• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2009

Three Loxodes ciliates collected from estuarine littoral, wetland and small pond in Korea, were identified as Loxodes kahli Dragesco and Njin$acute{e}$, 1971, L. magnus Stokes, 1887 and L. vorax Stokes, 1885. The descriptions for these species based on living and protargol impregnated specimens were given. Morphometry, illustrations and microphotographs were also provided. Diagnoses of three species are as follows. Loxodes kahli; size in vivo $160-300{\times}40-70\;{\mu}m$; oral area with reddish to brownish pigments; 6-11 macronuclei arranged linearly; 5-9 micronuclei located near macronuclei; 4-12 M$\ddot{u}$ller's vesicles; somatic kineties on right 18-20 and left 2 in number. L. magnus: size in vivo $250-470{\times}87-15\;{\mu}m$; body colored dark brown; 5-13 macronuclei; 8-13 micronuclei; 8-18 M$\ddot{u}$ller's vesicles; somatic kineties on right 23-26 and left 2 in number. L. vorax: size in vivo $70-160{\times}20-35\;{\mu}m$; oral area with brownish pigments; 2 macronuclei; 1 micronucleus located between macronuclei; 2-4 M$\ddot{u}$ller's vesicles; somatic kineties on right 18-20 and left 2 in number.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.720-730
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• 2000

Malnutrition is a common problem in cancer patients. In addition anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy as a major therapeutic mode are famous as the side effect like nausea, vomiting, which lead the patients to malnourished state. This study was to determine the relationship of anorexia, nausea, vomiting and oral intake and identify the influence these side effects on the nutritional status in patients receiving chemotherapy. To assess the nutritional status, anthropometry such as weight, height, body mass index(BMI), body fat proportion, and triceps skinfold thickness, and biochemistry test such as hemoglobin and lymphocyte were measured at the pre- and post- chemotherapy and the readmission time, all three times. During chemotherapy, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting using a VAS or 5-point scale and 24 hour oral intake using a food record were measured daily. Forty-nine patients knowing their diagnosis and receiving chemotherapy were recruited from an oncological ward in a general hospital for 5 months and they were reduced 31 at readmission time for a next chemotherapy. The results were as follows. Most subjects (93.6%) were in the 4th stage of cancer and 57.1% of subjects were in the first or the second chemotherapy. In most subjects(82.6%), their weight was decreased 10.7% than as usual. The degree of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting was significantly higher and the amount of oral intake was significantly less during the chemotherapy than at the pre-chemotherapy. Weight, BMI, triceps skinfold were reduced more at the post- chemotherapy than the pre-chemotherapy and were recovered the nearly same but less level at the readmission time. Body fat proportion was increased at the post chemotherapy and then decreased at the readmission phase. Hemoglobin and the number of lymphocyte were below normal at the pre-chemotherapy and more reduced at the readmission time. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting were related positively and oral intake was negatively related with nausea and vomiting. The nutritional status at the post- chemotherapy and the readmission time was explained 20% over by the side effect like anorexia, nausea, vomiting and oral intake during the chemotherapy. The significant nutrition predictors at the post- chemotherapy were vomiting and the significant predictors at the readmission time were anorexia, vomiting, and oral intake. These results indicated the patients receiving chemotherapy were continued to deteriorate the nutritional status. Therefore nurse should have knowledge how much the nutritional status can be affected and assess the nutritional status periodically and try to find out the intervention for side effects from the series of chemotherapies.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2000

Common dental procedures(dental extraction & minor operation) are potentially stress-inducing in many patients, especially medically compromised patients. The body's response to dental stress involves the cardiovascular system(an increase in cardiovascular workload), the respiratory organ and the endocrine system(change in metabolism). To minimize the stress to the medical risk patient, the stress reduction protocol was established. The obtained contents were as follows: (1) Recognize the patient's degree of medical risk (2) Complete medical consultation before dental therapy (3) Schedule the patient's appointment in the morning (4) Monitor and record preoperative and postoperative vital signs (5) Use psychosedation during therapy (6) Use adequate pain control during therapy (7) Short length of appointment : do not exceed the patient's limits of tolerance (8) Follow up with postoperative pain/anxiety control (9) Telephone the higher medical risk patient later on the same day that treatment was given Though the stress reduction protocol above was applied to the dental extraction in medically compromised patients with the advanced infected teeth, the final responsibility for the complications(syncope, bleeding & infection, etc.) in a patient rests with the dentist who ultimately treats him. For the prevention of postextraction complications & poor prognosis, the authors treated the advanced infected teeth with the pulp extirpation, opening drainage through the canal and complete occlusal reduction. The final extraction and wound closure were then done after $1{\sim}2$ weeks. The final prognosis was comfortable without common complications.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 2005

