccination is one of the most effective methods available to prevent infectious diseases. Mucosa, which are exposed to heavy loads of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, are one of the first areas where infections are established, and therefore have frontline status in immunity, making mucosa ideal sites for vaccine application. Moreover, vaccination through the mucosal immune system could induce effective systemic immune responses together with mucosal immunity in contrast to parenteral vaccination, which is a poor inducer of effective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Among mucosal vaccines, oral mucosal vaccines have the advantages of ease and low cost of vaccine administration. The oral mucosal immune system, however, is generally recognized as poorly immunogenic due to the frequent induction of tolerance against orally-introduced antigens. Consequently, a prerequisite for successful mucosal vaccination is that the orally introduced antigen should be transported across the mucosal surface into the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In particular, M cells are responsible for antigen up-take into MALT, and the rapid and effective transcytotic activity of M cells makes them an attractive target for mucosal vaccine delivery, although simple transport of the antigen into M cells does not guarantee the induction of specific immune responses. Consequently, development of mucosal vaccine adjuvants based on an understanding of the biology of M cells has attracted much research interest. Here, we review the characteristics of the oral mucosal immune system and delineate strategies to design effective oral mucosal vaccines with an emphasis on mucosal vaccine adjuvants.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2009.05a
• /
• pp.72-73
• /
• 2009

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the four-week oral toxicity of the CH-50002 (Vibril vaccine) in beagle dogs. The beagle dogs were orally administered for 28 days, with dosage of 0.5, 5, 50 mg/kg/day, respectively. Animals treated with CJ-50002(Vibrio Vaccine) did not cause any death and show any clinical signs. There were not significantly different from the control group in urinalysis, ocular examination, hematological, serum biochemical value and histopathological examination. Therefore, CJ-50002(Vibrio Vaccine) was not indicated to have any toxic efent in the beagle dogs, when ti was orally administered below the dosage 50mg/kg/day for rour weeks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2000.04a
• /
• pp.400-401
• /
• 2000

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.423-428
• /
• 1997

Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic gram-negative human pathogen, which affects people with underlying liver diseases or a suppressed immune system, often leading to primary septicemia with a mortality rate of higher than 60%. In an effort to develop an oral vaccine against V. vulnificus infection, we prepared a whole cell killed vaccine of V. vulnificus on a large scale and compared the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine administered in three formulation forms in rabbits. Since V. vulnificus O-antigen serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 account for more than 95% of clinical isolates, we prepared cell lysates from these six serotype strains and mixed in equal amounts for a vaccine. The vaccine was administered to rabbits intramuscularly (i.m.), orally as granules or as enteric-coated granules. In rabbits, all three formulation forms elicited a high level of serum IgG antibody reactive not only to the six strains but also to other O-antigen serotypes 6, 8 and 9, indicating cross-reactivities among the strains. Immunotherapeutic efficacy of the antisera was also evaluated by a passive immunization assay, which revealed that the orally immunized antisera as well as the i.m. immunized antisera was protective against a subsequent lethal challenge of V. vulnificus. These data demonstrate that oral immunization with a V. vulnificus whole cell lysate vaccine induced a systemic immune response and suggest the feasibility of development of this vaccine preparation as an oral vaccine.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 1999

CJ-50002 is an oral vaccine against V.vulnificus infection composed of whole cell lysate of V. vulnificus. The general pharmacological properties of CJ-50002 were evaluated in various animals and in vitro system. CJ-50002 at oral doses of 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg had no effect on general behavior in mice, chromo- and electro-convulsions in mice, writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid in mice, body temperature in rats, charcoal meal propulsion in mice and urine and electrolytes excretion in rats. However, oral administration of CJ-50002 at dose of 20 mg/kg prolonged the hexobarbital-inuced sleeping inducing time in mice. In anesthetized dogs, CJ-50002 showed no effect on blood pressure, heart rate and ECG but decreased the respiratory rate and femoral blood flow at dose of 20 mg/kg. p.o. CJ-50002 had no effect on the contractile response of the isolated guinea pig ileum to various spasmogen at concentrations of 0.2, 2 and 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, respectively. Since these pharmacological effects of CJ-500o2 were observed at dose much greater than those in clinical use (approximately 0.16 mg/kg, p.o.), it is likely that this vaccine may be relatively free of undesirable effects in clinical practice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.536-544
• /
• 2001

increase the viability of oral typhoid vaccine during the passage through the castro-intes-tidal tract, numerous attempts have been made including the vaccine coating. However problems such as high death rate during the coating process and its instability in the gastric juice still remain to be solved. In this study, the oral vaccine was made as the micro-enteric beads by adding Salmomella typhi Ty21a cells to sodium alginate solution and spraying onto calcium chloride solution (ionotropic relation method). The vaccine showed more than 90% of its original viability after treating it for 1 hour in the artificial gastric juice (37$^{\circ}C$, 300 rpm). The clearance rate of the Ty21a in the liver and spleen of the mice orally administrated with coated Ty21a was similar to that of the mice intraperitoneally administrated with uncoated Ty21a. The peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from the mice orally administered with this vaccine produced 15.5 fold higher specific IgA antibody titer than that from the control mice administerd with saline solution. furthermore, the mice treated with the coated Ty21a had higher survival rates (50~87%) than the control mice treated with saline solution (0~10%) in the intraperitoneal challenge test with wild type S. typhi Ty21a cells. These results suggest that the alginate-based coating technique is effective to protect live Ty21a from acidic environments, and produces better intestinal immune responses thereby providing a potentially excellent oral typhoid vaccine.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.153-154
• /
• 2002

Salmonella typhi Ty21a is an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium and used for oral typhoid vaccine. In an attempt to increase the stability of Ty21a manufacturing typhoid vaccine, the stability of freeze-dried Ty21a including additives at various temperature conditions was studied. In order to investigate the freeze-drying rate of Ty21a according to various absorbance, Ty21a was lyophilized by using 8% sucrose as a stabilizer. (omitted)