• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

A study was made to investigate the effects of concerning factors with IGF-I recovery on the final IGF-I concentration in the effluent and to establish recovery conditions of IGF-I using liquid emulsion membranes(LEM). D2EHPA was best carrier among Amberlite LA2, Aliquit 336 and D2EHPA for recovery rate of IGF-I. Recovery rate of IGF-I by D2EHPA volume in the oil phase was increased as increasing D2EHPA volume, and optimal volume of D2EHPA was 5% in this experiment. The recovery rate of IGF-I by D2EHPA was increased by the decreasing from pH 7 to pH 4 of external phase. Therefore, optimal pH value was 4.0. Optimal concentrations of sulfuric acid in internal phase, paraffin oil in oil phase and Span 80 for recovery rate of IGF-I were 0.1M, 2.0% and 5%, respectively, and optimal W/O rate was 2. These results suggested that optimal conditions for recovery of IGF-I were D2EHPA(5%) as carrier, pH 4.0, 0.1M sulfuric acid, 2% paraffin oil, 2.0 W/O rate and 5.0% Span 80.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.2A
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• pp.128-133
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• 2010

We investigate the optimal chip rate of power or rate adapted direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) communication systems in Nakagami fading channels. We find that the optimal chip rate that maximizes the spectral efficiency depends upon both the channel parameters, such as multipath intensity profile (MIP) and line-of-sight (LOS) component, and the adaptation scheme itself. With the rate adaptation, the optimal chip rate is less than $1/T_m$, irrespective of the channel parameters, where $1/T_m$ is multipath delay spread. This indicates that with the rate adaptation, correlation receiver achieves higher spectral efficiency than RAKE receiver. With the power adaptation, however, the optimal chip rate and the corresponding number of tabs in RAKE receiver are sensitive to MIP and LOS component.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.601-608
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• 2017

The effects of elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ on growth and photosynthesis of soybean (Glycine max Merr.) were investigated to predict its productivity under elevated $CO_2$ levels in the future. Soybean grown for 6 weeks showed significant increase in vegetative growth, based on plant height, leaf characteristics (area, length, and width), and the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter value (SPAD value) under elevated $CO_2$ conditions ($800{\mu}mol/mol$) compared to ambient $CO_2$ conditions ($400{\mu}mol/mol$). Under elevated $CO_2$ conditions, the photosynthetic rate (A) increased although photosystem II (PS II) photochemical activity ($F_v/F_m$) decreased. The maximum photosynthetic rate ($A_{max}$) was higher under elevated $CO_2$ conditions than under ambient $CO_2$ conditions, whereas the maximum electron transport rate ($J_{max}$) was lower under elevated $CO_2$ conditions compared to ambient $CO_2$ conditions. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis shifted significantly by approximately $3^{\circ}C$ under the elevated $CO_2$ conditions. With the increase in temperature, the photosynthetic rate increased below the optimal temperature (approximately $30^{\circ}C$) and decreased above the optimal temperature, whereas the dark respiration rate ($R_d$) increased continuously regardless of the optimal temperature. The difference in photosynthetic rate between ambient and elevated $CO_2$ conditions was greatest near the optimal temperature. These results indicate that future increases in $CO_2$ will increase productivity by increasing the photosynthetic rate, although it may cause damage to the PS II reaction center as suggested by decreases in $F_v/F_m$, in soybean.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2006

For the more comfortable thermal environment in residential buildings, it was necessary for variable components like as automatic flow limiting valves and/or balancing valves in hydronic system. And, these components had an effect on flow-rate and pressure inside pipe. In this case, the incompatibility between the design for the heating system and the selection of equipment was the causes of several problems in heating pipe network. In this study, we peformed measurements and analyses of flow rate and pressure inside pipe for radiant floor heating in residential buildings through field surveys and experiments in order to find out the actual conditions and problems. On the basis of this, we suggested the approach for the optimal flow-rate and pressure maintaining inside pipe in individual heating system.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 2008

