• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.476-481
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• 2015

Water permeable block was manufactured using waste sewage sludge, loess and clay for the purpose of recycling waste sludge due to the prohibition of waste sludge ocean dumping. Experiments for determining optimum mixing ratio was conducted by changing sludge content in water permeable block as 5~20%. In respect of compressive strength, $1,600N/cm^2$ ($163.3kg/cm^2$) was obtained when the mixing ratio of sludge : loess : clay were maintained by 5% : 65% : 30%, 10% : 65% : 25% and 15% : 65% : 20%, respectively. These mean that relatively high compressive strength can be obtained when the sludge content is maintained 5, 10, 15% at the 65% of loess content. In terms of water permeability and absorption rate, the higher values can be obtained as the sludge content increases. The optimum mixing ratio of sludge : loess : clay came out to be 15% : 65% : 20% when water permeability, absorption and strength were considered altogether, which matches the result observed by an electron microscope. The heavy metal leaching test result of the prepared permeable block appeared to satisfy the environmental standard in the content of Cd, Cu, Pb and As.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.276-283
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• 2016

레드머드는 보오크사이트 원광석에서 생산되는 알루미나의 선광과정에서 발생되는 무기질 부산물이다. 인 레드머드를 활용하고자 하는 연구가 국내에서 이루어지고 있다. 강알카리성의 레드머드를 건설산업용 촉진제로서 활용하고자 하는 연구로서 알칼리활성화 슬래그-레드머드 시멘트가 국내외적으로 발표되고 있다. 본 논문은 순환골재 대체율에 따른 알칼리활성화 슬래그-레드머드 건식 흙포장재의 최적함수율, 압축강도, 흡수율, 백화발생 특성에 대하여 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 순환골재 대체율이 증가할수록 알칼리활성화 슬래그-레드머드 흙포장재의 최적 함수비, 물흡수계수, 백화면적은 증가하고 압축강도는 감소하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.435-445
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• 2019

A series of element tests with different drainage conditions and strain rates were performed on compacted unsaturated non-plastic silt in unconfined conditions. Soil samples were compacted at water contents from dry to wet of optimum with the degree of saturation varying from 24 to 59.5% while maintaining the degree of compaction at 80%. The tests performed were shear infiltration tests in which specimens had constant net confining pressure, pore air pressure was kept drained and constant, just before the shear process pore water pressure was increased (and kept constant afterwards) to decrease matric suction and to start water infiltration. In constant water content tests, specimens had constant net confining pressure, pore air pressure was kept drained and constant whereas pore water pressure was kept undrained. As a result, the matric suction varied with increase in axial strain throughout the shearing process. In both cases, maximum shear strength was obtained for specimens prepared on dry side of optimum moisture content. Moreover, the gradient of stress path was not affected under different strain rates whereas the intercept of failure was changed due to the drainage conditions implied in this study.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2014

Purpose: Monitoring and control of environmental condition is highly important for optimum control of the conditions, especially in greenhouses and plant factories, and the condition is not uniform within the facility. Objectives of the study were to investigate variability in soil water content and to provide information useful for better irrigation control. Methods: Experiments were conducted in a strawberry-growing greenhouse (greenhouse 1) and a cherry tomato-growing greenhouse (greenhouse 2) in winter. Soil water content, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature were measured over the entire area, at different distances from an irrigation pump, and on ridge and furrow areas. Results: When measured over the entire greenhouse area, soil water content decreased and temperature and electrical conductivity increased over time from morning to afternoon after irrigation. Water content decreased by distance from the irrigation pump up to 70 m and increased after that, and temperature showed an inverse pattern. Soil water contents on the ridge were lower than those on the furrow, and the differences were 10.2~18.4%, indicating considerable variability. The lowest EC were observed on the furrow and highest values were observed on the ridge. Soil water contents were less and temperature levels were greater at the window side than in the center locations. Conclusions: Selection of number and location of soil water content sensor would be the first step for better water content monitoring and irrigation control. Results of the study would provide basic data useful for optimum sensor location and control for underground greenhouse environment.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.2456-2470
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• 1971