In order to investigate correlation between mother's dental ca re for her children and their dental caries, this study was conducted wi th the dental examination record of 365 children who showed the same number of questionnaires with those examined for dental conditions and questionnaires written by mothers among children between three and six years of age and their mothers in Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi province in June 2004 to estimate frequency and percentage of general properties of subjects and mother's oral health care behaviors for her children by research items, to carry out cross-tabulation analysis and correlation analysis following Chi-square distribution for the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth and oral health care behaviors, and to use decision tree analysis among data mining techniques for those factors associated with the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth, and drew the following conclusions. 1. For mother's oral health care behaviors and attitudes for her children, 225 mothers(61.6%) confirmed their children's teeth-brushing; 278(76.2%) used no fluorine; and 286(78.6%) observed their children's teeth, 322 mothers(88.2%) instructed their children in teeth-brushing while 268 (73.4%) provided dental care, 232 mothers(63.7%) treated their children's cavity; 290(79.4%) believed that their children had good dental conditions; and 294(80.5%) answered that they began to provide their children with dental care in deciduous teeth. 2. As for the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth and dental health care behaviors, there were statistically significant differences in employment, confirmation after teeth-brushing, teeth observation, instruction in time for teeth-brushing, use of fluorine, cavity treatment, time for dental care, and perception of dental conditions(p<0.05). 3. As for correlation between dental caries in deciduous teeth and oral health care behaviors, mothers who worked, who believed that their children didn't have good dental condition, and who thought that it was necessary to begin to provide dental care in permanent teeth were found to get their children to suffer from dental caries in deciduous teeth. Besides, those who failed to confirm teeth-brushing, who used no fluorine, and who failed to observe teeth and gave no instruction in time for teeth-brushing were shown to get their children to suffer from dental caries in deciduous teeth. 4. Variables to determine the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth were classified by cavity treatment, mother's employment, time for dental care, and observation of children's teeth. The first node to determine the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth was found to be cavity treatment; the next criteria for classification after cavity treatment were shown to be mother's employment and time for dental care. In case of children with no cavity, they were found to be mother's employment and teeth observation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2008

Purpose : To investigate the actual conditions of diagnosis and treatment of oral medicine inpatient with systemic disease. Methods : A total of 110 subjects, inpatient due to systemic disease for diagnosis and treatment of oral disease was requested to answer the medical history and dental treatment record. Results : Systemic disease is composed of Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 26%, Cerebral infarction 25.2%, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Polyarthrosis, Coxarthrosis 4.7%, Nerve root and plexus disorders, Hypertensive heart and renal diseases, Ankylosing spondylitis 2.4%. Chief complain of oral disease is composed of toothache 28.6%, routine check 23%, tooth mobility 8.7%, hypersensitivity 7.1%, periodontal bleeding 6.4%. Oral disease is composed of Gingivitis and periodontal diseases 28.9%, Dental caries 17.1%, Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues 15.1%, Diseases of salivary glands 10.5%, Other diseases of hard tissues of teeth 8.6%, Within Normal Limit 5.3%. Treatment of oral disease is composed of periodontal treatment 17.95%, rejection of treatment 16.67%, medication for halitosis & dry mouth 13.46%, extraction 12.18%, prosthetic treatment 8.97%. Chief complain in oral medicine is composed of oral soft tissue problem 6.4%, craniomandibular disorders 5.6%, halitosis 4%, total 16%. Conclusion : These findings indicate that inpatient due to the systemic disease is significantly correlated to the oral disease. The patients of oral disease interrelationship between inpatient and outpatient of systemic disease should be validated by future research.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.401-409
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• 2016

This research investigates into overall oral health status of adolescent girl inmates in a juvenile detention facility and ordinary school students in the same age range of 11 to 18 years old and compares the results focusing on the difference between the two groups. The last 5 years dental records for girl inmates in Juvenile detention facility and for students who have visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Ajou University Hospital was colleted and analyzed. The restorative treatments took up the greatest part in their history of treatments. While the percentage of extractions of permanent teeth due to dental caries had been gradually increased, in Juvenile detention facility students, throughout the transition period from middle school to high school, in dental hospital patients, the phenomenon of the same kind has hardly been detected. After that record analysis, oral examination for Juvenile detention facility students and dental hospital patients was conducted. DMFT index for dental hospital patients are 4.15, whereas, the value for Juvenile detention facility students are as twice as high to be 7.53.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2020