In this paper, we consider a periodic preventive maintenance policy in which each preventive maintenance reduces the hazard rate of amount proportional to the failure intensity, which increases since the system started to operate. And the effect of preventive maintenance at each preventive maintenance epoch is different. The expected cost rate per unit time for the proposed model is obtained. We discuss the optimal number N of the periodic preventive maintenance and the optimal period x, which minimize the expected cost rate per unit time and obtain the optimal preventive maintenance schedule for given cost structures of the model. A numerical example is given for the purpose of illustrating our results when the failure time distribution is Weibull distribution.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 1999

The two optimal control algorithms, singular approximation and minimum principle, were compared in this paper. The switching time with singular approximation was determined with mathematical derivation and the optimal control profile of specific growth rate was also calculated with minimum principle. The optimal control profiles were calculated by making simple model correlating the specific cell growth rate and specific product formation rate. The optimal control profiles calculated by singular approximation approach were similar to stepwise form of those calculatd by minimum principles. With the minimum principle, the product concentration was 8% more than that of singular approximation. This performance difference was due to a linearization of a nonlinear function with singular approximation. This optimal approaches were applicable to any system with different optimal cell growth and product formation.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2003

This paper studies power and rate control for data users on the forward link of CDMA system with two cells. The QoS for data users is specified by delay and error rate constraints as well as a family of utility functions representing system throughput and fairness among data users. Optimal power and rate allocation problem is mathematically formulated as a nonlinear programming problem, which is to maximize total utility under delay and error rate constraints, and optimal power and rate allocation scheme (OPRAS) is proposed to obtain a good solution in a fast time. Computational experiments show that the proposed scheme OPRAS works very well and increases total utility compared to the separate power and rate allocation scheme (SPARS) which considers each cell individually.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.91-102
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• 2020

The study investigates the relationship between the inflation rate and economic growth to find out the optimal inflation threshold for economic growth. Therefore, this study applied an ordinary least square model (OLS) and the ordinal regression model, and collected the time-series data from 1996 to 2017 to test the relationship between inflation and economic growth in the short-term and long-term. The sample fits the model and is statistically significant. The study showed that 96.6% of correlation between inflation rate and economic growth are close and 4.5% of optimal inflation threshold is appropriate for economic growth. It finds that the optimal inflation threshold is base to perform economic growth, besides the inflation rate is positively related to economic growth. The results support the monetary policy appropriately. This study identifies issues for Government to consider: have a comprehensive solution among macroeconomic policies, monetary policy, fiscal policy and other policies to control and maintain the inflation and stimulate growth; have appropriate policies to regulate inflation to stimulate economic growth over the long term; set a priority goal for sustainable economic growth; not pursue economic growth by maintaining the inflation rate in the long term, but take appropriate measures to stabilize the inflation at the optimal inflation threshold.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.73-83
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to select the optimal transmittance rate of windows in office buildings through subjective evaluation and energy performance analysis(computer simulation program ; DOE 2.1E). The results are as follows ; 1) In the subjective evaluation experiment, minimum transmittance of the glass is GE 30% and LT 70%, but the optimal transmittance rate is concluded in $40%\sim60%$. 2) As a result of the energy performance analysis, it is desirable for the building of consumptive with mainly air-conditioning to make transmittance as 40-60%. 3) Comparing foreign study on minimum and optimal transmittance rate is $25%\sim38%$, the minimum transmittance of this study is almost the same. But for the optimal transmittance rate, 20% more is needed for KOREAN.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.2987-3002
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• 2013

The problem of optimal channel sensing in heterogeneous cognitive networks is considered to maximize the system throughput performance. The characteristics of an optimal operating sensing point maximizing the overall system rate are investigated under several rate criteria including the sum rate, the minimum of the primary and secondary rates, and the secondary rate with a guaranteed primary rate. Under the sum rate criterion, it is shown that the loss by imperfect sensing is no greater than half of the sum rate achieved by the perfect time sharing approach in a two user case if the sensing point is optimally designed.