수수자원(水水資源) 개발(開發)을 위(爲)한 Earth Dam이나 도로(道路)와 같은 흙을 주(主)로하는 많은 구조물축조(構造物築造)에 있어서 그 구조물성질(構造物性質)에 따라서 흙의 종류(種類)가 결정(決定)되며 때로는 흙의 성질(性質)에 따라서 구조물(構造物)의 설계(設計)가 달라진다. 특(特)히 저수(貯水)를 목적(目的)으로 하는 제당축조(堤塘築造)에서 중심점토재료(中心粘土材料)의 선정(選定)은 완전(完全)한 구조물(構造物)을 위(爲)해서 또 공사비(工事費) 절감(節減)을 위(爲)해서 대단(大端)히 중요(重要)한 문제(問題)라 하겠다. 이를 위해서 여러종류(種類)의 흙이 사용(使用)되고 있고 이들 흙의 제반(諸般) 역학적(力學的) 성질(性質)이 이미 실시(實施)된 많은 시험결과(試驗結果)로서 실제(實際) 설계(設計)에, 또 구조물(構造物) 안전도(安全度) 검토(檢討)에 응용(應用)되고 있으나 이들 결과(結果)는 그 흙의 최적함수비(最適含水比) 최대밀도(最大密度)에 대(對)한 것으로 실제(實際) 시공과정(施工過程)에서 볼 때 최과함수상태하(最過含水狀態下)에서 시공(施工)하기는 어려운 것으로 이런 경우(境遇)에 흙의 역학적성질(力學的性質)에 대(對)한 자료(資料)가 없어 설계(設計) 및 안전도(安全度) 검토(檢討)에 지장(支障)이 많은바 이를 위해서 본(本) 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 1. 시험(試驗)에 사용(使用)한 시료(試料)는 실제(實際) 저수지(貯水池) 축제재료(築提材料)로서 사용(使用)하고 있는 재료(材料)를 현장(現場)에서 채취(採取)하였다. 2. 본(本) 시험(試驗)은 농업진흥공사(農業振興公社) 농공시험소(農工試驗所)에서 실시(實施)하였다. 3. 본(本) 시험(試驗) 결과(結果)로서 다음과 같은 점(點)을 실제업무(實際業務)에 응용(應用)할 수 있다. 가. 현장함수비(現場含水比)를 알므로서 공사재료(工事材料)로서의 적부판단(適否判斷)을 내릴수 있다. 나. 함수비(含水比)가 변화시(變化時) 다짐율(率)과 투수계수(透水係數)를 알 수 있으므로 실제설계(實際設計) 및 시공관리(施工管理)에 적용(適用)할수 있다. 다. 시공(施工)된 구조물(構造物)의 다짐율(率)을 알므로서 이에 적합(適合)한 안정도검토(安定度檢討)를 할수 있다. 라. 도로(道路)와 같은 높은 지내력(支耐力)을 요(要)하는 구조물(構造物)을 위(爲)해서는 최적함수비(最適含水比) 내지 건조상태(乾燥狀態)가 좋고 저수지(貯水池)와 같은 지수(止水)를 요(要)하는 구조물(構造物)에서는 최적함수비(最適含水比) 내지 습윤상태(濕潤狀態)로 시공(施工)함이 좋다. 그러나 고소성(高塑性) 흙에서는 지내력(支耐力) 및 지수(止水)를 위해서 공(共)히 후자(後者)의 경우(境遇)가 좋다. 이상(以上)의 연구결과(硏究結果)가 완벽(完璧)하다고는 할수 없으나 본(本) 실험(實驗) 결과(結果)로서 함수비(含水比) 변화(變化)에 대(對)한 제반(諸般) 역학적(力學的) 성질(性質)의 변화상태(變化狀態)를 구(求)하기에 최선(最善)을 하였으므로 이 분야(分野)의 연구자(硏究者)나 설계자(設計者) 또는 시공자(施工者)와 같은 실무자(實務者)에게 다소(多少)의 도움이 된다면 큰영광(榮光)으로 생각 하겠다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.415-420
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• 2001

Water usage in the semiconductor industries is dramatically increased by not only using bigger wafer from 8 inches to 12 inches but also by adapting new process such as Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) process invented by IBM in late '80. However, The document published by International Semiconductor Association suggests the decreasing ultra pure water (UPW) use from 22 gallon/in$^2$in 1997 to 5 gallon/in$^2$ in 2012. The criteria will possibly used as exporting obstacle in the future. Generally, Solid content of CMP slurry is about 15wt%. The slurry is diluted with UPW before fed to a CMP process. When the slurry is discharged from the process as waste, it contains 0.1~0.6wt% of solid content and 9~10 at pH. The CMP waste slurry is discharged to stream with minimum treatment. In this study, to find optimum condition of coagulation for water recovery from the waste CMP slurry various condition of coagulation were examined. After coagulation far 0.1 wt% solid content of waste CMP slurry, the sludge volume was 10~15% after 30 min of sedimentation time. For the 0.5 wt%, sludge volume was 50~55% after one hour of sedimentation time. For more than 80% of water recycling, the solid content should be in the range of 0.1 to 0.2wr%. Based on the result of the turbidity removal, the Zeta Potential and the analysis of heavy metals, the optimum condition for 0.1 wr% of waste CMP slurry was with 20 mg/L of PACI at 4 to 5 of pH. The result showed that the optimum conditions fer the 0.1 wt% waste CMP slurry were 100mg/L of Alum at 4~5 of pH, 100 mg/L of MgCI$_2$at pH 10 to 11 and 100 mg/L of Ca(OH)$_2$at pH 9 to 11, respectively.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.501-511
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• 2023