Background: Multicultural families are constantly on the rise as marriage migrants and foreign workers increase. Multicultural families appear to record poor health levels compared to native families. As health is a social issue, children of surviving generations of multicultural families are also a growing interest. This study was conducted to confirm the effect of multicultural families and parents' educational level on the scaling experience of children. Methods: For this study, the 2016~2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data were used. In order to make the two groups of adolescents belonging to multicultural and native families similar, a total of 5,362 people were included in the survey, consisting of 2,681 individuals each from multicultural and native families using the propensity score matching method. Logistic analysis was performed to identify factors influencing the scaling experience of adolescent children. Results: The results confirm that, even after controlling for factors such as parents' educational level, household income, and children's oral health behavior, parents' nationality appeared to have a statistically significant effect on their children's scaling experience. In addition, it was confirmed that the experience of oral health education had a significant effect. Conclusion: Cultural heterogeneity and the lack of adequate language ability of immigrants affects health behavior and medical accessibility. Therefore, children from multicultural families are more likely to be exposed to unhealthy environments compared to the children of native Korean families. Based on an understanding of the socioeconomic multicultural background of individuals, education and public policy should be prepared to improve the awareness for the need for preventive oral health and provide unhindered accessibility to dental services.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 2008

Purpose : Ridge expansion osteotomy (REO) has been introduced when it is necessary to expand narrow crestal ridge with simultaneous implant placement. This study has designed to evaluate the clinical availability of REO. Materials and methods : Subject were patients who had visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from July. 2003 to December, 2005 for implant placement using REO by one surgeon. Intraoperative and postoperative complication, failure of initial osseointegration and marginal bone resorption were estimated using electronic medical record and periapical radiography. Twenty?three patients, 8 males and 15 females, mean age 51, ranged 18 to 72, were treated for mean 26 months, ranged from 16 months to 46 months. Results : Mean diameter and length of implants placed at upper anterior, were 3.72mm and 13.32mm each other. Guided bone regeneration and ridge splitting were accompanied in this study. Five cases of cortical bone fracture, three cases of crestal bone loss more than 2mm, 2cases of gingival recession, and 2 cases of infection were noted, but there were no implants removed because of disintegration. Success rate of implant was 91.7%, even if survival rate of implant was 100%. In addition, there were no statistical significance between the success rate of REO and bone graft(p>0.05). Conclusion : Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that REO technique is reliable for implant placement at atrophic ridge with adequate height compared to bone graft and other osteotomies for ridge expansion, but care should be taken of esthetic problem such as gingival recession because of crestal bone resorption from trauma by osteotome.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.22-33
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the modified plaque score (MPS) for assessing the oral hygiene status of periodontitis patients. Methods: A total of 116 patients were included in this study. After evaluation of the $L{\ddot{o}}e$ and Silness gingival index (GI), Silness and $L{\ddot{o}}e$ plaque index (PlI), O'Leary plaque control record (PCR), and MPS, patients were randomly assigned to either a conventional tooth brushing instruction (C-TBI) group (n=56) or a professional intraoral tooth brushing instruction (P-TBI) group (n=60). The MPS and clinical parameters were re-evaluated after scaling and a series of root planing. The convergent validity of MPS with the PlI and PCR was assessed. The measurement time for MPS and PCR was compared according to the proficiency of the examiner. Results: After root planing, the GI, PlI, PCR, and MPS improved from their respective baseline values in both groups. Three different plaque indices including the MPS, showed significant differences between the C-TBI group and the P-TBI group after root planing. The MPS showed significant concurrence with the PCR and PlI. The mean time for PCR measurement was $2.76{\pm}0.71$ times longer than that for MPS measurement after 2 weeks of training. Conclusions: MPS seems to be a practical plaque scoring system compared with the PlI and PCR. These findings suggest that repetitive plaque control combined with an easily applicable plaque index (MPS) may facilitate more effective oral hygiene education and improved periodontal health.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2017

Purpose: Pineal gland calcification has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. This study evaluated the prevalence and extent of pineal gland calcification in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients referred for dental implant therapy who could possibly be a vulnerable group for this condition. Materials and Methods: A retrospective evaluation of 500 CBCT scans was conducted. Scans that showed the area where the pineal gland was located were included. The scans were initially screened by a single observer to record the prevalence and extent of calcification. Six weeks following the completion of the study, another investigator randomly reviewed and selected 50 scans to investigate inter-observer variation, which was evaluated using reliability analysis statistics. The prevalence and measurements of the calcifications were reported using descriptive statistics. The chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence between males and females. Results: The prevalence of pineal gland calcification was 58.8%. There was no statistically significant correlation between age and the extent of the calcification. The prevalence of calcification was 58.6% in females and 59.0% in males. The average anteroposterior measurement was $3.73{\pm}1.63mm$, while the average mediolateral measurement was $3.47{\pm}1.31mm$. The average total calcified area was $9.79{\pm}7.59mm^2$. Conclusion: The prevalence of pineal gland calcification was high in patients undergoing implant therapy. While not all pineal gland calcifications lead to neurodegenerative disorders, they should be strongly considered in the presence of any symptoms as a reason to initiate further investigations.