The strengthening efficiency of biopolymer treated soil depends on biopolymer type, concentration ratio, soil type, initial water content, curing time and mixing method. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of xanthan gum (XG) treated kaolinite were investigated through compaction test, Atterberg limit test, triaxial test and unconfined compression test. The results indicated that the optimum water content (OWC) increased from 30.3% of untreated clay to 33.5% of 5% XG treated clay, while the maximum dry density has a slight increase from 13.96 kg/m³ to 14 kg/m³ of 0.2% XG treated clay and decrease to 2.7 kg/m³ of 5% XG treated clay. Meanwhile, the plastic limit of XG treated clay increased with the increase of XG concentration, while 0.5% XG treated clay can be observed the maximum liquid limit with 79.5%. Moreover, there are the ideal water content about 1.3-1.5 times of the optimum water content achieving the maximum dry density and curing time to obtain the maximum compressive strength for different XG contents, which the UCS is 1.52 and 2.07 times of the maximum UCS of untreated soil for 0.5% and 1% XG treated clay, respectively. In addition, hot-dry mixing can achieve highest UCS than other mixing methods (e.g., dry mixing, wet mixing and hot-wet mixing).

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.2904-2912
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• 1973

The density of soil is one of the most important of its engineering properties, and many soil-engineering operations directed toward improving the density characteristics of matecal. This report is a study on relationship between density, permiabilty and other physical properties of compacted soil in various desity grades. The results of the study can be summariged as follow: 1. The optimum moisture content of soil increses with increasing of fine particles and a relationship between both parameter is $w_0=0.1765.n$ Where, n is passing percentage from #200 sieve. 2. The porosity of soil increases with increasing of optimum water content as $e=aw_0+b$ without having relation to compaction ratio. 3. The increment of permeability of soil is high when the compaction ratio is increased and the phenomenon is conspicuous in case of course soil and non-plastic soil. 4. The permeability of soil decreases with increasing of optrimum water content and the phenomenon is conspicuous when compaction ratio decreases. And the permeability is almost constant when optimum water content is more than 25 percent, even though compaction ratio changes. 5. The permeablity of soil increanses when the amount of fine particles is very few, the permeability is almost constant as being impervious condition without having relation to compaction ratio when there in more than 90 percent of fine particles(less than #200 sieve).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2001

The optimum dosage of quicklime in producing organic fertilizer using livestock wastes vith a greater than 80% water content was analysed. After one day had elapsed to allow for the organic fentilizer to dry, the quicklime dosage and the composition of the organic fertilizer were analysed. Any from done to the organic fertilizer was also assessed. The amount of the quicklime required to stabilize livestock wastes was determined by water content of livestock wastes. For J farm(slurry style) of which livestock wastes have 94.6% of water concentration, less than 3% of total amount of livestock wastes, for H farm (scraper style) of which livestock wastes have 85% of water concentration, less then 4% of total livestock wastes and Y farm(traditional style) of which livestock wastes have 80% of water concentration, less then 5% of total livestock wastes. Generally, in order to pack the organic fertilizer, water containing quicklime0stabilized livestock wastes should be less than 35%. It takes 9 days to keep this water content for the wastes from H and Y farms(less than 85% in water content), and 12 days for the wastes from J (94.6% in water content). According to the classification standard for compost constitution by Higgins, the crude fertilizers from all 3 farms had high grade $K_2O$ and CaO, the middle grade T-N and middle or low grade $P_2O_5$. Stabilization by quicklime is known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, more then 99.99% of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count were reduced. Our results indicate that livestock wastes of greater 80% water content could be used to produce organic fertilizer without the addition of a material for moisture control.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

레드머드는 보오크사이트 원광석에서 생산되는 알루미나의 선광과정에서 발생되는 무기질 부산물이다. 레드머드를 활용하고자하는 연구가 국내에서 이루어지고 있다. 강알칼리성의 레드머드를 건설산업용 촉진제로서 활용하고자 하는 연구로서 알칼리활성화 슬래그-레드머드 시멘트가 국내외적으로 발표되고 있다. 본 논문은 레드머드 대체율에 따른 알칼리활성화 슬래그-레드머드 건식 흙포장재의 최적함수율, 압축강도, 흡수율, 백화발생 특성에 대하여 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 레드머드 대체율이 증가할수록 알칼리활성화 슬래그-레드머드 흙포장재의 최적 함수비, 흡수율, 백화면적은 증가하고 압축강도는 감소하였다.